Structure 2013-09-04 Present Perfect

p. 27
A
1 a
2 b
3 a
4 c
5 b (fantasy (n) = imaginary)
6 a ("An historic" - correct)
B
1 Unfinished "I've been building"
2 Finished "I grew up in Perth" - now in Sydney
3 Unfinished "I've been working on a master's"
4 Unfinished
5 Finished
6 Finished

4 years of university = bachelor's degree
+1-3 years = master's degree
+2-4 years = PhD (doctorate degree)
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perfect = [have] + past participle (A-1)
        = something happened before a specific time
progressive = [be] + verb(ing) = continuous
            = something continues for some time

Present Perfect:
She        has        eaten         pizza.
subj. + have/has + past participle
= this happened in the past, not at a specific time

I have lived in Boston for 5 years.
= this started in the past, and continues now


Present Perfect Progressive:
She     has   been   eating    pizza.
subj + [have] been + verb(ing)
= She started the pizza, but isn't finished with it.

I have been living in Boston for 5 years.
I have been living in Boston since 2008.
= this started in the past, and continues now
---
She has written 3 books.
She has been writing for 3 years.

He hasn't visited New York City.
He hasn't been writing for very long.

Has she finished her book? - Yes, she has.
                           - No, she hasn't.
Has she been writing for long? - Yes, she has.
                               - No, she hasn't.


How many books have you written?
How long have you been writing?
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Present perfect vs. Simple past

They have visited New York City.
- Present perfect, because there is no finished specific time.
They visited New York City before they came here.
- Simple past, because "before they came here" is a specific time which is finished.

She has written three books.
- Present perfect, because each book is finished, but she will probably write more in the future.
She wrote three books.
- Simple past, because each book is finished, and she probably won't write any more in the future.
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p. 31 Exercise 2
1. has been making (he's still making them now)
2. got (1992 is finished)
3. appeared ("one year later" = 1993 = finished)
4. sold out (immediately = still 1993 = finished)
5. became (the 1990s are finished, fortunately)
6. have visited (each visit is finished)
7. started ("the same time as the Beanies" = 1990s)
8. has been keeping ("to this day" = unfinished)
9. bought ("a few years ago" = finished)
10. Have you found (asking about a finished action)
---
heal/health
grow/growth
die/death
bear/birth
wide/width
long/length
.
.
.
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Is the *action* finished?
Yes: present perfect or simple past
     She has written a book. It's for sale now.
     She wrote a book in 2007.
No: present perfect progressive
    She has been writing a book. She'll finish soon.

Is the *time* finished?
Yes: simple past
     She wrote a book in 2007.
No: present perfect or present perfect progressive
    She has written a book. (at some point in her life, and her life is unfinished)
    She has been writing a book. She'll finish soon.
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How long has it been since you saw Sidney?
It has been three days since I saw him.
= I haven't seen Sidney for three days.
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Homework: p. 30-31 Exercise 1, p. 32 Exercise 3