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Burgundy and the Low Countries in the Middle Ages

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  1. General Works
  2. Arblaster, Paul. A History of the Low Countries. Rev. ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Although somewhat eclectic for the period up to the late Middle Ages, this textbook offers a lucid and highly succinct alternative to Blom and Lamberts 2006.
  3. Blom, J. C. H., and E. Lamberts, eds. History of the Low Countries. Translated by James C. Kennedy. Rev. ed. New York: Berghahn, 2006. English translation of Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, originally published in 1993 (Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Nijgh and Van Ditmar). Nuanced and rich introduction to the history of the Low Countries that occasionally suffers from stylistic differences between the various contributions of leading scholars in the field. The chapter on the Burgundian-Habsburg Low Countries by Wim Blockmans presents a coherent synthesis of his various monographs with Walter Prevenier (see General Overviews).
  4. Blockmans, Wim, and Walter Prevenier. The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530. Translated by Lizabeth Fackelmans. Edited by Edward Peters. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. English translation of In de ban van Bourgondië, originally published in 1988 (Houten, The Netherlands: Het Spectrum). Accessible, inexpensive, and updated synthesis of Prevenier and Blockmans 1986, while lacking the plethora of maps and illustrations of the original.
  5. Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Translated by Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. English translation of Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen: Studie over levens- en gedachtenvormen der veertiende en vijftiende eeuw in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden, originally published in 1919 (Haarlem, The Netherlands: Tjeenk Willink) (the best Dutch edition is the intelligently illustrated 1997 edition of Anton van der Lem). An urtext in the field of cultural history whose influence far exceeds the field of Low Countries studies. See the historiographical discussion of Edward Peters and Walter P. Simons, “The New Huizinga and the Old Middle Ages,” Speculum 74.3 (1999): 587–620.
  6. Prevenier, Walter, and Wim Blockmans. The Burgundian Netherlands. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. English translation of De Bourgondische Nederlanden, originally published in 1983 (Antwerp, Belgium: Mercatorfonds). Seminal monograph that established a new framework for scholarship on the late medieval history of the Low Countries. The book broke up the prevalent separation between the Burgundian and Habsburg phases of the history of Low Countries by ignoring a dynastic caesura in 1477 and presented a coherent interpretation that ranged from ecology to culture. An excellent overview of the unification and centralization of the Netherlands in the 15th and the first half of the 16th centuries. An abridged version is available: Edward Peters, ed., The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530.
  7. Habsburg and Valois Burgundy
  8. Blockmans, Wim. Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. London: Arnold, 2002. English translation of Keizer Karel V, 1500–1558: De utopie van het keizerschap, originally published in 2000 (Leuven, Belgium: Van Halewyck). Of the many biographies of Charles V, this one is particularly attentive to the position of the Low Countries within the Habsburg Empire.
  9. Haemers, Jelle. For the Common Good: State Power and Urban Revolts in the Reign of Mary of Burgundy, 1477–1482. Turnhout, The Netherlands: Brepols, 2008. Although empirically limited to the capital cities of Flanders, this monograph offers a critical discussion of continuity and discontinuity with the succession of the dynasty of Valois Burgundy by Habsburg in 1477–1482, thus reinforcing the conceptual breakthrough in the history of the Low Countries that was developed in Prevenier and Blockmans 1986
  10. Nicholas, David. Medieval Flanders. London: Longman, 1992. Concise overview of the development of the county of Flanders; stresses economic, political, social, and institutional history. Based on the author’s extensive work on cities.
  11. Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. Biography of the last Habsburg prince to rule over the entire Low Countries that gives special attention to policy vis-à-vis the Low Countries within the political context of the whole Habsburg Empire.
  12. Small, Graeme. George Chastelain and the Shaping of Valois Burgundy: Political and Historical Culture at Court in the Fifteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 1997. Although focused on a single author, this monograph contains a highly analytical introduction to the considerable historiographical production at the princely court of the Burgundian Valois, while providing important insights into the complex political and ideological relations between the Low Countries and the French Crown.
  13. Tracy, James D. Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Excellent regional study, exploring how political and religious events challenged the States of Holland to transform themselves into a self-conscious body capable of exerting leadership during the revolt.
  14. Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State. New ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2002. First published London in 1962, this is the first of four volumes on the dukes of the Valois line, whose independence and territorial base expanded from the 1380s to the 1470s. A huge achievement, based on extensive work done in the archives in Lille and Dijon, France, setting ducal lives against international politics and the war. The remaining volumes are John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power (Rochester, NY: Boydell, 2002); Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (London: Longmans, 1970); and Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy (London: Longmans, 1973).
  15. Vaughan, Richard. Valois Burgundy. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1975. Accessible English overview of the political history of later medieval Burgundy and its dukes, the subjects of the author’s subsequent biographical works.
  16. Warner, Mark. “The Anglo-French Dual Monarchy and the House of Burgundy, 1420–1435: The Survival of an Alliance.” French History 11 (1997): 103–130. A good source of background information on the French–English situation during the duke’s captivity in England. Emphasizes the complexity of the interactions among the English, the Burgundians, and the French. DOI: 10.1093/fh/11.2.103
  17. Military History
  18. Boffa, Sergio. Warfare in Medieval Brabant, 1356–1406. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004. In addition to a military narrative and a chapter on the art of war, covers the leadership, combatants, and organization of Brabant’s military forces. Since Brabant’s wars in this period also involved Jülich, Liège, and Guelders, Boffa’s book provides a good general sense of the nature of war and military structures for the whole region.
  19. Gunn, Steven, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools. War, State and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. A masterful history of warfare written from a social and economic perspective. Explorative discussion of the societal impact of warfare that builds on the scholarship of the 16th-century “military revolution” in the Low Countries. These fields of study have received relatively little attention in the historiography of the Low Countries. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.001.0001
  20. Sicking, Louis. Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2004. The Netherlands have traditionally only been interested in the growth of their sea power since the end of the 16th century, but Sicking shows that its origins lay in the Burgundian epoch. This is an in-depth study of the organization of maritime warfare in the coastal provinces of the Low Countries in the 15th and 16th centuries that also serves as an introduction to the scholarship on various maritime economic activities (e.g., the fishing industry).
  21. Hooper, Nicholas, and Matthew Bennett. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare. Vol. 1, The Middle Ages, 768–1487. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Although only one chapter of this atlas deals with the period covered in this entry, those forty pages provide a substantial number of well-drawn and useful maps as well as a concise narrative summary of the Hundred Years’ War, the Hussite Wars, the Wars of the Roses, the Burgundian-Swiss War of 1465–1477, and other conflicts.
  22. Harriss, Gerald Leslie. Cardinal Beaufort: A Study of Lancastrian Ascendancy and Decline. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988. An exceptionally well-researched examination of the man who was not only the key financier of English war efforts but also the principal negotiator between England and Burgundy.
  23. Grummitt, David. The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2008. Although focusing largely on military matters, this up-to-date, archivally based study also reveals much about society and culture in England’s Calais garrison. Covers the relief of Calais when besieged by Duke Philip of Burgundy in 1436, as well as England’s eventual loss to the French crown in 1558.
  24. State-Formation and National Identity
  25. Arnade, Peter. Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. A study of the close interrelations between court culture and the civic world. This monograph provides the most coherent interpretation of the Burgundian polity as a “theatre state,” following the conceptual framework of the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, which had great purchase among scholars of the late medieval Low Countries at the end of the 20th century. Next to this, the text gives an accessible introduction to the history of Ghent, the largest city of the Low Countries up to the end of the 15th century. For a critical discussion of its conceptual framework, this book must be compared with Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin,, La ville des cérémonies: Essai sur la communication politique dans les anciens Pays-Bas bourguignons (Turnhout, The Netherlands: Brepols), 2004.
  26. Lambert, Bart. The City, the Duke, and Their Banker: The Rapondi Family and the Formation of the Burgundian State (1384–1430). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2006. This study considers the interaction between Italian bankers, the commercial and financial milieu in Bruges, and the Burgundian court.
  27. Blockmans, Wim. “The Low Countries in the Middle Ages.” In The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, ca. 1200–1815. Edited by Richard Bonney, 281–308. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Synthetic and theoretically informed introduction to the scholarly literature on fiscality in the Burgundian-Habsburg Low Countries. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204022.001.0001
  28. Boulton, Jonathan D., and Jan R. Veenstra, eds. The Ideology of Burgundy: The Promotion of National Consciousness, 1364–1565. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1996. Multi-authored study of the ideological program propagated by the Burgundian Valois and the house of Habsburg as the rulers over the unified Low Countries. Articles on different types of ideological discourse connected to the Burgundian court, state, and historiography.
  29. Cartellieri, Otto. The Court of Burgundy: Studies in the History of Civilization. Translated by Malcolm Letts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972. A classic, if somewhat outdated, study on the Burgundian court, with an emphasis on its cultural history. Translation of Am Hofe der Herzöge von Burgund: Kulturhistorische Bilder (Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe, 1926).
  30. Koenigsberger, Helmut G. Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Functional introduction to the vast scholarly literature on popular representation in the principalities that came to constitute the Burgundian-Habsburg Low Countries.
  31. Stein, Robert, and Judith Pollmann, eds. Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300–1650. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. Similar to Boulton and Veenstra 1996, this volume is primarily preoccupied with the development of new national identities in the wake of the political unification of a diverse set of principalities in the Low Countries but concentrates more on the dynamics in society rather than top-down ideological programs. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004180246.i-292
  32. van de Ven, G. P., ed. Man-Made Lowlands: History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands. 4th ed. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Matrijs, 2004. English translation of Leefbaar laagland: Geschiedenis van de waterbeheersing en landaanwinning in Nederland, originally published in 1993. Standard introduction to the historiographical research into water management in the northern Low Countries, not only a key theme for the history of the coastal area of Holland, Zealand, and Frisia, but also often presumed to be a key constituent in the birth of modern Dutch political culture, with its particular stress on negotiation and compromise. For a critical discussion of this thesis, see Soens 2009.
  33. Boulton, D’Arcy Jonathan Dacre. “The Order of the Golden Fleece and the Creation of Burgundian National Identity.” In The Ideology of Burgundy: The Promotion of National Consciousness, 1364–1565. Edited by D’Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton and Jan R. Veenstra, 21–97. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006. A good detailed discussion of the order, aimed at the specialist but providing a useful introduction.
  34. Armstrong, C. A. J. England, France, and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century. London: Hambledon, 1983. Armstrong posed problems of Burgundian history in an original manner, considering issues such as the language question in the Low Countries or ducal policy for the nobility.
  35. Urban Life
  36. Dumolyn, Jan, and Jelle Haemers. “Patterns of Urban Rebellion in Medieval Flanders.” Journal of Medieval History 31 (2005): 369–393. This article synthesizes the extensive literature on the intense and frequent revolts in medieval Flanders and especially under Burgundian rule. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2005.08.001
  37. Blondé, Bruno, Oscar Gelderblom, and Peter Stabel. “Foreign Merchant Communities in Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam.” In Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700. Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen T. Christensen, 154–174. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Critical and multifaceted historiographical discussion on the three subsequent gateway cities of the premodern Low Countries that provides a survey of much of the literature, next to the key publications Van der Wee 1963, Murray 2005, and Lesger 2006.
  38. Boone, Marc. “Urban Space and Political Conflict in Late Medieval Flanders.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32 (2002): 621–640. Pioneering work using the “spatial turn” in the urban history of the Burgundian Low Countries. DOI: 10.1162/002219502317345538
  39. Boone, Marc, and Maarten Prak. “Rulers, Patricians and Burghers: The Great and the Little Tradition of Urban Revolt in the Low Countries.” In A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective. Edited by Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, 99–134. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Important formulation of the views that, in the early 21st century, continue to dominate the extensive historiography on the contentious relations between the Burgundian-Habsburg rulers and their politically conscious urban subjects.
  40. Brown, Andrew, and Graeme Small. Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries, c. 1420–1530: Selected Readings. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2007. English translation of and historiographical introduction to selected key sources on the cultural production of the Burgundian-Habsburg court and that of the cities of the Low Countries that can serve as a seminar-based introduction for students to this field of study.
  41. Cohn, Sam. Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe: Italy, France and Flanders. Medieval Sources. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2004. Includes a wide range of key primary texts on the many revolts in the county of Flanders, which can be complemented with Cohn’s monograph on revolts in late medieval Europe. DOI: 10.7765/MMSO.67303
  42. de Roover, Raymond. The Bruges Money Market around 1400. Brussels: Paleis der Academiën, 1968. Classic study by a Belgian American medievalist on the financial market of medieval Bruges.
  43. De Vries, Jan. European Urbanization, 1500–1800. London: Harvard University Press, 1984. Although not specifically dedicated to the Low Countries, this monograph is the historiographical linchpin in the comparative assessments of the Low Countries as a forerunner of the urbanization of western Europe. The text also offers a bibliographical survey of the available studies on the various cities of this region.
  44. Gelderblom, Oscar. Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013. Long-term analysis of the functioning of Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam as trading hubs, theoretically framed with concepts from the New Institutional Economics tradition.
  45. Lesger, Clé. The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, c. 1550–1630. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006. Incisive discussion of the late-16th-century shift from Antwerp to Amsterdam as the new gateway city of the urban network of the Low Countries.
  46. Murray, James M. Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1290–1390. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Contains a meticulous empirical analysis of the social and professional basis of commercial and financial activity in the town that served as the gateway city of the Low Countries from the 13th to the late 15th century.
  47. Stabel, Peter. Dwarfs among Giants: The Flemish Urban Network in the Middle Ages. Leuven, Belgium: Brepols, 1997. Stabel is the foremost specialist of the urban economy in the Burgundian Netherlands. In this book he sets out how the three major Flemish towns (Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres) interacted with the many smaller towns between them, forming a diversified urban network. Special attention is paid to the socioeconomic underpinnings of middling groups.
  48. Stabel, Peter. “Guilds in Late Medieval Flanders: Myths and Realities of Guild Life in an Export-Oriented Environment.” Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004): 187–212. This article gives an overview of all the recent research and debates on the guilds in the late medieval Low Countries. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.003
  49. Van der Wee, Herman. The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (Fourteenth-Sixteenth Centuries). Leuven, Belgium: Nijhoff, 1963. The seminal text on the functioning of Antwerp as the gateway city of the Low Countries and the Habsburg Empire in the 16th century, which must be complemented by a spate of more recent scholarship on 16th- and 17th-century Antwerp.
  50. Verhulst, Adriaan. The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Presents a balanced survey and nuanced synthesis in the complex debate on the birth of urban society in the Low Countries, as it has developed in the wake of the famous works of the early 20th-century historian Henri Pirenne. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511612275
  51. Economic and Social Life
  52. Boone, Marc, and Walter Prevenier, eds. Drapery Production in the Late Medieval Low Countries: Markets and Strategies for Survival, 14th–16th centuries. Leuven, Belgium: Garant, 1993. Volume of contributions that recalibrated the historiography on textile production, the engine of the urbanization process in the medieval Low Countries.
  53. Davids, C. A. The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2008. Well-researched overview of Dutch technological leadership in early modern Europe, explaining its origins, rise, and decline over a long period of time and in an international context. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004168657.i-634
  54. De Vries, Jan, and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Highly influential monograph that traces the economic “miracle” of the 17th-century Dutch Republic to the economic trajectory of late medieval and 16th-century Holland. To be complemented with van Bavel 2010 for further references on scholarship on the takeoff of the Holland economy. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511666841
  55. DuPlessis, Robert S., and Martha C. Howell. “Reconsidering the Early Modern Economy: The cases of Leiden and Lille.” Past and Present 94 (1982): 49–84. Highly influential article that questions the established interpretation of Netherlandish cities as a fully matured locus of capitalism (for an expanded version of this argument, see Howell 2010). See also the critical discussion of this article in Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, “Subcontracting in Guild-Based Export Trades, Thirteenth–Eighteenth Centuries,” in S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, eds., Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 81–113. DOI: 10.1093/past/94.1.49
  56. Goudriaan, Koen, Jaap van Moolenbroek, and Ad Tervoort, eds. Education and Learning in the Netherlands, 1400–1600: Essays in Honour of Hilde De Ridder-Symoens. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2004. This volume of collected papers provides a pathway to the wide-ranging literature on the history of education and humanism in the Low Countries as well as on the use of languages. For university education, see especially the various publications of Hilde De Ridder-Symoens.
  57. Howell, Martha C. Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Largely based on empirical evidence from the Low Countries, this monograph presents an unusual and highly accessible blend of economic and cultural history that acts as a counterbalance to a historiographical line of inquiry, which focuses on economic modernization.
  58. Munro, John. Textiles, Towns and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1994. Collection of key publications of one of the leading scholars on monetary history and the history of textile production in the Low Countries.
  59. Munro John H. A. Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, 1340–1478. Brussels: Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 1973. Major work on Burgundian economic and financial history.
  60. Prak, Maarten, Catharina Lis, Jan Lucassen, and Hugo Soly, eds. Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006. The contributions in this volume furnish an introduction to the vast historiography on the craft guilds in the Low Countries that is attentive to geographical and chronological differentiation.
  61. Spufford, Peter. Monetary Problems and Policies in the Burgundian Netherlands 1433–1496. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1970. Indispensable book for understanding the Burgundian monetary situation.
  62. Tracy, James D. A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515–1565. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Explores the emergence of a modern type of a funded public debt in the key province of Holland during the fifty years before the revolt, which would eventually enable the province to finance its war against Spain.
  63. van Bavel, Bas. Manors to Markets: Economy and Society in the Low Countries, 500–1600. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Important monograph that puts forth an extensive but coherent interpretation of the long-term economic development of town and countryside in the Low Countries by stressing the sociopolitical framework of the modes of production. See also the critical discussion of this monograph by other specialists in the Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 8.1 (2011): 61–138, and compare with Blockmans 2010 (cited under General Overviews).
  64. van Nierop, Henk F. K. The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500–1650. Translated by Maarten Ultee. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Explores the transformation of a traditional rural nobility in the key province of Holland into a small but politically powerful section of the ruling elite of the Dutch Republic, emphasizing their role in the Dutch revolt. English translation of Van ridders tot regenten: De Hollandse adel in de zestiende en de eerste helft van de zeventiende eeuw, first published in 1984 (Dieren, The Netherlands: Bataafsche Leeuw).
  65. van Uytven, Raymond. Production and Consumption in the Low Countries, 13th–16th Centuries. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001. A collection of articles by an important specialist of the economic life of late medieval cities in the Low Countries.
  66. Gender
  67. Boone, Marc. “State Power and Illicit Sexuality: The Persecution of Sodomy in Late Medieval Bruges.” Journal of Medieval History 22 (1996): 135–153. A study of the growing repression of homosexuality in Bruges under Burgundian rule. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4181(96)00001-2
  68. Bousmar, Eric. “Neither Equality nor Radical Oppression: The Elasticity of Women’s Roles in the Late Medieval Low Countries’ Gender Pattern.” In The Texture of Society: Medieval Women in the Southern Low Countries. Edited by Ellen E. Kittell and Mary A. Suydam, 109–127. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Not only this essay but the whole volume sheds new light on the still surprisingly neglected history of women in the Burgundian period.
  69. Howell, Martha C. The Marriage Exchange: Property, Social Place, and Gender in Cities of the Low Countries, 1300–1550. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. A study of social and economic relations in the Netherlandish towns from the point of view of gender history. Largely a case study of the long-term transformation of the legal culture of the city of Douai, this study presents the most incisive discussion of the intersection of law, society, and economy in the Low Countries. Gives a broad historiographical introduction to this field. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226355177.001.0001
  70. Kittell, Ellen E., and Mary A. Suydam, eds. The Texture of Society: Medieval Women in the Southern Low Countries. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. This volume of wide-ranging essays supplies a bibliographical introduction to much of the available literature on women in the medieval Low Countries, with special emphasis on women of middling and lower social status and the religious experiences of women.
  71. Religious Life
  72. Bouchard, Constance. Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1180. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987. Reexamines the relation between aristocracy and church in Burgundy during the period of transformation posited by Duby 1982; stresses family connections and ecclesiastical patronage in the region. van Wyhe, Cordula, ed. Isabel Clara Eugenia: Female Sovereignty in the Courts of Madrid and Brussels. London: Holborton, 2011. Lavishly illustrated and well-annotated collection by fifteen Belgian and Spanish experts.
  73. Duke, Alastair. Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1990. Although focused primarily on the history of the northern provinces, this monograph offers a useful introduction to the rise of Protestantism in the Low Countries. See also the collected volume of his articles: Judith Pollmann and Andrew Spicer, eds., Alastair Duke: Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2009).
  74. Pollman, Judith. Catholic Identity and the Revolt in the Netherlands, 1520–1635. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Incisive monograph that provides a guide to the research on the 16th-century religious crisis of the Low Countries as well as a breakthrough in the history of the Counter-Reformation in the 17th-century southern Low Countries. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609918.001.0001
  75. Simons, Walter P. Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Key monograph on the highly successful Beguine movement in the Low Countries.
  76. Van Engen, John. Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life: The Devotio Moderna and the World of the Later Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Innovative monograph on the so-called Devotio Moderna, an influential 14th-century religious movement that developed in the urban network of the Ijssel River, in the northern Netherlands, and subsequently spread out toward the southern Low Countries and parts of the German Empire.
  77. Art
  78. Nash, Susie. Northern Renaissance Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Although technically dedicated to the Renaissance outside Italy, this accessible work is mainly focuses on the Low Countries, building on and reinforcing the argument developed in Belozerskaya 2012. Together, both monographs provide excellent pathways to the vast scholarly literature on the production and consumption of both plastic and pictorial arts.
  79. Panofsky, Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953. This seminal monograph continues to shape the scholarship on painting in the late medieval Low Countries.
  80. Ridderbos, Bernhard, Anne van Buren, and Henk van Veen, eds. Early Netherlandish Paintings: Rediscovery, Reception and Research. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005. Analytical survey of the scholarship on the best-known aspect of art production in the Burgundian and Habsburg Low Countries, as it has developed in the wake Panofsky 1953.
  81. Belozerskaya, Marina. Rethinking the Renaissance: Burgundian Arts across Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. Originally published in 2002. Coherent and analytical study of “Burgundian culture” as a crucial constituent of late medieval and early modern European culture, including a historiographical survey of this field.
  82. Defoer, Henri L. M., Anne J. Korteweg, and Wilhelmina C. M. Wüstefeld. The Golden Age of Dutch Manuscript Painting. Stuttgart: Belser, 1990. Useful introduction to manuscript painting, a flourishing artistic industry in the medieval Low Countries.
  83. Wijsman, Hanno. Luxury Bound: Illustrated Manuscript Production and Noble and Princely Book Ownership in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1400–1550. Turnhout, The Netherlands: Brepols, 2010. Extensive study of manuscript ownership in the top layers of Burgundian-Habsburg society that serves as an efficient pathway to the scholarship on French literature in the Low Countries.
  84. Primary Sources
  85. Brown, Andrew, and Graeme Small, eds. Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries c. 1420–1530. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2007.This is a collection of source fragments translated into English concerning the political, social, and cultural history of the Burgundian Netherlands.
  86. de Beatis, Antonio. The Travel Diary of Antonio de Beatis through Germany, Switzerland, the Low Countries, France, and Italy 1517–18. Translated by J. R. Hale and J. M. A. Lindon. Edited by J. R. Hale. London: Hakluyt Society, 1979. When Antonio de Beatis accompanied Cardinal Luigi d’Aragona on his European tour, they approached France from the Low Countries and sought a Channel crossing from Calais but were dissuaded by news of the sweating sickness in England. In France the cardinal met Francis I and encountered Italian exiles. His chaplain took particular care to record the history of Mont Saint-Michel and the contents of the Royal Library at Blois.
  87. Kendall, Paul M., and Vincent Ilardi, eds. Dispatches, with Related Documents, of Milanese Ambassadors in France and Burgundy, 1450–1483. 3 vols. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1970–1971. Covering the period from the emergence of Francesco Sforza as duke of Milan to the death of Louis XI of France, these volumes provide invaluable insights into the process by which the Italian states sought to induce their powerful neighbor to intervene in peninsular affairs as well as the wider European dimension of the feud between Louis and his overmighty vassal, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
  88. Rowen, Herbert H. The Low Countries in Early Modern Times. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Useful collection of key texts translated into English, covering the 16th to 18th centuries.
  89. Veenstra, Jan R. Magic and Divination at the Courts of Burgundy and France: Text and Context of Laurens Pignon’s Contre les Devineurs, 1411. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1997. Along with a critical edition of Laurens Pignon’s 1411 manuscript against court magic, Veenstra offers an erudite study of the motivations behind both practitioners and opponents of learned magic. Pignon sought to steer the Burgundian duke away from the magical practices that many blamed for the madness of King Charles VI. Veenstra’s discussion incorporates the first cases of witchcraft handled by the Parlement of Paris. DOI: 10.1163/9789004247376
  90. Foreign Works on Burgundy
  91. Bartier, John. Charles le Téméraire. Brussels: Arcade, 1970. Bartier engages in the debate on the warlike and imprudent character of the most audacious of the Valois dukes and his ultimate political and military failure.
  92. Caron, Marie-Thérèse. La noblesse dans le Duché de Bourgogne 1315–1477. Lille, France: Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1987. The reaction of the nobility of the duchy of Burgundy to growing ducal power.
  93. Cauchies, Jean-Marie, ed. Art de la guerre, technologie et tactique en Europe occidentale à la fin du Moyen ge et à la Renaissance: Rencontre de Bruxelles (19 au 22 septembre 1985). Basel, Switzerland: Centre Européen d’études Bourguignonnes, 1986. Includes essays, mostly in French, on the Burgundian navy; also covers Burgundian armor and chivalric display, the role of gunpowder weapons in the battles and sieges of the late 15th through late 16th centuries (four articles), and on arms, ideology, and politics in 16th-century Venice. There is also an apologia for Charles the Bold at Morat.
  94. Contamine, Philippe, Maurice Hugh Keen, and Charles Giry-Deloison, eds. Guerre et société en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne: XIVe–XVe siècle. Lille, France: Centre d’histoire de la region du nord et de l’Europe du nord-ouest, 1991. Topics include campaign dispatches; contemporary French opinion regarding the Hundred Years’ War, soldiers, and the battle of Poitiers (1356); ransom brokerage; the court of chivalry; the Burgundian military at the 1436 siege of Calais; and chains as urban defenses. Essays in French and English.
  95. Dumont, Georges-H. Marie de Bourgogne. Paris: Fayard, 1982. Best biography of Charles the Bold’s daughter and successor.
  96. Janse, Antheun. Ridderschap in Holland: Portret van een adellijke elite in de late middeleeuwen. Hilversum, The Netherlands: Verloren, 2001. A sketch of the knightly order in the county of Holland and its somewhat peripheral position with respect to the broader Burgundian nobility.
  97. Paravicini, Werner. Guy de Brimeu: Der burgundische Staat und seine adlige Führungsschicht unter Karl dem Kühnen. Bonn, West Germany: Röhrscheid, 1975. An approach to the history of the upper levels of the Burgundian aristocracy through the biography of one nobleman in particular.
  98. Sommé, Monique. Isabelle de Portugal, duchesse de Bourgogne: Une femme au pouvoir au XVe siècle. Villeneuve d’Ascq, France: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1998.The only major study on a Burgundian duchess, detailed and nuanced in judgment.
  99. Vanderjagt, Arie Johan. Qui sa vertu anoblist: The Concepts of Noblesse and Chose Publicque in Burgundian Political Thought. Groningen, The Netherlands: J. Miélot, 1981. An important study of the ideological discourses on the nobility produced at the ducal court.
  100. van Nieuwenhuysen, A. Les finances du duc de Bourgogne, Philippe le Hardi (1384–1404): Le montant des ressources. Brussels: Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 1984. Still the most important study of Burgundian finances.
  101. van Rompaey, Jan. De Grote Raad van de hertogen van Boergondië en het parlement van Mechelen. Brussels: Paleis der Academiën, 1973. An institutional study of the central judicial institutions of the Burgundian state.
  102. Schnerb, Bertrand. Jean sans Peur: Le prince meurtrier. Paris: Payot, 2005. John the Fearless has traditionally been presented as a villain in French medieval history. Providing a wide range of evidence on the duke and his political career, Schnerb corrects this biased picture and shows that he was in fact one of the most talented and energetic politicians of his time.
  103. Schnerb, Bertrand. L’état bourguignon, 1363–1477. Paris: Perrin, 1999. In the traditional centralist French historiographical vision of the success of the monarchy in unifying the country, it has long been unthinkable to write what Bertrand Schnerb, the leading French specialist in Burgundian history, has written in this thorough synthesis of Burgundian political structures: that “Burgundy” was in fact a “state” and in that sense a full-scale rival and alternative to France itself.
  104. Before Ducal Burgundy
  105. Bouchard, Constance B. Holy Entrepreneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in the Twelfth-Century Burgundy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. Examines the role of Cistercians in transforming the rural economy and estate management.
  106. Oksanen, Eljas. Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Explores relations among Normandy, England, and Flanders in the century and a half after the Conquest first through narrative and then by analyzing military relations, diplomacy, economic considerations, tournaments, and Flemish immigration to England. Argues that these relations “had a major influence on the history of north-western Europe” (p. 251). DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139032322
  107. Warlop, Ernest. The Flemish Nobility Before 1300. 4 vols. Translated by J. B. Ross and H. Vandermoore. Kortrijk, Belgium: G. Desmet-Huysman, 1975–1976. English translation of De Vlaamse adel voor 1300, originally published in 1968, including some revisions. Study of the nobility in the region, emphasizing social history and political relations, with detailed reconstruction of family groups.
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  137. Lilley, Keith. Urban Life in the Middle Ages, 1000–1450. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2002. Lilley’s account is a refreshing reevaluation of what had clearly become familiar territory by the 21st century. An urban geographer, Lilley starts not with urban origins or sociological theory, but with a discussion of ideas put forward by planners and architectural theorists. Chapter 5, which traces the evolution of urban morphology, is particularly valuable. Written for a broader audience than any of the other surveys listed here.
  138. Nicholas, David. Urban Europe, 1100–1700. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Nicholas’s brief overview emphasizes theoretical approaches to urban history, particularly those of Weber and of central place theory. The organization is thematic rather than chronological, reflecting the author’s view that there was no sharp break between medieval and early modern urban developments. Includes a welcome chapter on city walls and plans.
  139. Knappen, M. M. “Robert II of Flanders in the First Crusade.” In The Crusades and Other Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by His Former Students. Edited by Louis J. Paetow, 79–100. New York: Crofts, 1928. It is strange that this important leader has been so neglected; this is the only study.
  140. Voet, Leon. Antwerp the Golden Age: The Rise and Glory of the Metropolis in the Sixteenth Century. Antwerp: Mercatorfonds, 1973. A somewhat dated but still very informative narrative of Antwerp’s golden age written by the former curator of the Plantin-Moretus Museum. The economic, political, intellectual, and cultural developments are especially well covered.
  141. O’Brien, Patrick, eds. Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Compares the major urban achievements or realizations of three important mercantile cities in five domains: economy, architecture, fine and decorative arts, book publishing, and scientific knowledge. For each domain, there are separate chapters for each city. A conclusion, connecting the insights cited in the articles, is missing.
  142. Limberger, Michael. Sixteenth Century Antwerp and Its Rural Surroundings: Social and Economic Changes in the Hinterland of a Commercial Metropolis, ca. 1450–1570. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2008. Examines the influence of the growing metropolis on the surrounding countryside. Pays special attention to the impact on the rural economy, agrarian system, and rural demography. A welcome study based on solid archival research.
  143. Suykens, F., G. Asaert, A. Thijs, K. Verachtert, and A. de Vos. Antwerp: A Port for All Seasons. Antwerp: MIM, 1986. Examines the growth and decline of the Antwerp market through the prism of the development of its port on the Scheldt River. Gustaaf Asaert wrote an extensive chapter on the pre-1585 period and Alfons Thijs one on the long 17th century. They both combine results of previous research with own archival research.
  144. van der Wee, Herman. The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, Fourteenth–Sixteenth Centuries. 3 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1963. Based on massive archival research, van der Wee presents a long-term analysis of the growth of the Antwerp market and succeeds in integrating the Antwerp case into a wider Brabantine, Netherlandish, and European context. This masterpiece of quantitative long-term economic history is still, more than half a century later, indispensable for everyone studying the economic development of late medieval and 16th-century Antwerp.
  145. Gelderblom, Oscar. Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013. Emphasizes the role of urban rivalry and the institutional aspects of trade and offers an interesting comparative perspective. An excellent starting point for those who seek to place the Antwerp evidence in a broader framework and to acquire an understanding of recent debates on international trade.
  146. Harreld, Donald J. High Germans in the Low Countries: German Merchants and Commerce in Golden Age Antwerp. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2004. Several monographs deal with foreign merchant groups in 16th-century Antwerp, but this is the only one in English and, at the same time, the most recently written. Harreld examines the role of the “German” merchants in the commercial life of Antwerp and the place of Antwerp in the commercial networks set up by German merchants. The focus is on merchants from German cities such as Augsburg and Nuremberg.
  147. Kint, An M. “The Community of Commerce: Social Relations in Sixteenth-Century Antwerp.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1996. Analyzes elements of tension and elements of unity within Antwerp society. Kint argues that new social networks, a broad political participation, and an awareness to form a community bound together by commerce succeeded in holding Antwerpers together. This dissertation is a good starting point for those who seek to study Antwerp society in the long 16th century.
  148. Soly, Hugo. “Continuity and Change: Attitudes towards Poor Relief and Health Care in Early Modern Antwerp.” In Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 1500–1700. Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham, 84–107. London: Routledge, 1997. Offers an excellent overview of how poor relief was organized and explains how the Antwerp city government and the poor relief institutions brought their social policy in line with the changing economic and religious circumstances.
  149. de Munck, Bert. Technologies of Learning: Apprenticeship in Antwerp Guilds from the 15th Century to the End of the Ancien Régime. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007. Shows that the schooling and training that apprentices received in their guilds were based on a flexible and dynamic system that met the demands of the changing early modern economy.
  150. van der Stock, Jan. Printing Images in Antwerp: The Introduction of Printmaking in a City, Fifteenth Century to 1585. Rotterdam: Sound & Vision Interactive, 1998. Examines how 16th-century Antwerp developed into an important center of printmaking. Based on thorough archival research this pioneering study unravels interesting aspects of the production, the marketing, and the use of printed images.
  151. Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. The Hundred Years War (Part I): A Wider Focus. History of Warfare 25. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005. The focus is even wider than the title implies; some contributions are about contemporary military topics only tangentially connected to the Hundred Years War. Includes (among others) articles on Spanish and Brabantine involvement in the war, military activity by London and Toulouse, English strategy in 1415, Joan of Arc, and gunpowder artillery’s effectiveness.
  152. Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas. History of Warfare 51. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008. Like its predecessor, this volume includes material not strictly on topic—for example, two studies of the War of the Two Pedros and one dealing with John Hawkwood in Italy. Also covers Agincourt; the longbow; historical memory (Agincourt, du Guesclin); war finance; Robert of Artois; chivalry and the Combat of the Thirty; and Chastellain.
  153. TeBrake, William H. Medieval Frontier: Culture and Ecology in Rijnland. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1985. Examines how, between the late 10th and early 14th centuries, land reclamation and colonization removed the last vestiges of wilderness in the western Netherlands (in particular, the areas that are now Holland and Zeeland), as peat bogs were drained and settled and a new social order emerged based on hydraulic control.
  154. Munro, John H. Textiles, Towns and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994. The volume collects eleven of Munro’s previously published articles (from 1966 to 1991) on textiles and the textile trade in northern Europe. The cities of the Low Countries occupy the foreground in these carefully crafted and always interesting essays, but England is a vital part of the story.
  155. Soens, Tim. “Threatened by the Sea, Condemned by Man? Flood Risk, Environmental Justice and Environmental Inequalities along the North Sea Coast 1200–1800.” In Environment and Social Justice in the City: Historical Perspectives. Edited by Geneviève Massard-Guilbaut and Richard Rodger, 91–111. Cambridge, UK: The White Horse Press, 2011. This essay discusses the difficulties faced by residents of coastal wetlands in three areas (Flanders, Holland, and Romney Marsh in southeastern England), as catastrophic dike breaches or sea wall failures tended to cause peasant smallholders to lose their land, while more wealthy individuals or organizations benefited by gaining ownership of the land vacated by the peasants.
  156. Jordan, Erin L. Women, Power, and Religious Patronage in the Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. More narrow than the title would suggest, this book discusses the lives of the countesses who, between them, ruled Flanders for most of the 13th century, showing that powerful women could rule and have vassals even in a male-dominated society.
  157. De Vries, Jan. The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500–1700. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974. Describes in detail the major agricultural changes that took place in the Netherlands during the early modern period, as urban demand and a market economy stimulated sales not only of grain but also of vegetables, industrial crops, and animal products like the famed Dutch butter and cheese. Other changes described include the intensification of production, technological innovations, and methods for ensuring improved yields, many of which were to prove influential elsewhere in Europe.
  158. Dam, Petra J. E. M. van. “Sinking Peat Bogs: Environmental Change in Holland, 1350–1550.” Environmental History 5.4 (2000): 32–45. Discusses how the mining of peat for fuel in Holland destroyed the soil and created enormous lakes, while simultaneously boosting the eel fisheries.
  159. Buylaert, Frederik. “The Late Medieval ‘Crisis of the Nobility’ Reconsidered: The Case of Flanders.” Journal of Social History 45 (2012): 1117–1134. Mitigating the crisis of the 15th-century nobility, Buylaert shows how in urbanized Flanders the nobility became less dependent on seigneurial revenues between 1200 and 1600, while new nobles often stemmed from non-landed elites, obtaining social status by the recognition of their vivre noblement. DOI: 10.1093/jsh/shr145
  160. Marshall, Sherrin. The Dutch Gentry, 1500–1650: Family, Faith, and Fortune. New York: Greenwood, 1987. Interesting gender and family history of the lesser nobility. Despite the promising title, it focuses mainly on Utrecht and its “urban” gentry.
  161. van Steensel, Arie. “Beyond the Crisis of the Nobility: Recent Historiography on the Nobility in the Medieval Low Countries II.” History Compass 12.3 (2014): 273–286. Discusses and challenges the basis of recent historiography in the idea of a late medieval crisis of noble income and land ownership in one of the most capital-driven and urbanized regions of western Europe. DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12136
  162. Gunn, Steven, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools. War, State and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. The third part studies “nobles at war” extensively. Offers comparative insights into the importance of noble agency in the transformation of warfare.
  163. Rosenthal, Joel T., ed. and trans. Nobles and the Noble Life: 1295–1500. London: Allen and Unwin, 1976. Both a student introduction and an anthology of sources translated into English, yet mainly for the high and late medieval period.
  164. Zmora, Hillay. Monarchy, Aristocracy and the State in Europe, 1300–1800. London: Routledge, 2001. Wide-ranging survey of the longue durée, with particular attention to the growing legal prescriptions concerning noble status. Questions the long-lasting impact of noble rebellion on early modern state formation.
  165. Lehmann, L. Th. Galleys in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff Nederland, 1984. A study of the evidence for galley types in the Netherlands from the 14th century to c. 1600, the most detailed part of the medieval section concerns the inventory of a galley acquired by the Duke of Burgundy in 1450.
  166. Smith, Robert Douglas, and Kelly DeVries. Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005. The Valois dukes of Burgundy were leaders in the development and use of gunpowder artillery and kept good records relating to them. In addition to collecting and analyzing all the available data based on documents and surviving guns, this book offers a concise narrative military history of the Burgundian state. Also offers an overview of the development of gunpowder weapons in general during this period.
  167. Winkler, Albert L. “The Swiss and War: The Impact of Society on the Swiss Military in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University, 1982. The Swiss wars of the late Middle Ages ultimately had great influence on the Renaissance-Reformation art of war, but the secondary literature on the subject, especially in English, is limited. Winkler’s dissertation is solidly researched in the printed primary sources and in the German-language historiography. Aims mainly to address “war and society” issues but also contains a good deal of traditional military history.
  168. Vale, Malcolm. War and Chivalry: War and Aristocratic Culture in England, France, and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages. London: Duckworth, 1981. An excellent short book arguing against the idea that 15th-century chivalry was decadent or militarily irrelevant. Deals with chivalric literature, orders, and display. The chapters on the techniques of war in the 15th century and on the changes of the 1450–1530 period are outstanding.
  169. Gunn, Steven, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools. War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1599. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. An important, impressively researched, and well-contextualized comparison of how the relationships between rulers and ruled (particularly noble families and urban elites) were influenced by war in two polities. Sees war as strengthening the state overall, though with countervailing eddies and by means of cooperation and negotiation with local elites more than coercion of them. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.001.0001
  170. Hall, Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. A broad survey. Contains good analytical narratives of campaigns that illustrate how changing military technology affected operations, but the greatest strength of the book is the analysis of the chemistry of gunpowder and the physics of early guns. Covers the period of 1325–1600.
  171. DeVries, Kelly. Guns and Men in Medieval Europe. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate/Variorum, 2002. Although it includes studies of particular campaigns (e.g., the 1346–1347 siege of Calais and the 1396 battle of Nicopolis) the focus of the work is on the emergence of gunpowder weapons—both from a technological perspective and with regard to their impact on war and on society. Critiques the work of Geoffrey Parker, Clifford Rogers, and other “military revolution” advocates as “technological determinism.”
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  173. Rogers, Clifford J. Essays on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolutions, and the Hundred Years War. Farnham, UK: Ashgate/Variorum, 2010. Fifteen essays originally published between 1993 and 2005, mostly dealing with warfare from the mid-14th to the mid-15th century. Topics more specifically include generalship, the relationship between offense and defense in late-medieval warfare, the interaction of warfare and diplomacy in the Anglo-French peace negotiations of 1353–1360, the impact and strategic purposes of the devastation inflicted on France, and the efficacy of the longbow.
  174. Hammer, Paul E. J., ed. Warfare in Early Modern Europe, 1450–1660. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007. A well-chosen selection of seventeen previously published articles by various authors including Geoffrey Parker, Simon Pepper, and David Potter. Collectively they offer a good sampling of the best English-language scholarship in the field over the past several decades, enhanced by a good historiographical introduction and a useful index.
  175. Bean, Richard. “War and the Birth of the Nation State.” Journal of Economic History 33 (1973): 203–221. Focusing on the period of 1400–1600, aims to account for the process whereby European state governments decreased in number but assumed more power over their respective societies. Argues that optimal state size depends on economics of scale versus costs of control, and that in this period changes in warfare (especially infantry and artillery) shifted that balance to favor larger states with greater revenues.
  176. Gunn, Steven J., and Antheun Janse, eds. The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2006. Several articles demonstrate that the court should not only be studied as a princely household, but also as the nerve center of political networks and cultural exchange.
  177. Jones, Michael, ed. Gentry and Lesser Nobility in Late Medieval Europe. Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton, 1986. Explores the possibility of comparing gentry in England and Scotland, and lesser nobility on the Continent (France, the Low Countries, Germany, and Castile). Conclusions tend toward the “English exception.”
  178. Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Scholarly introduction that provides an integrated account of Leonardo’s artistic, scientific, and technological achievements. Kemp shows how Leonardo’s early training in Florence provided a crucial foundation in the “science of art,” particularly perspective and anatomy, while his time in Milan enlarged his outlook to embrace a wide range of natural sciences and mathematics. Sixteen color plates and eighty-four in black-and-white. Originally published in 1981.
  179. Israel, Jonathan I. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. Remarkable for its encyclopedic coverage. Part 1 covers the period up to 1588 in sufficient depth to meet the needs of advanced students. The discussion is invariably well informed, wide-ranging, and stimulating. Israel’s claim that the boundary between the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands confirmed long-standing structural differences is, however, controversial.
  180. Pollmann, Judith. “The Low Countries.” In Palgrave Advances in the European Reformation. Edited by Alec Ryrie, 80–101. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Highlights new directions in research. These include a concern with the religious opinions and actions of the laity; a growing interest in Catholics, both north and south; and the discovery that many North Netherlanders felt no need to belong to any church. A select list of further reading in English is appended.
  181. Post, R. R. The Modern Devotion: Confrontation with Reformation and Humanism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1968. A sober and painstaking survey of the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life and the Windesheimers until the early 16th century. Claims the contribution made by the Modern Devotion to education in the late Middle Ages has been exaggerated and that the movement was generally indifferent to both Christian humanism and the Protestant Reformation.
  182. Tracy, James D. “Elements of Anticlerical Sentiment in the Province of Holland under Charles V.” In Anticlericalism in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. 2d ed. Edited by Peter A. Dykema and Heiko A. Oberman, 257–269. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1993. Attributes the high levels of anticlericalism in the province of Holland to widespread resentment of clerical tax exemptions, urban objections to the business activities of monastic orders, venal practices of episcopal officials, and mendicant involvement in the persecution of heretics.
  183. Augustijn, Cornelis. Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. A refreshingly down-to-earth reassessment of Erasmus. Although avoiding the exaggerated claims sometimes made for Erasmus’s influence, Augustijn shows just how innovative and disturbing the humanist’s “Christian philosophy” was. Erasmus’s religion was “a piety of the low lands rather than of the mountains, intimate rather than passionate” (p. 200).
  184. Mout, M. E. H. N., Heribert Smolinsky, and J. Trapman, eds. Erasmianism: Idea and Reality. Afd. Letterkunde, nieuwe reeks 174. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1997. An important collection, asking whether “erasmianism” existed and, if so, whether this should be seen as a “via media.” Several authors stress that Erasmus’s own erasmianism should be seen as a strategy for survival or as a way of life rather than as a doctrine, and they emphasize that the erasmianism of his readers differed from context to context.
  185. Spruyt, Bart Jan. Cornelius Henrici Hoen (Honius) and His Epistle on the Eucharist (1525): Medieval Heresy, Erasmian Humanism, and Reform in the Early Sixteenth-Century Low Countries. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006. Examines the humanist, medieval, and popular origins of Hoen’s arguments against Christ’s real presence in the Eucharist, as well as their influence on Swiss and German reformers.
  186. Tracy, James D. Erasmus of the Low Countries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Lucid study argues that Erasmus’s developing views should be understood in the context of his roots in the Burgundian Netherlands, the broader debates on reform among churchmen, and the difficulties of explaining his position to both Catholic and Protestant critics.
  187. Duke, Alastair. Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries. London: Hambledon, 1990. Explores the spread of dissenting ideas, emphasizing the eclectic character of the Reformation, assessing the importance of different media in spreading new views in urban society, and reexamining the reasons why so many people opposed the heresy laws. The later essays discuss changing notions of patria and patriotism in the revolt, as well as the obstacles to the spread of the Reformation. Reprinted in 2003.
  188. Duke, Alastair. Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries. Edited by Judith Pollmann and Andrew Spicer. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009. This collection brings together Duke’s recent essays on notions of “netherlandishness,” the impact of repression on the character of Netherlandish Protestantism, the role of print and propaganda, the mentality of the iconoclasts, and the strains that war placed on individuals who tried to square their religious convictions with the changing political realities.
  189. Deppermann, Klaus. Melchior Hoffman: Social Unrest and Apocalyptic Visions in the Age of Reformation. Edited by Benjamin Drewery and translated by Malcolm Wren. Edinburgh: Clark, 1987. Detailed examination of Hoffman’s apocalyptic theology, which exerted a profound influence on early Dutch Anabaptists—many of whom, however, did not endorse his pacificism.
  190. Waite, Gary K. David Joris and Dutch Anabaptism, 1524–1543. Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1990. The best modern life of this key religious radical who in the aftermath of the Münster debacle briefly eclipsed all other Anabaptist leaders. Offers a lucid exposition of Joris’s own religious development. Useful appendixes on the Anabaptist leadership after 1535 and a translation of Jorien Ketel’s confession of 1544. However, the first part on the early evangelical movement is outdated.
  191. Benedict, Philip. Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. Chapter 6 offers a useful survey of the 16th-century history of Calvinism in the Low Countries (pp. 173–201).
  192. Duke, Alastair. “The Netherlands.” In Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1610: A Collection of Documents. Edited and translated by Alastair Duke, Gillian Lewis, and Andrew Pettegree, 133–199. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992. Selection of documents with an introduction that provides an accessible guide to Calvinist fortunes in the Low Countries.
  193. Hamilton, Alastair. The Family of Love. Cambridge, UK: Clarke, 1981. Only detailed study of the Family of Love, the heterodox Dutch sect of the 16th and 17th centuries. Covers the movement’s spiritual roots, the career of Hendrik Niclaes, his influence in spiritualist circles in Antwerp, and the split in 1573 between Niclaes and Hendrik Jansen. The Family attracted those repelled by growing confessionalization, but it gradually faded in the late 16th century.
  194. Pettegree, Andrew. Emden and the Dutch Revolt: Exile and the Development of Reformed Protestantism. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992. Highlights the crucial role that the German town of Emden played in the start of the Dutch Reformation. It became a refuge for Protestants escaping persecution where a school for the inculcation of Reformed Protestantism and a center for the printing of Reformed theology and polemic were built. An appendix lists the books printed at Emden 1554–1584. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227397.001.0001
  195. Tracy, James D. “Heresy Law and Centralization under Mary of Hungary: Conflict between the Council of Holland and the Central Government over the Enforcement of Charles V’s Placards.” In The Low Countries in the Sixteenth Century: Erasmus, Religion and Politics, Trade and Finance. By James D. Tracy, 284–307 Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005. When Anabaptist agitation developed in Holland in the 1530s, the provincial court proved more lenient than the central government expected. This chapter examines why the judges were reluctant to enforce the laws strictly
  196. Arnade, Peter J. Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. Examines how authority and opposition were mediated in the Low Countries, from Burgundian days until 1585. Focuses on the performance of power, arguing that, by challenging its religious underpinnings, the iconoclasts also attacked the political authority of the Habsburg state. Faced with retribution, the rebels succeeded in representing Habsburg policies as an inversion of civic and urban values. Less attention is paid to those Netherlanders who did not accept the rebel worldview.
  197. Darby, Graham, ed. The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt. London: Routledge, 2001. A collection of essays by a team of international scholars with contributions on the nobility, towns, and religion—all with good introductions. Others deal with more unexpected, if no less important, issues, such as the methods used by the States of Holland to finance the revolt and an assessment of Philip II’s “grand strategy” in which the Low Countries did not occupy the highest priority. DOI: 10.4324/9780203423974
  198. Pollmann, Judith. Catholic Identity and the Revolt of the Netherlands, 1520–1635. Past & Present Book Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Using diaries and personal memoirs to gain insights into the attitudes of Netherlandish Catholics, this study asks why Catholics in the Netherlands, unlike their French coreligionists, reacted passively to the challenge of the Reformation but then, after firsthand experience of Calvinist intolerance and of exile, succeeded in creating a resurgent Catholicism that became the hallmark of the southern Netherlands under the archdukes. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609918.001.0001
  199. Crew, Phyllis Mack. Calvinist Preaching and Iconoclasm in the Netherlands 1544–1569. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Based mostly on sources from the southern provinces, this study of Calvinist preaching, especially during the annus mirabilis 1566, argues against the idea that the iconoclasts or their preachers were motivated by socioeconomic concerns and demonstrated the concern of many Calvinist ministers to placate the authorities.
  200. Marnef, Guido. “The Dynamics of Reformed Militancy in the Low Countries: The Wonderyear.” In The Education of a Christian Society: Humanism and the Reformation in Britain and the Netherlands. Edited by N. Scott Amos, Andrew Pettegree, and Henk van Nierop, 193–210. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1999. Argues for more consistorial and ministerial involvement in the iconoclasm than Crew 1978 considered, and demonstrates that the political organization of the Reformed Church was more sophisticated than previously thought.
  201. van Nierop, Henk. “A Beggars’ Banquet: The Compromise of the Nobility and the Politics of Inversion.” European History Quarterly 21.3 (1991): 419–443. Investigates the symbolic meaning of the Beggars’ name and the rituals that accompanied their inauguration of the Compromise as a spoof order of chivalry, as well as their dress and the badges that they and their supporters wore in 1566. Available online for purchase or by subscription. DOI: 10.1177/026569149102100401
  202. Rodríguez-Salgado, Mia J. The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II, and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Examines how, in practice, the ramshackle multinational Habsburg Empire worked to square the conflicting interests of its components, members of which did not see politics from the Olympian perspective of their rulers. Continuous warfare and inadequate finances provoked the state bankruptcy of 1557. Contrary to the older historiography, the author rates Philip II’s achievements more highly than those of his father.
  203. Johnston, Andrew G. “Printing and the Reformation in the Low Countries, 1520–c. 1555.” In The Reformation and the Book. Edited by Jean-François Gilmont and translated by Karin Maag, 154–187. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998. Examines the nature of Dutch evangelical (but not Anabaptist) literature printed in the Low Countries under Charles V. Although modest by comparison with the output in the German lands, the number was nonetheless significant, especially given their clandestine character. Contains much information about the forbidden book trade.
  204. Stensland, Monica. Habsburg Communication in the Dutch Revolt. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2012. Demonstrating that the Habsburg regime was much more aware of the need to communicate its views than has been alleged and showing how it used traditional ritual, oral means, and legislation to do so, Stensland argues that governors prior to Farnese nevertheless did too little to argue their case in terms accepted by their intended audience.
  205. Waite, Gary K. Reformers on Stage: Popular Drama and Religious Propaganda in the Low Countries of Charles V, 1515–1556. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000. Emphasizing the religious self-image of the Chambers of Rhetoric, this analysis of their dramatic output shows how the rhetoricians helped to further criticism of the religious establishment and promote an eclectic Reformation agenda.
  206. Erasmus, Desiderius. The Collected Works of Erasmus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974–. Cited as CWE, this is the authoritative English translation and supersedes earlier translations. It has substantial introductions on the genesis, print history, and impact of Erasmus’s correspondence and individual works. Volumes 84 and 85, containing the poems, offer the Latin and English text on facing pages. Eighty-six volumes are planned.
  207. Bainton, Roland Herbert. Erasmus of Christendom. London: Scribner, 1977. A balanced appreciation of Erasmus’s life and works that has stood the test of time. It weighs the suspicions of the Catholic Church, which thought he was subversive, against the accusations of the Protestants, who thought he was evasive, and the claims of modern historians, who thought that he was a rationalist. Bainton characterizes Erasmus as a moderate and a man of strong spiritual values. Reprint of the original 1970 edition.
  208. Faludy, George. Erasmus of Rotterdam. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1970. Deals only with Erasmus’s youth and formation as a humanist; neglects to examine his role in the Reformation or his later career.
  209. Huizinga, Johan. Erasmus and the Age of Reformation. Translated by F. Hopman. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2001. Classic biography, setting Erasmus on the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; portrays him as a precursor of the modern mind; recognizes his insights but also his limitations as a man who was not a systematic, penetrating philosopher or theologian. Originally published in 1924.
  210. Hyma, Albert, Beatus Rhenanus, Desiderius Erasmus, Gouda (Netherlands), and Stedelijke Bibliotheek. The Youth of Erasmus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1930. Groundbreaking study of Erasmus’s life (up to the 1490s); discussion of Contempt of the World and Antibarbarians.
  211. Smith, Preserved. Erasmus: A Study of His Life, Ideals, and Place in History. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. Uses Erasmus’s life and career to elucidate the relationship between Renaissance and Reformation; idealizing tone; characterizes Erasmus as a champion of “undogmatic Christianity” who reconciles piety with reason, a forerunner of a modern type of Christianity. Originally published in 1923.
  212. Zweig, Stefan. Erasmus of Rotterdam. Translated by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul. New York: Viking, 1934. Offers a romanticized image of Erasmus as brilliant scholar and champion of moderation; “Erasmism” defined as the desire for conciliation. Available in numerous reprints in the original German and translations into French and Spanish.
  213. Augustijn, Cornelius. Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. An intellectual biography, scholarly yet broad in its appeal; focuses on Erasmus’s Christian philosophy, his biblical humanism, and his attitude toward Martin Luther and the Reformation.
  214. Christ–von Wedel, Christine. Erasmus von Rotterdam: Anwalt eines neuzeitlichen Christentums. Munster, Germany: LIT, 2003. Examines the modernity of Erasmus’s religious thought, dealing with his spirituality, doctrinal views, proposals for a reformation of the church, and views on women.
  215. Halkin, Léon-Ernest. Erasmus: A Critical Biography. Translated by John Tonkin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Focuses on Erasmus’s Christian humanism; chapters on Enchiridion, The Praise of Folly, Education of a Christian Prince, Colloquies. Appeared in French under the title Erasme parmi nous in 1987 (Paris: Fayard).
  216. McConica, James K. Erasmus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Concise account of Erasmus’s life and career focusing on his educational philosophy, Christian humanism, and relationship to the reformers.
  217. Rummel, Erika. Erasmus. London: Continuum, 2004. Concise intellectual biography focusing on Erasmus’s educational and political thought, his spiritual values, his Christian skepticism, and his biblical humanism.
  218. Schoeck, Richard J. Erasmus of Europe. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990–1993. A series of linked essays tracing the spiritual and intellectual development of Erasmus and putting his life and work into its historical and cultural context. Vol. 1, The Making of a Humanist, 1467–1500; vol. 2, The Prince of Humanities, 1501–1536.
  219. Tracy, James D. Erasmus: The Growth of a Mind. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1972. Intellectual biography defining key concepts in Erasmus’s thought: humanitas, libertas, simplicitas.
  220. Tracy, James D. Erasmus of the Low Countries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Traces Erasmus’s intellectual struggle to fashion a synthesis between Christian spirituality and classical learning appropriate and meaningful to his own age; examines the perception of Erasmus as a “circumspect reformer” and his use of dissimulatio.
  221. Sperna Weiland, Jan, and Willem Frijhoff, eds. Erasmus of Rotterdam: The Man and the Scholar. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1988. Includes essays on biographical aspects, polemics, educational philosophy, textual criticism, and relationship with reformers. Proceedings of a symposium held at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, in November 1986.
  222. Van Herwaarden, Jan. Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life; Devotion and Pilgrimage in the Netherlands. Translated by Wendie Schaffter and Donald Gardner. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003. Examines medieval Christian pilgrimages, the cult of St. James of Compostela, and the last quarter of the book Erasmiana, which offers an interpretation of Erasmian ideas. Also covers his Christian humanism and his reception.
  223. Eire, Carlos. War against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Uses Erasmus’s criticism of medieval piety as a starting point to examine the attitude of the Reformers toward traditional Catholic piety.
  224. Rummel, Erika, ed. Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008. Contains essays on the controversy surrounding Erasmus’s biblical exegesis in Spain, Italy (Albert Pio, Agostino Steuco), France (Noël Beda), and the Netherlands (Martin Dorp, Edward Lee, Frans Titelmans).
  225. Dolan, John. The Influence of Erasmus, Witzel, and Cassander in the Church Ordinances and Reform Proposals of the United Duchies of Cleve during the Middle Decades of the Sixteenth Century. Munster, Germany: Aschendorff, 1957. On Erasmus and the Jülich-Cleve church ordinance of 1530 and the Erasmian irenicism of Georg Witzel and George Cassander and their influence on politics.
  226. Tracy, James D. The Politics of Erasmus: A Pacifist Intellectual and His Political Milieu. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978. Examination of political views up to 1521. Explores Erasmus’s attitude toward nationalism, irenicism, power, aristocracy, and the cult of chivalry.
  227. Trapman, Hans, Jan van Herwaarden, and Adrie van der Laan, eds. Erasmus Politicus: Erasmus and Political Thought. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. Essays on the religious context of Erasmus’s political thought. Also essays on his influence on political practices, political philosophy and ethics (Stoicism, Epicureanism), and the Turkish threat and Erasmus’s political thought compared with that of Machiavelli and Justus Lipsius. Selected proceedings of a conference held in Rotterdam, 13–15 November 2008, by the Erasmus Center for Early Modern Studies.
  228. Tracy, James. The Low Countries in the Sixteenth Century: Erasmus, Religion and Politics, Trade and Finance. Ashgate, UK: Variorum, 2005. Contains five (previously published) essays on Erasmus and his nationality, humanistic circle, religious thought, and the relationship between learning and piety.
  229. Tracy, James. The Low Countries in the Sixteenth Century: Erasmus, Religion and Politics, Trade and Finance. Ashgate, UK: Variorum, 2005. Contains five (previously published) essays on Erasmus and his nationality, humanistic circle, religious thought, and the relationship between learning and piety.
  230. Phillips, Margaret Mann. Erasmus and the Northern Renaissance. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1981. On Erasmus and the classics. Also covers his philosophia Christi (his ideas on the emulation of the life of Christ, New Testament edition, Enchiridium), his satire (The Praise of Folly, Colloquies), his exchange of polemics with Martin Luther, and his “Middle Way.” First published in 1949.
  231. Bejczy, Istvan. Erasmus and the Middle Ages: The Historical Consciousness of a Christian Humanist. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001. An examination of Erasmus’s historical consciousness and his attitude toward the medieval past and the reform of Christian civilization.
  232. Nauert, Charles G., Jr. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Excellent and concise one-volume survey of humanism across Europe. A good starting point for both students and scholars.
  233. Tracy, James D. The Politics of Erasmus: A Pacifist Intellectual and His Political Milieu. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978. Demonstrates that Erasmus had a thorough knowledge of contemporary politics and that he did not hesitate to express his opinions on political events. To some extent he reflected political views current in his native Low Countries.
  234. Kistemaker, Renée, and Roelof van Gelder. Amsterdam: The Golden Age, 1275–1795. Translated by Paul Foulkes. New York: Abbeville, 1983. Lavishly illustrated and covering the period up to c. 1800, this is a useful short introduction to almost all aspects of the history of the medieval and early modern city. English translation of Amsterdam 1275–1795: Buon governo e cultura in una metropoli di mercanti (Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1982). The original text in Dutch has been published as Amsterdam 1275–1795: De ontwikkeling van een handelsmetropool (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff Informatief, 1983).
  235. Mak, Geert. Amsterdam: A Brief Life of the City. Translated by Philipp Blom. London: Harvill, 2001. This is a smoothly written introduction aimed at a broad audience, full of lively detail and without scholarly pretension. English translation of Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam (Amsterdam: Atlas, 1994).
  236. Lesger, Clé. The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, c. 1550–1630. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. This brilliant study argues that the rise of Amsterdam as a commercial metropolis was not due to inherent, structural factors but to the Dutch Revolt, which definitively disrupted the highly integrated spatial economy of the Low Countries. Rather than a staple market for commodities, Amsterdam became a center for the distribution of information. Indispensable reading for research and (graduate) teaching. Translation of Handel in Amsterdam ten tijde van de Opstand: Kooplieden, commerciële expansie en verandering in de ruimtelijke economie van de Nederlanden ca. 1550–ca. 1630 (Hilversum, The Netherlands: Verloren, 2001).
  237. O’Brien, Patrick, ed. Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Useful volume in which several specialists compare areas of “urban achievement” in Amsterdam during its golden age with the earlier and later “golden ages” in Antwerp (c. 1492–1585) and London (c. 1660–1730). Fine introductory chapters on economic growth, monuments and public space, the art market, the book trade, and science and learning. Useful for undergraduate as well as graduate teaching.
  238. Simpson, Grant G., ed. Scotland and the Low Countries 1124–1994. East Linton, UK: Tuckwell, 1996. Before Scots were involved in the Atlantic they could be found extensively in the Low Countries of Europe. The essays in this collection detail involvements as merchants, soldiers, students, and many other things, looking at the considerable Low Country influence on Scotland and the experiences and knowledge Scots gained abroad.
  239. Fowler, Kenneth Alan. The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328–1498. London: Elek, 1967. This book casts the war in a wider chronological framework and includes chapters focusing on chivalry and the arts and making an important comparison of the armies of France and England in the period. It contains more than ninety illustrations ranging over contemporary manuscripts and modern photographs of key sites.
  240. Knecht, R. J. The Valois Kings of France, 1328–1589. London and New York: Hambledon, 2004. Knecht is especially interested in the life and career of François I, largely regarding the king’s heirs as unraveling François’s politically functional, highly cultured monarchy. In Knecht’s reading, Henri II and Catherine de’ Medici at least tried to maintain François’s standards.
  241. Dickinson, Jocelyn Gledhill. The Congress of Arras 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955. A scholarly and thorough study of attempts, under the papal initiative, to negotiate an Anglo-French peace in 1435, which culminated instead in the ending of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance.
  242. Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. Paris and Its People under English Rule: The Anglo-Burgundian Regime, 1420–1436. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. Drawing on the archives of the city of Paris as well as the records of the English and French crowns, this book explores the French capital in the aftermath of the Treaty of Troyes, making a scholarly contribution to our understanding of Anglo-Burgundian relations. Emphasizes the role of public ceremony and of the opinion of the citizens.
  243. Vale, Malcolm. War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981. A pioneering work on the impact of chivalry and codes of honor on conduct, as well as on the reverse of the coin—whether changes in warfare (especially the rise of gunpowder) had an impact on chivalric society and on the ethos of war.
  244. Smith, Robert Douglas, and Kelly DeVries. The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2005. Strongly rooted in surviving inventories and written by acknowledged experts, this book not only provides a chronological survey but is exceptionally useful for its catalogue of surviving guns and a discussion of the various types of guns found in the records. Includes many illustrations and technical appendices.
  245. Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan. “Sir John Fastolf’s ‘Report’ of 1435: A New Interpretation Reconsidered.” Nottingham Medieval Studies 17 (1973): 78–84. A reply to Brill 1970. Treats Fastolf’s report in the context of the medieval laws of war, emphasizing that those laws sanctioned harsher treatment toward rebels (as the English in this period perceived many Frenchmen to be) than toward other enemies, and stressing its link to the defection of Burgundy from English alliance.
  246. Vale, Malcolm Graham Allan. “Warfare and the Life of the French and Burgundian Nobility in the Late Middle Ages.” In Adelige Sachkultur des Spätmittelalters. Internationaler Kongress, Krems an der Donau, 22 bis 25 September 1980. Edited by Heinrich Appelt, 273–292. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1982. Analyzes how rising costs of military equipment (especially warhorses), in combination with a crisis in seigneurial revenues, posed serious problems for the martial nobility of the period; also addresses how technical innovations in warfare (especially the rise of gunpowder weapons) made nobles and their fortified homes less secure.
  247. Hall, Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Devotes substantial attention to the war, though far from limited to it. Contains good analytical narratives of campaigns that illustrate how changing military technology affected operations, but the greatest strength of the book is the analysis of the chemistry of gunpowder and the physics of early guns.
  248. Potter, David. War and Government in the French Provinces: Picardy, 1470–1560. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. An institutional study of the integration of this formerly Burgundian province into France; emphasizes the impact of war, the province’s strategic position on France’s northern frontier, and the collaboration between local elites and the monarchy.
  249. DeVries, Kelly. “The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry by and against Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War.” War and Society 14 (1996): 1–16. Posits a relationship between Joan of Arc and the development of gunpowder weapons during the war. Charts the presence of such weapons in her army from 1428 to 1430 and her reliance upon them as offensive weapons while attacking Tourelles and St. Denis; she also used them to defend herself against the Burgundians at Compiègne. DOI: 10.1179/072924796791200889
  250. Boffa, Sergio. Warfare in Medieval Brabant, 1356–1406. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004. Provides both a narrative of warfare in the Low Countries during the early period of the Hundred Years War and an analysis of the size, capabilities, organization, and command structures of armies there. Includes a discussion of the diplomatic and military connections between Brabant and Burgundy.
  251. Grummit, David. “The Defence of Calais and the Development of Gunpowder Weaponry in England in the Late Fifteenth Century.” War in History 7 (2000): 253–272. Argues that English artillery, contrary to previous thinking, did not differ qualitatively from French and Burgundian models in the 15th century. Uses weapon inventories and victualler records from the Calais garrisons to demonstrate that the city was at the forefront of military technological development in the period.
  252. Smith, Robert D. “Artillery and the Hundred Years War: Myth and Interpretation.” In Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Edited by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes, 151–160. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1994. Argues that modern research on the use of gunpowder artillery during the Hundred Years War is based on problematic evidence. Cautions against drawing conclusions from the few surviving artillery pieces and manuscript illuminations and calls for greater synthesis of documentary evidence and finds of shipwrecks.
  253. Bachrach, David S. “A Military Revolution Reconsidered: The Case of the Burgundian State under the Valois Dukes.” Essays in Medieval Studies 15 (1998): 9–17. Challenges the notion that Charles the Bold’s 1471 ordinance that created, equipped, and trained nine “lances” of 1,200 men constituted a revolution that served as a precursor to standing, professional armies. The author finds that the lances constituted rather an expansion of the military household and, thus, they represent continuity in organization and not change.
  254. DeVries, Kelly. “God, Leadership, Flemings, and Archery: Contemporary Perceptions of Victory and Defeat at the Battle of Sluys, 1340.” American Neptune 55 (1995): 223–242. Examines the historiographical tradition regarding Sluys, the first battle of the Hundred Years War. Includes overviews of modern interpretations as well as contemporary views in England, France, and the Low Countries, and also that of Jean Froissart. Concludes that battles must be studied from the perspective not only of winner and loser, but also of third parties.
  255. Arnade, Peter. Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. Traditionally, the entry of the Duke into a city renewed the legal rights and privileges that linked them. Toward the mid-15th century, Ghent’s rhetorical confraternities, interested in bolstering the city’s cultural life, gained control of public ceremonies.
  256. Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. “The Artistic Patronage of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419–1467).” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1979. This study examines the exceptional range of decorative projects with which the Duke was involved throughout his lifetime and indicates that many other craftsmen and artists served in his employ while Jan was his varlet de chambre.
  257. Harriss, Gerald L. Cardinal Beaufort: A Study of Lancastrian Ascendancy and Decline. Oxford and New York: Clarendon, 1988. Beaufort, a key figure in conciliar and papal affairs, was cardinal under King Henry V and King Henry VI. Flemish ties through his mother provided influence and expertise in dealing with the affairs of Burgundy. The author accepts Beaufort as the true sitter for the Albergati renderings.
  258. Jolly, Penny Howell. “More on the van Eyck Question: Philip the Good of Burgundy, Isabelle of Portugal, and the Ghent Altarpiece.” Oud Holland 101 (1987): 237–253. The resemblance between the headdress worn by Isabelle in copies of the lost portrait by Jan and one worn by the Erythraean Sibyl on the outer wings of the Ghent Altarpiece establish an association between the imagery of the Annunciation on the exterior of the polyptych and the hoped-for birth of an heir to the Duchy of Burgundy. DOI: 10.1163/187501787X00475
  259. Duverger, Jozef. “Jan van Eyck as Court Painter.” The Connoisseur 194.781 (1977): 172–179. Duverger stresses that Jan, like other court painters, would have been regarded as a member of the Duke’s “familia” and would have enjoyed special privileges. He uses account records to track Jan’s movements and identify work he likely did for the Duke, such as painting murals in his several residences.
  260. Dhanens, Elisabeth. Hubert and Jan van Eyck. New York: Tabard, 1980. A comprehensive and fundamental study of Jan’s life and work based on the author’s own archival research as well as earlier scholarship. It provides transcriptions of inscriptions and descriptions of lost works, along with extensive illustrations and selective bibliography.
  261. Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. “‘Venit nobis pacificus Dominus’: Philip the Good’s Triumphal Entry into Ghent in 1458.” In “All the World’s a Stage --”: Art and Pageantry in the Renaissance and Baroque. Vol. 1, Triumphal Celebrations and the Rituals of Statecraft. Edited by Barbara Wisch and Susan Scott Munshower, 259–290. Papers in Art History from the Pennsylvania State University 6. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. The court historian, Georges Chastellain, described the carefully scripted pageantry that attended the Duke’s arrival. The enactment of figures from several of the interior panels of the Altarpiece, which was included in a multiday ceremony, connected lay and heavenly rulers through the image of the Lamb.
  262. Ridderbos, Bernhard. “Creating Frameworks: The Social Function of the Ghent Altarpiece.” In Vision in Text and Image: The Cultural Turn in the Study of Arts. Edited by Herman W. Hoen and Mary G. Kemperink, 33–52. Groningen Studies in Cultural Change 30. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2008. Completion of the Altarpiece coincided with Vijd’s most successful phase as city alderman (1425–1433) and was intended to create a social identity for him after his death. The monumental reconstruction of the Altarpiece made for the Duke’s triumphal entry in 1458 restored the city’s self-respect after its defeat by him in 1453.
  263. van der Velden, Hugo. “Defrocking St. Eloy: Petrus Christus’s Vocational Portrait of a Goldsmith.” Simiolus 26.4 (1998): 242–276. Philip the Good’s frequent gifts of silver cups to acquaintances indicate the important role metalworkers played at his court. Information concerning the categories of craftsmen’s portraits and metalsmiths, relevant to Jan de Leeuw’s trade, is presented in considerable detail. DOI: 10.2307/3780846
  264. Meiss, Millard. “‘Nicholas Albergati’ and the Chronology of Jan van Eyck’s Portraits.” Burlington Magazine 94.590 (1952): 137–146. Portraits at this time were primarily court projects. The drawing dates from an encounter in 1431, but the portrait was made in 1435 when the Duke wished to celebrate his victory at Arras by offering Albergati, who presided over the proceedings, a portrait of Albergati himself.
  265. Vale, Malcolm. “Cardinal Henry Beaufort and the ‘Albergati’ Portrait.” English Historical Review 105.415 (1990): 337–354. Beaufort, Cardinal Bishop of Winchester, arrived at Arras with an entourage of five hundred compared to Albergati’s that numbered fifty. Godfather to the Duke’s son Josse at his baptism in Ghent in 1432, Beaufort was closely associated with the Hospital of St. Cross at Winchester between 1420 and his death in 1447. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CV.CCCCXV.337
  266. Carroll, Margaret D. Painting and Politics in Northern Europe: Van Eyck, Bruegel, Rubens, and Their Contemporaries. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. The first chapter reprises the author’s earlier article on the painting (“‘In the Name of God and Profit’: Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait.” Representations 44 (1993): 96–132). The couple, already married, is formalizing a legal arrangement by which the man authorizes his wife to conduct business on her own behalf. The painting engages with themes of contract and consent; Giovanni appears as the mirror of a trustworthy merchant.
  267. Harbison, Craig. Jan van Eyck: The Play of Realism. 2d ed. London: Reaktion, 2012. An elegant, synthetic account of van Eyck’s work, with an emphasis on salient themes, both religious and otherwise.
  268. Morand, Kathleen. Claus Sluter: Artist at the Court of Burgundy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. A thorough account of the artist’s life and known work. Attends particularly closely to the religious utility of the artist’s various formal innovations.
  269. Jugie, Sophie. The Mourners: Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. An exhibition catalogue emphasizing the genre of pleurants, or mourning figures arrayed about the bases of Burgundian ducal tombs, rather than individual monuments. Includes a brief essay on historical and architectural context, as well as a discussion of the history and restoration of the objects themselves.
  270. Steyaert, John W. Late Gothic Sculpture: The Burgundian Netherlands. Ghent, Belgium: Ludion, 1994. The catalogue from a 1994 show in Antwerp. Includes extensive discussions of stylistic development and technical analysis. An essay by Wim Blockmans helps frame art and its makers as part of a larger cultural context.
  271. van Uytven, Raymond. “Splendour or Wealth: Art and Economy in the Burgundian Netherlands.” Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society 10 (1992): 101–124. An incisive study of the gross conspicuous consumption that drove the art market of the 15th-century Low Countries. Includes earlier bibliography on this disputed topic.
  272. Buettner, Brigitte. “Past Presents: New Year’s Gifts at the Valois Courts, ca. 1400.” Art Bulletin 83.4 (December 2001): 598–625. A fascinating study of objects as social currency in the Valois and, to a lesser extent, Burgundian courts. The author’s attention to putatively minor arts (metalwork, tapestry, and the like) is also welcome. Contrasts interestingly with Damen 2007, which is concerned less with objects than with politics. DOI: 10.2307/3177225
  273. Damen, Mario. “Gift Exchange at the Court of Charles the Bold.” In In but not of the Market: Movable Goods in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Economy. Edited by Marc Boone and Martha Howell, 81–100. Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten, 2007. A case study of gift exchange in the Burgundian court ca. 1468. Provides important information about both the relative values accorded various media and the intricate social codes that govern the circulation of objects in this rarefied environment. Complements Buettner 2001.
  274. Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, Virginie Barthélémy, et al. Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless, 1364–1419. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2004. This catalogue for a joint French-American exhibition from 2004–2005 boasts terrific images of a broad array of objects, including manuscripts, tapestries, and metalwork. The essays are generally good, but those on architecture are particularly welcome.
  275. Marti, Susan, Till-Holger Borchert, and Gabriele Keck, eds. Charles the Bold (1433–1477): Splendour of Burgundy. Brussels: Mercatorfonds, 2009. The beautifully illustrated catalogue from a 2008–2009 exhibition. Several brief but useful essays address the political and social use of objects in a courtly context.
  276. Weigert, Laura. “Chambres d’Amour: Tapestries of Love and the Texturing of Space.” Oxford Art Journal 31.3 (2008): 317–336. Discusses the social and intellectual use of tapestries in French and Burgundian courts. Particularly strong concerning recurrent motifs and the ways these framed the viewer’s movement through space and society. DOI: 10.1093/oxartj/kcn030
  277. Eichberger, Dagmar, ed. Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005. This exhibition catalogue includes several important essays on the visual cultures of gender in the Burgundian court. The bibliography is excellent as well.
  278. Bindman, David, and Henry Louis Gates Jr., eds. The Image of the Black in Western Art. Vol. 2, Part 1, From the Early Christian Era to the “Age of Discovery.” Rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Provides some modest discussion of racial difference in early Netherlandish painting, with particular attention to Burgundian territorial and religious ambitions.
  279. Cuyler, Louise Elvira. The Emperor Maximilian I and Music. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. This book covers Maximilian’s oversight of the Burgundian court chapel; his establishment of chapel and chamber music at his courts at Augsburg, Innsbruck, and Vienna; and his employment of musicians such as Heinrich Isaac and Ludwig Senfl. Aimed more at a general readership than scholars, Cuyler’s book is nonetheless a useful guide to this great music lover and the period of his rule.
  280. Strohm, Reinhard. Music in Late Medieval Bruges. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985. Strohm’s was one of the first cultural histories of music in a Renaissance center and is still one of the best. It elucidates the range of musical activities in the churches, convents, and confraternities of the city, with some attention to the court as well. Includes a register of musicians employed in the churches of Bruges to c. 1510.
  281. Jas, Eric, ed. Beyond Contemporary Fame: Reassessing the Art of Clemens non Papa and Thomas Crecquillon. Collection “Epitome Musical.” Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005. Jacobus Clemens non Papa and Thomas Crecquillon were by far the most prolific Flemish or Dutch composers of their generation. Clemens non Papa appears to have worked in the southern Netherlands; Crecquillon was employed in the chapel of Charles V. This set of essays represents a substantial contribution to understanding of their careers, reputations, and works.
  282. Carreras, Juan José López, and Bernardo José García. The Royal Chapel in the Time of the Habsburgs: Music and Ceremony in Early Modern European Court. Translated by Yolanda Acker. Edited by Tess Knighton. Woodbridge, UK, and Rochester, NY: Boydell, 2005. This very coherent set of essays digs deep into the history of the Spanish Royal Chapel, including its inheritance of traditions and music from the Burgundian court chapel, the capilla flamenca, the importance of Franco-Flemish polyphony in Spain, and the role of the chapel in court ceremonial.
  283. Taruskin, Richard. “Antoine Busnoys and the L’homme armé Tradition.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 39 (1986): 255–293. Of the many articles written about the thirty-plus Masses on the “L’homme armé” tune, Taruskin’s controversial contribution to that scholarly tradition is of special interest for the way he links these Masses to the music and ceremony of the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece. DOI: 10.1525/jams.1986.39.2.03a00020
  284. Klemettilä, Hannele. Epitomes of Evil: Representation of Executioners in Northern France and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2006. Using a wide variety of textual and visual sources, this study analyzes aspects of the representation of executioners (their dress and physical appearance, their body language, their attributed speech) and concludes stressing characterization in terms of cruelty, vice, and stupidity.
  285. Exhibition Catalogue, National Gallery of Art, London, UK, 15 October 2008–18 January 2009. Edited by Lorne Campbell, Miguel Falomir, Jennifer Fletcher, and Luke Syson, 66–79. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. An introductory essay describing the ideas concerning portraiture, its proper forms, and official functions as they emerged from court circles in the 15th and 16th centuries.
  286. Eichberger, Dagmar, and Lisa Beaven. “Family Members and Political Allies: The Portrait Gallery of Margaret of Austria in Mechelen.” Art Bulletin 77 (1995): 225–248. A reconstruction and discussion of the criteria and political concerns guiding the collection and display of family portraits at the early-16th-century court of Margaret of Austria. DOI: 10.2307/3046099
  287. Falomir, Miguel. “The Court Portrait.” In Renaissance Faces: Van Eyck to Titian: Exhibition Catalogue, National Gallery of Art, London, UK, 15 October 2008–18 January 2009. Edited by Lorne Campbell, Miguel Falomir, Jennifer Fletcher, and Luke Syson, 66–79. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. An introductory essay describing the ideas concerning portraiture, its proper forms, and official functions as they emerged from court circles in the 15th and 16th centuries.
  288. Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. “Metamorphoses of Nature: Arcimboldo’s Imperial Allegories.” In The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance. By Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, 151–174. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. From Kaufmann’s book on humanism and scientific culture at the court of Rudolf II in Prague. Kaufmann claims Arcimboldo’s composite heads are a form of imperial portraiture.
  289. Perkinson, Stephen. The Likeness of the King: A Prehistory of Portraiture in Late Medieval France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. A carefully contextualized study of the panel that is often cited in discussions of modern portraiture’s beginnings. The book traces both the modern context the painting acquired and resituates the work in the milieu of the Valois court, considering the different definitions and functions of “likeness” in the latter context. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226658810.001.0001
  290. Woodall, Joanna. Anthonis Mor: Art and Authority. Studies in Netherlandish Art and Cultural History 8. Zwolle, The Netherlands: Waanders, 2007. A thoroughly documented and nicely illustrated book-length study of the life and work of one of the most successful court portrait painters of the 16th century. Woodall approaches her account of Mor’s life and work through the question of authority as it relates to the central metaphor of portrait painting: rendering absence present.
  291. Leidke, Walter. The Royal Horse and Rider: Painting, Sculpture and Horsemanship, 1500–1800. New York: Abaris in association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989. Introduction to the various types of equestrian portraits, especially Spanish and Flemish, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The book, which is written for a general audience, has riding and horsemanship as its central theme. It includes a catalogue of equestrian images from Antiquity through 1900.
  292. de Beatis, Antonio. The Travel Diary of Antonio de Beatis through Germany, Switzerland, the Low Countries, France, and Italy 1517–18. Translated by J. R. Hale and J. M. A. Lindon. Edited by J. R. Hale. London: Hakluyt Society, 1979. It was the summer of 1517 when the industrious tourist Cardinal Luigi d’Aragona, together with his party of thirty-five familiars and numerous servants, reached the Low Countries from Germany. In Antwerp the cardinal visited the palace of the regent, Margaret of Austria, and at Middelberg he met the future Charles V. The account left by the cardinal’s chaplain is full of useful details about each of the places visited.
  293. De Roover, Raymond. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank 1397–1494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. Chapter 13 of this classic study relates the history of the Brugge and London branches of the Medici Bank from the foundation of the Brugge branch in 1439 to the liquidation of both branches in 1478. An appendix lists the managers and assistant managers of both branches, some of whom were “visitors,” while others, most notably Tommaso Portinari, the noted cultural patron, “went native” in Brugge.
  294. Lambert, Bart. The City, the Duke, and Their Banker: The Rapondi Family and the Formation of the Burgundian State (1384–1430). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2006. A study of the activity of a family of Lucchese bankers at the Burgundian court and in Bruges and their role as financiers of the Valois dukes.
  295. Spufford, Peter. Monetary Problems and Policies in the Burgundian Netherlands 1433–1496. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1970. A very detailed analysis of coinage and monetary policies in the 15th century.
  296. De Roover, Raymond. Money, Banking, and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges: Italian Merchant-Bankers, Lombards, and Money-Changers; A Study in the Origins of Banking. Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1948. Analyzes the Bruges money market in the 14th century and the role of the Italian bankers in the area. As the author writes, “The purpose of this study is to supplement Professor Usher’s work on the Mediterranean region” (p. 4) (see Usher 1943, cited under Iberian Peninsula).
  297. Aerts, Eric. “The Absence of Public Exchange Banks in Medieval and Early Modern Flanders and Brabant (1400–1800): A Historical Anomaly to Be Explained.” Financial History Review 18 (2011): 91–117. A discussion of the structure and peculiarities of Flemish and Brabantine banking systems from the end of the Middle Ages to the early modern era. DOI: 10.1017/S0968565010000260
  298. Munro, John H. Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, 1340–1478. Brussels: Editions de l’Universite de Bruxelles, 1972. In this essay monetary policy is seen as an instrument of commercial warfare. One of the many essays the author devoted to the Anglo-Burgundian relation
  299. Boone, Marc, Karel Davids, and Paul Jannssens, eds. Urban Public Debts: Urban Government and the Market for Annuities in Western Europe (14th–18th centuries). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. Collection of essays concerning the debt of various European towns. Focused mainly on the Low Countries, it also highlights the secondary market for the state annuities.
  300. Van der Wee, Herman. “Antwerp and the New Financial Methods of the 16th and 17th Centuries.” In The Low Countries in the Early Modern World. By Herman Van der Wee, 145–166. Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1993. After the period of Italian predominance, Antwerp, Belgium, became the center of financial innovation, partly following old models, partly detaching from them. Originally published in 1967.
  301. Munro, John H. Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350–1500. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1992. Collection of previously published essays centered on England and the Low Countries. In addition to bullion flows and shortages, it also touches upon other issues, such as coinage and monetary policies.
  302. Sargent, Thomas J., and François R. Velde. The Big Problem of Small Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. After a survey of the monetary theories of medieval and Renaissance Europe, the authors present case study solutions to the problems of coin shortages and their consequences. The chronological period includes the 19th century.
  303. Bolton, J. L., and Francesco Guido Bruscoli. “When Did Antwerp Replace Bruges as the Commercial and Financial Centre of North-Western Europe? The Evidence of the Borromei Ledger for 1438.” Economic History Review 61 (2008): 360–379. Part of the discussion of the reasons why Bruges, the Hanseatic partner in the Netherlands, was replaced by Antwerp during the 15th century. Evidence from the Borromei ledger makes it clear that south German merchants were well-established in Antwerp by 1438. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00397.x
  304. Blondé, Bruno, Oscar Gelderblom, and Peter Stabel. “Foreign Merchant Communities in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam, c. 1350–1650.” In Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700. Edited by Donatella Calabi and Stephen Turk Christensen, 154–174. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. The behavior of Hanseatic merchants in Bruges is contrasted with that of other foreign merchant communities in Antwerp and Amsterdam over the course of three hundred years.
  305. Dumolyn, Jan. “Privileges and Novelties: The Political Discourse of the Flemish Cities and Rural Districts in Their Negotiations with the Dukes of Burgundy (1384–1506).” Urban History 35 (2008): 5–23. Urban bargaining by Flemish towns with the late medieval dukes of Burgundy in return for granting taxes and military aid.
  306. Stabel, Peter, et al., eds. International Trade in the Low Countries (14th–16th Centuries): Merchants, Organisations, Infrastructure. Louvain, Belgium: Garant, 2000. Analyzes the changing role of international trade in the Low Countries between the 14th and 16th centuries, with emphasis on demography, the operation of urban networks, the organization of international trade, and the growing role of foreigners.
  307. Gadd, Ian, and Patrick Wallis, eds. Guilds and Association in Europe, 900–1900. London: Centre for Metropolitan History, 2006. Essay collection covering a thousand years of industrial organization. Late medieval and early modern contributions by Rosser (England), Dambruyne (Low Countries), and Marsh (England).
  308. Stabel, Peter, et al., eds. International Trade in the Low Countries (14th–16th Centuries): Merchants, Organisations, Infrastructure. Louvain, Belgium: Garant, 2000. Analyzes the changing role of international trade in the Low Countries between the 14th and 16th centuries, with emphasis on demography, the operation of urban networks, the organization of international trade, and the growing role of foreigners.
  309. Deceulaer, Harald. “Guildsmen, Entrepreneurs, and Market Segments: The Case of the Garment Trades in Antwerp and Ghent (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries).” International Review of Social History 43 (1998): 1–29. Combines the social approaches of guilds and their members in Antwerp and Ghent with institutional organization and cultural attitudes. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859098000017
  310. De Munck, Bert. Technologies of Learning: Apprenticeship in Antwerp from the 15th Century to the End of the Ancien Régime. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007. Argues that apprenticeship training did more than inculcate artisan skills but provided an important form of symbolic capital linked to the quality of the work produced.
  311. Munro, John H. Textiles, Towns and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries. Collected Studies. Aldershot, UK, and Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1994. Collection of a dozen of Munro’s previously published essays. All stress the significance of textile production and textile trade for both regions’ economies.
  312. Stabel, Peter, Bruno Blondé, and Anke Greve, eds. International Trade in the Low Countries (14th–16th Centuries): Merchants, Organisation, Infrastructure; Proceedings of the International Conference “Ghent-Antwerp,” 12–13 January 1997. Studies in Urban Social, Economic and Political History of the Medieval and Modern Low Countries. Leuven, Belgium: Garant, 2000. Trade was instrumental to the success of the Low Countries. The essays collected in this volume stress the importance of foreign merchants and describe the organization of international trade, particularly in Bruges and Antwerp.
  313. van der Wee, Herman. The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (Fourteenth–Sixteenth Centuries). 3 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1963. A study of primary significance on the town of Antwerp, which became the first distribution center of products from all corners of the known world. Full of statistical data and charts, this study also shows that Antwerp was a center for technical innovation in the field of business techniques.
  314. Bolton, J. L., and Francesco Guidi Bruscoli. “When Did Antwerp Replace Bruges as the Commercial and Financial Centre of North-Western Europe? The Evidence of the Borromei Ledger for 1438.” Economic History Review, n.s., 61.2 (2008): 360–379. Circa the mid-15th century, Bruges gradually lost its place, in favor of Antwerp. This essay discusses the chronology of this passage, starting from the existing literature as well as from the data in Italian manuscript sources. Available online for purchase or by subscription. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00397.x
  315. Howell, Martha C. Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. This volume draws attention to the cultural, social, and legal aspects of trade. Howell underlines the growth of commerce in the period but denies that it was a capitalist market economy. The study is concerned mainly with the Low Countries, though comparisons with other areas are also drawn.
  316. Lesger, Clé. The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, c. 1550–1630. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. After the mid-16th century, Amsterdam gained a leading role in world trade. The major factor in Amsterdam’s success was the information network.
  317. Lloyd, T. H. The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Wool was the main asset of English export trade in the Middle Ages and therefore played a decisive part in the development of the English economy as a whole. The book highlights the initial Flemish and Italian hegemony, followed by the gradual English ascendency. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511561214
  318. Soly, Hugo. “The Political Economy of European Craft Guilds: Power Relations and Economic Strategies of Merchants and Master Artisans in the Medieval and Early Modern Textile Industries.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008): 45–71. Soly analyzes different types of guilds in various countries (Spain, France, Italy, Low Countries, and Germany), focusing on how power relationships and economic strategies of merchants and master artisans influenced the activities of guilds. DOI: 10.1017/S002085900800360X
  319. Prak, Marteen, Catharina Lis, Jan Lucassen, and Hugo Soly, eds. Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006. The volume deals with the Low Countries; addresses especially the issue of flexibility in the guild system, identifying various features and regional variances, but also exploring the link between economic organizations and political power.
  320. Hanawalt, Barbara A., and Kathryn L. Reyerson, eds. City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Interdisciplinary collection of essays by leading scholars in history, art history and literature that analyze the uses of ceremony as statements of political power, as pleas for divine intercession, and as expressions of popular culture, drawing on examples from 15th-century Spain, England, France, Italy, and the Netherlands.
  321. Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. “Venit nobis pacificus Dominus: Philip the Good’s Triumphal Entry into Ghent in 1458.” In “All the World’s a Stage…”: Art and Pageantry in the Renaissance and Baroque. Edited by Barbara Wisch and Susan Scott Munshower, 258–290. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. Discusses how a triumphal entry by a victorious prince was used to help subordinate a defeated city, in the process establishing a new political relationship between ruler and ruled via ritual, spectacle, and image.
  322. De Munck, Bert. “Guilds, Product Quality and Intrinsic Value: Towards a History of Conventions?” Historical Social Research 36.4 (2011): 103–124. Addresses the perspective of the “economy of conventions” with respect to the regulations of guilds related to product quality in the Early Modern period.
  323. Harreld, Donald J. High Germans in the Low Countries: German Merchants and Commerce in Golden Age Antwerp. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2004. This study of the presence of German mercantile firms of various sizes and backgrounds in the major commercial center of northwestern Europe provides useful background on the activities of the Fuggers in this 16th-century metropolis.
  324. Tracy, James D. Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. This study of the intersections among warfare, government finance, and international politics in the age of Charles V contains a useful chapter on the emperor’s relations with his German, Italian, Spanish, and Flemish bankers.
  325. Rublack, Ulinka. “Matter in the Material Renaissance.” Past & Present 219.1 (2013): 41–84. Rublack uses the purchases of luxury objects, especially fine leather shoes, which Hans Fugger (b. 1531–d. 1598) made in Antwerp to explore the links among material culture, personal taste, and socioeconomic status in the German Renaissance. DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gts062
  326. De Munck, Bert. “Gilding Golden Ages: Perspectives from Early Modern Antwerp on the Guild Debate, c. 1450–c. 1650.” European Review of Economic History 15.2 (2011): 221–253. Using the case study of Antwerp manufactures, De Munck contributes to the debate on guilds activities in treating the social and rent-seeking concerns and master’s monopsony with respect to apprenticeship regulations and their effects on product quality. DOI: 10.1017/S1361491611000050
  327. Blockmans, W. P., and W. Prevenier. “Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems.” Acta Historiae Neerlandicae 10 (1978): 20–57. An English-language version of their original 1975 “Armoede in de Nederlanden van de 14e tot het midden van de 16 eeuw: bronnen en problemen,” first published in the Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, on poverty in late medieval and Renaissance Flanders and Brabant. The authors note levels of almsgiving followed market patterns, with times of dearth seeing little, and times of plenty seeing much support in order to maintain a large and cheap labor force reserve. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9677-9_2
  328. Stabel, Peter. “Social Mobility and Apprenticeship in Late Medieval Flanders.” In Learning on the Shop Floor: Historical Perspectives on Apprenticeship. Edited by Bert De Munck, Steven L. Kaplan, and Hugo Soly, 158–178. International Studies in Social History 12. New York: Berghahn, 2007. The author contends through statistical analysis that apprenticeship was fundamental to social and economic organization in the preindustrial city and essential in transferring both technical knowledge and status, maintaining hierarchical authority, and reinforcing social boundaries. Apprenticeship (above all children of masters) rather than journeymanship (a dead end) was the route to mastership.
  329. Davids, Karel. “Apprenticeship and Guild Control in the Netherlands, c. 1450–1800.” In Learning on the Shop Floor: Historical Perspectives on Apprenticeship. Edited by Bert De Munck, Steven L. Kaplan, and Hugo Soly, 65–84. International Studies in Social History 12. New York: Berghahn, 2007. The author shows that occupational training in the early modern Netherlands increasingly took place in schools or with private mathematics instructors who operated independently of the guilds and thus transferred a knowledge to workers that was more adaptive to the rampant specialization that was taking hold in the craft economy than shop-floor apprenticeship training.
  330. Deceulaer, Harald. “Guildsmen, Entrepreneurs, and Market Segments: The Case of the Garment Trades in Antwerp and Ghent (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries).” International Review of Social History 43.1 (1998): 1–29. This article is an important close analysis of the economic choices artisans in the garment trades in Ghent and Antwerp made concerning their production and marketing strategies. The author finds that guildsmen selected a specific economic path, depending on their objectives of producing for an impersonal, local consumer market, a personal domestic market, or a product-oriented export market. Available online through purchase. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859098000017
  331. DuPlessis, Robert S., and Martha C. Howell. “Reconsidering the Early Modern Urban Economy: The Cases of Leiden and Lille.” Past and Present 94.1 (1982): 49–84. This seminal article demonstrates that the market economy in general and the export-oriented economy in particular grew not necessarily as a result of merchant capitalism but also within a “small commodity production” system that was maintained by municipal governments controlled by merchants and merchant manufacturers interested in maintaining social stability by securing the workshop economy. Available online by subscription. DOI: 10.1093/past/94.1.49
  332. Lis, Catharina, and Hugo Soly. “Subcontracting in Guild-Based Export Trades, Thirteenth–Eighteenth Centuries.” In Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Edited by S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, 81–113. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Examines how guild-based economies of scale characterized by specialization of production, accumulation of capital, and increased labor productivity emerged in a context of surging demand and contributed fundamentally to the emergence of industrial capitalism.
  333. Soly, Hugo. “The Political Economy of European Craft Guilds: Power Relations and Economic Strategies of Merchants and Master Artisans in the Medieval and Early Modern Textile Industries.”International Review of Social History 53.S16 (2008): 45–71. This is an essay on the political economic role of European craft guilds, focusing on the power relationships and economic strategies of merchants and master artisans, noting the inability of merchants to control craft guildsmen from selling their products. Available online through purchase. DOI: 10.1017/S002085900800360X
  334. van Bruaene, Anne-Laure. “‘A wonderfull tryumfe, for the wynnyng of a pryse’: Guilds, Ritual, Theater, and the Urban Network in the Southern Low Countries, ca. 1450–1650.” Renaissance Quarterly 59.2 (2006): 374–405. The Chambers of Rhetoric, associations of skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and local merchants, contributed to the definition of urban culture in the southern Low Countries through public theater and civic ritual. Available online by subscription. DOI: 10.1353/ren.2008.0252
  335. Allen, Robert C. “Progress and Poverty in Early Modern Europe.” Economic History Review 56.3 (2003): 403–443. A “world systems” narrative that attempts to explain, through multipronged analysis of economic and societal factors (with religious issues prominently excluded from conversation), why northwestern Europe transformed itself from 1400 to 1800 into the most productive and generally advanced part of the world while other states descended into relative poverty. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2003.00257.x
  336. Gould, John D. The Great Debasement: Currency and the Economy in Mid-Tudor England. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. Examines Tudor debasement of the currency during the 1540s and 1550s, just prior to the influx of bullion from the New World. Stresses the implications of policy for war and its coincidence with similar measures in France, Germany, and the Low Countries.
  337. Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Expands on an earlier seminal essay (1976) revising Roberts’s military revolution thesis, moving it back temporally to the 15th century, emphasizing the impact of the so-called trace italienne, the bastion-style fortifications pioneered in Italy that spread to Flanders and other parts of Europe, changing the nature of war and greatly increasing its costs.
  338. Allmand, C. T. “War and Profit in the Late Middle Ages.” History Today 15 (1965): 762–769. Insightful and accessible examination of sources of revenue, including spoils, for soldiers in the Hundred Years’ War.
  339. Contamine, Philippe, ed. War and Competition between States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Survey in English of European scholarship, including an essay (by the editor) on the economic importance of ransoms. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.001.0001
  340. McNeill, William H. Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. Synthetic study of war and technology. Stresses the role of innovation that allowed the West to emerge victorious over the East. Views the Renaissance as a time when war became more professionalized and when it merged with a nascent market system.
  341. Tallett, Frank. War and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1495–1715. London: Routledge, 1997. Assessment of early modern warfare in terms of the “military revolution” debate. Last chapter summarizes the economic impact of war in terms of costs, financing, and the growth of the bureaucratic state.
  342. Contamine, Philippe. War in the Middle Ages. London: Blackwell, 1984. Traces war from the early to the late Middle Ages with a discussion of economy integrated with a treatment of technical, military, and strategic issues. Includes a detailed bibliography on “War, Economy and Taxation.”
  343. Hale, J. R. War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450–1620. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1998. Examines Renaissance war and society with emphasis on organization, recruitment, and terms of service. The last two chapters are devoted to “War and Economy” and “War, Taxation and Government,” respectively.
  344. Campbell, Lorne. “Rogier van der Weyden’s ‘Portrait of a Knight of the Golden Fleece’: the Identity of the Sitter.” Bulletin, Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 21 (1972): 7–16. Considers a portrait in the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels, of a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Based on the heraldic device on the reverse, supports that the sitter should be identified as Antoine of Burgundy, the illegitimate half-brother of Charles the Bold.
  345. Campbell, Lorne. “The Portrait Art in the Work of Rogier van der Weyden.” In Rogier van der Weyden, Rogier de la Pasture Official Painter to the City of Brussels, Portrait Painter of the Burgundian Court. Edited by C. Dickstein-Bernard and Catheline Périer-d’Ieteren, 56–67. Brussels: Gemeentekrediet van België, 1979. (Part of exhibition catalogue, Brussels, City Museum of Brussels, Maison Du Roi, 6 October–18 November 1979). Concise overview of Rogier’s central position in portraiture of the 15th-century Netherlands; discusses the subjective character of his approach and stylistic/compositional tendencies, and his relationship to predecessors, contemporaries, and followers in the genre.
  346. Campbell, Lorne, and Yvonne Szafran. “The Portrait of Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy, in the J. Paul Getty Museum.” Burlington Magazine 146.1212 (2004): 148–157. Combining connoisseurial observations and technical examination, including IRR and dendrochronology, determines that the portrait in the Getty is not by Rogier himself but by a skilled assistant, possibly the same painter as that of the portrait of Jean du Froimont in Brussels.
  347. Kantorowicz, Ernst. “The Este Portrait by Roger van der Weyden.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 3.3–4 (1940): 165–180. Adjusts the identification of the Metropolitan’s portrait from Lionello d’Este to his son, Francesco. Considers Francesco’s activities in Burgundy and the possible meaning of the small hammer the sitter holds. The shift in date and sitter nullifies some of the scant evidence of Rogier’s suggested 1450 journey to Italy. DOI: 10.2307/750272
  348. Fransen, Bart. Rogier van der Weyden and Stone Sculpture in Brussels. Distinguished Contributions to the Study of the Arts in the Burgundian Netherlands. Translated by Lee Preedy. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2013. Sculptural tradition of Brussels region from Sluter onwards; considers workshop practices and technique. A number of case studies, including works for religious and secular institutions, and study of related drawings. Most comprehensive investigation of Rogier’s relationship to sculpture during his lifetime and after his death.
  349. Dixon, Laurinda S. “Portraits and Politics in Two Triptychs by Rogier van der Weyden.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts 129.109 (1987): 181–190. Considers these two altarpieces as records of Philip the Good’s political hopes and support of a Crusade. Supports the identification of the Magi in these works with Philip, his son Charles the Bold, and Louis XI; the Bladelin Augustus with Frederick III; and Tiburtine Sibyl with Isabella of Portugal.
  350. Soenen, Micheline. “Unpublished Information concerning Van der Weyden’s work, executed for a Brussels convent, the Calvary of the Scheut Charterhouse.” In Rogier van der Weyden, Rogier de la Pasture Official Painter to the City of Brussels, Portrait Painter of the Burgundian Court. Edited by C. Dickstein-Bernard and Catheline Périer-d’Ieteren, 126–128. Brussels: Gemeentekrediet van België, 1979. (Part of exhibition catalogue, Brussels, City Museum of Brussels, Maison Du Roi, 6 October–18 November 1979). For the 1979 exhibition, the archives at Scheut were reexamined, leading to the discovery of documentation verifying the donation of the work to the convent by Rogier, and the panel’s sale in 1555 to unknown purchasers.
  351. Commynes, Philippe de. Mémoires. Edited and translated by Joël Blanchard. Paris: Pocket, 2004. Superb inside view of both the French and the Burgundian regimes. See also Joël Blanchard’s Philippe de Commynes (Paris: Fayard, 2006). A complete translation into English is available with The Memoirs of Philippe de Commynes, 2 vols., edited by Samuel Kinser, translated by Isabelle Cazeaux (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969).
  352. Lucas, Henry Stephen. The Low Countries and the Hundred Years’ War, 1326–1347. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929. Very detailed. Dated but not superseded.
  353. Armi, C. Edson. Design and Construction in Romanesque Architecture: First Romanesque Architecture and the Pointed Arch in Burgundy and Northern Italy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Stress is on Burgundy, with limited discussion of northern Italy. Revises the standard discussion of the First Romanesque with a technical study of vaulting features. Lombard structures are presented together with early Burgundian work as key for the development of the pointed arch in France and, ultimately, Cluny.
  354. O’Malley, Charles D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. Biography of Vesalius that includes plates of his work.
  355. Bois, Guy. The Transformation of the Year One Thousand: The Village of Lournand from Antiquity to Feudalism. Translated by Jean Birrell. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992. An English translation of La mutation de l’an mil, published in 1989. Argues for a rapid transformation of economic, social, and power structures in Lournand, Burgundy—a “mutation de l’an mil” which the author controversially extrapolated to French and even European contexts. Influenced by neo-Marxist perspectives.
  356. Bouchard, Constance B. Holy Entrepreneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in the Twelfth-Century Burgundy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. Examines the role of Cistercians in transforming the rural economy and estate management.
  357. TeBrake, William H. A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. A study of the socioeconomic and political background to the Flemish revolt of 1323–1328.
  358. Nicholas, David. The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in Fourteenth-Century Ghent. Lincoln and London: Nebraska University Press, 1985. A comparable study of Ghent, now in Belgium, with particular attention to notions of childhood, the custody and support of children, and child labor.
  359. Vanderputten, Steven. “Crises of Cenobitism: Abbatial Leadership and Monastic Competition in Late Eleventh-Century Flanders.” English Historical Review 127 (2012): 259–284. Case study of the abbey of Saint Bertin in Flanders that shows how the challenges of increased competition could be successfully negotiated by traditional monasteries. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/cer409
  360. Dickinson, Jocelyn Gledhill. The Congress of Arras 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955. A scholarly and thorough study of attempts, under the papal initiative, to negotiate an Anglo-French peace in 1435, which culminated instead in the ending of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance.
  361. Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. Paris and Its People under English Rule: The Anglo-Burgundian Regime, 1420–1436. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. Drawing on the archives of the city of Paris as well as the records of the English and French crowns, this book explores the French capital in the aftermath of the Treaty of Troyes, making a scholarly contribution to our understanding of Anglo-Burgundian relations. Emphasizes the role of public ceremony and of the opinion of the citizens.
  362. Lucas, Henry Stephen. The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War, 1326–1347. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1929. Hard going, in that it is densely packed with information, but a seminal study of the role of the Flemish in the war, especially in relation to Edward III of England’s public claim to the French throne put forward in Ghent, Belgium, in January 1340. Forms the basis of all later narratives.
  363. Pächt, Otto. Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting. Edited by Maria Schmidt-Dengler and translated by David Britt. London: Harvey Miller, 1994. In this volume, originally delivered in 1965–1966 as class lectures, Pächt emphasizes, through subtle visual analysis, the revolutionary aspect of Jan’s work as an art of contemplation, one that is based on a subjective viewpoint and a stilled gaze. Foreword by Artur Rosenauer.
  364. Seidel, Linda. Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait: Stories of an Icon. New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. The painting is situated within Jan’s mature work as a whole and is shown to share one of the characteristics of his religious paintings—promise of future fulfillment. The unusual inclusion of a secular female figure raises issues regarding the status of women who, like Jan’s panels, were objects of value in an economy of exchange.
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