# FOR LOOPS AND WHILE LOOPS

# range returns a list of integers
```python
range(0, 3)     # returns [0, 1, 2]: includes first value but excludes second value
range(3)        # same thing: starting at zero is the default
range(0, 5, 2)  # returns [0, 2, 4]: third argument specifies the 'stride'
```

## for loop (not recommended)
```python
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
for i in range(len(fruits)):
    print fruits[i].upper()
```

## alternative for loop (recommended style)
```python
for fruit in fruits:
    print fruit.upper()
```

## use xrange when iterating over a large sequence to avoid actually creating the integer list in memory
```python
for i in xrange(10**6):
    pass
```

## iterate through two things at once (using tuple unpacking)
```python
family = {'dad':'homer', 'mom':'marge', 'size':6}
for key, value in family.items():
    print key, value
```

## use enumerate if you need to access the index value within the loop
```python
for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
    print index, fruit
```

## for/else loop
```python
for fruit in fruits:
    if fruit == 'banana':
        print "Found the banana!"
        break   # exit the loop and skip the 'else' block
else:
    # this block executes ONLY if the for loop completes without hitting 'break'
    print "Can't find the banana"
```

## while loop
```python
count = 0
while count < 5:
    print "This will print 5 times"
    count += 1      # equivalent to 'count = count + 1'
```


## COMPREHENSIONS

## for loop to create a list of cubes
```python
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
cubes = []
for num in nums:
    cubes.append(num**3)
```

### equivalent list comprehension
```python
cubes = [num**3 for num in nums]    # [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
```

### for loop to create a list of cubes of even numbers
```python
cubes_of_even = []
for num in nums:
    if num % 2 == 0:
        cubes_of_even.append(num**3)
```

### equivalent list comprehension

syntax: [expression for variable in iterable if condition]
```python
cubes_of_even = [num**3 for num in nums if num % 2 == 0]    # [8, 64]
```

### for loop to cube even numbers and square odd numbers
```python
cubes_and_squares = []
for num in nums:
    if num % 2 == 0:
        cubes_and_squares.append(num**3)
    else:
        cubes_and_squares.append(num**2)
```

### equivalent list comprehension (using a ternary expression)
syntax: [true_condition if condition else false_condition for variable in iterable]
```python
cubes_and_squares = [num**3 if num % 2 == 0 else num**2 for num in nums]    # [1, 8, 9, 64, 25]
```
# for loop to flatten a 2d-matrix
```python
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
items = []
for row in matrix:
    for item in row:
        items.append(item)
```