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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- Word Roots (list 1) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
- ab (abduct, abdicate) = away
- ad (advocate, addition, advance) = to/toward
- aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
- agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field
- ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
- amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = walk
- ami/amo (amiable, amorous) = love/friendship
- andro (android, androgen) = man/male (The root for female is “gyn”.)
- anim (animate, animal) = spirit; movement
- ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
- ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before/in front of
- anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = human
- anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against (Something in front of you can block you.)
- aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water (sometimes specifically fresh water)
- arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop, archangel, matriarchy) = first (in power or importance)
- archa (archaeology, archaic) = old/first (in time)
- art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill (“liberal arts” were traditionally the skills a free man (i.e. not slave) needed)
- astro (astronomy, astrology) = star
- aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
- auto (automatic, autograph) = self
- bel (belligerent, rebellious) = war/fight
- bene (benefit, benevolent) = good
- bi (bilingual, bilateral, bisexual) = two
- bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
- cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = catch/capture
- cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
- carn (carnivore, carnal) = meat (if it’s dead)/flesh (if it’s alive)
- cede/ceed (intercede, intercessory, exceed) = go
- cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred/hundredth
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- both = all two (when there are only two total)
- (“I speak both languages.” = there are only two languages we’re talking about)
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- TOEFL: 4 sections, 4 hours, 120 points (30/section), $205
- 1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 12-14 questions per passage (15 raw points)
- 2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets (each set = 17 questions, 3 listenings, 10 minutes to pick answers)
- (10-minute break)
- 3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
- 4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes to write
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- Reading Question Types:
- - vocabulary
- - inference
- - reference
- - purpose/method
- - detail/fact
- - negative fact
- - paraphrase
- - sentence insertion
- - summarize
- - organize/categorize
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- Summary Questions
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- Most TOEFL reading passages end with a summary question (the rest end with an organize question).
- These questions give you “an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage”, and you need to choose three (out of six) sentences that express the most important ideas in the passage.
- Incorrect answer choices are often minor details. Others are either untrue according to the passage, or not mentioned in the passage.
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- Cambridge: Identify whether each sentence is a summary, a minor detail, or not mentioned in the passage.
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- BREAK
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- Delta p. 152 - Take 3 minutes to choose the most important information about Winslow Homer.
- A - This is basically a summary of paragraph 1.
- (B - This isn’t mentioned. We don’t know what he was best known for. Also, this passage is about his watercolors, not his oils.)
- C - This introduces the content of paragraph 2.
- (D - This is not mentioned, and is only a minor detail.)
- (E - This is a specific detail about just one painting.)
- F - This explains the rest of paragraph 2.
- p. 154 - Do the same for cultural evolution.
- (A - Nothing says it’s the most important force, AND that’s a minor detail in a passage about cultural evolution.)
- B - This is the main topic of paragraph 2.
- (C - This is a detail that doesn’t say anything about cultural evolution.)
- D - This is the last part of paragraph 2.
- E - This is paragraph 3.
- (F - This isn’t mentioned.)
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- 3 correct = 2 points
- 2 correct = 1 point
- 0 or 1 correct = 0 points
- If you don’t answer it, you’ll get exactly 0 points on this question.
- If you randomly guess, you’ll get an average of 0.55 points on this question.
- If you can (correctly) eliminate one answer, you’ll get an average of 0.8 points.
- If you can eliminate two answers, you’ll get an average of 1.25 points.
- (If you can eliminate three answers, then you get everything correct for 2 points.)
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- Delta p. 707 has sample score conversions. One thing to notice about reading and listening is that if you do worse than random guessing, you’ll get a score of 0 even if you get several answers correct. The easiest way to do worse than guessing is to leave questions blank.
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- Cengage p. 156 exercise 8.1 - In Passage 1, what are the main ideas of each paragraph?
- 1 econ. resources = natural, synthetic, and human resources -> prod. of goods and services
- (2 categories: property = land+capital and human = labor+ent. skills)
- 2 land = nat. resourses for production; capital = aids to producing goods+services
- 3 labor = talents of humans (excl. ent. skills)
- 4 ec. res. all limited supply
- Which answer choices on p. 157, together with the introductory sentence, best express all of these main points?
- intro sentence = paragraph 1 (economic resources generally)
- E = paragraph 2 (property resources)
- F = paragraph 3 (human resources)
- B = paragraph 4 (limited supply)
- passage 2 - Take notes on the main ideas of the four paragraphs.
- 1 West Side Story is a musical based on Romeo and Juliet, set in the 1950s. (plot details)
- 2 Three “legends” created it: LB = composed music, SS = wrote lyrics, JR = choreographed dances
- 3 successful: Opened in NYC, immediate hit, Tony Award 1958, again 1980 1995 2002 on Broadway
- 4 movie adaptation in 1961, 10 academy awards
- Which answer choices are these?
- Intro = paragraph 1
- B = paragraph 2
- C = paragraphs 3 and 4
- D = other information from paragraph 1
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- In general, you should skim the reading passage first in any case. Sometimes you could probably go directly to the summary question and answer it before looking at any other questions.
- Oxford p. 404-5 - Look again at the first reading from yesterday’s test.
- Paragraph 1 - explains the placebo effect
- Paragraphs 2-3 - study of knee pain
- Paragraph 4 - research on other diseases
- Paragraphs 5-6 - neuroscientific evidence about placebo
- Compare these topics to the answer choices on p. 407, for question 13
- a = paragraphs 5-6
- e = paragraph 1
- f = paragraphs 2-4
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- If you’re often “distracted” by specific details, it might be a good idea to at least guess answers to the summary question before you look at any other questions or at the content of the paragraphs beyond their first sentences.
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- Homework: finish Cengage exercise 8.1 (passages 3, 4, 5)
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