Gynecology = study of females obstetrics = practice of pregnancy and childbirth gyne/co=female -ology= study of obstetr/o= pregnancy and childbirth

Parts of the female reproductive system: 1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian tube 3. Uterus 4. Cul-de-sac 5. Bartholin glands 6. Vagina 7. Clitoris 8. Perineum 9.Vulva

An ovary is a small egg shaped gland 2 inches inches in length. The ovaries are the female gonads. gon/o= seed -ad=toward

The ovaries secrete three hormones: 1. estradiol - secreted by each follicle and each corpus luteum - causes the endometrial lining of the uterus to thicken during menses 2. Progesterone - secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation, also causes endometrium to thicken 3. Testosterone - male hormone secreted by cells around the follicle; plays a role in female sex drive. The uterine tube is also called the fallopian tube. It is 5 inches long and transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus. The fimbriae are fingerlike projections at the end of the uterus tube. The adenexa is collectively the ovaries and uterine tubes.

The ovaries contain follicles that rupture releasing ova(eggs). The uterine tubes transports ovum to the uterus. The fimbriae help push the ovum along. It takes three days for eggs to move from the ovaries to the uterus. Before birth, while the fetus is still in the mother's uterus, the fetal ovary has 2 million oocytes(in mature ova). Only 400 to 500 are released at ovulation during a lifetime.

The vagina is a short tubelike structure that has three functions: 1. Transports the shed endometrium in to outside the body 2. Holds firm during sexual intercourse 3. Part of the birth canal during childbirth

At puberty stimulation of ovaries begins by that follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) stimulating of follicle in the ovary to enlarge and produce a mature ovum(gamete). The FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. The FSH also stimulates the follicles to secrete estradiol which causes development of female sexual characteristics.

The luteinizing hormone(LH) stimulates a single follicle each month to rupture and release its mature ovum. Then it stimulates the ruptured follicle(corpus luteum) to secrete progesterone and estradiol.

Salping/o = uterine tube

Fallipi/o = uterine tube

The uterus is an inverted pear-shaped organ. The round shaped top of the uterus is the fundus. The body of the uterus is the corpus. The cervix of the uterus is the neck.

The walls of the uterus are: 1. perimetrium - outer serous layer 2. myometrium - muscle layer 3. Endometrium - mucus inner layer - thickens during menstrual cycle

hyster/o= uterus metr/o= uterus peri= around metri= uterus um= structure

The broad ligament creates a small pouch between the uterus and rectum called a cul-de-sac.

The vagina is a tubelike structure that transports shed endometrium to outside the body, collects ejaculate and is part of the birth canal.

The female external genitalia consist of: 1. Labia majora 2. Labia minora 3. Clitoris

The breast are the mammary glands.

Menarche - first menstrual cycle

During menses, follicles in the ovaries begin enlarging. The FSH stimulates follicles to produce estrogen. One follicle becomes greatly enlarged and produces a mature ovum. Uterine wall becomes thick due to estrogen. Cervical canal stands and allow spermatozoa to pass through it.h causes enlarged follicles to rupture and release a mature ovum. The ruptured ovarian follicle feels with yellow fat and becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol. The corpus luteum turns into white scar tissue and stops making estrace and progesterone. The endometrium contracts and blood flow stops. Endometrium begins to slough off and menses begins again.

Gestation = pregnancy, conception to birth = prenatal period for zygote in embryo, antepartum = same as prenatal period for mother gravida = pregnancy; para = birth

During conception, many sperm attached to one fertilized ovum, but only one penetrates its surface causing fertilization. After conception, the resulting cell is known as a zygote. A zygote begins to divide as it moves toward the uterine tube and sinks into the thick endometrium. The inner mass of the zygote becomes the amnion and embryo. The outer layer of the zygote becomes the chorion. The chorion produces hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin. HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to keep producing hormones. The chorion and it becomes the placenta which by the end of the third trimester takes over for the corpus luteum and produces hormones itself. After four days of development, the zygote is known as an embryo. At six weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus. After birth, the fetus becomes a neonate.

During delivery, the head becomes the presenting part which is called cephalic presentation. The uterus and posterior pituitary gland secrete oxytocin which causes the uterus to contract. ox/y = quick toc/o = labor -in = substance So oxytocin is a substance that causes labor to Quicken.

Parturition = process of labor and childbirth ; partutit/o= to be in labor; -ion= action postpartum = period of time after birth for mother; post = after;part/o = childbirth;-um = action

involution - the uterus shrinks back to size

neonatal - pertaining to new birth; neonate - things that is born new ne/o = new; nat/o = birth; -al = pertaining to; -nate = thing that is born

Diseases and conditions

Leiomyoma - benign smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium

Leiomyosarcoma - cancerous smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium

carcinoma of the cervix - caused by HPV

carcinoma in situ - localized cancer as in the cervix

conization - local resection

cervicitis - Frequently caused by Chlamydia. Symptoms include cervical erosions and leukorrhea(clear why are yellow pus filled discharge)

cryocauterization - destroy by freezing

dilatation and curettage - widening of cervical opening and scraping of the uterine wall

PID - pelvic inflammatory disease

sentinel node biopsy - radioisotope is injected at tumor site and goes to lymph node with suspicion for cancer requiring biopsy

endometriosis - bits of menstrual endometrium passes backward into the fallopian tubes. The endometrial tissue implants itself on the outside of the ovaries and can cause pelvic inflammation and pain. Treatment = hysterectomy, removal of ectopic tissue,D&C

hyaline membrane disease - respiratory distress and newborns from poorly developed lungs

Amenorrhea is the absence of mense a=without men/o= month rrhea- dischare or flow

menopause - normal cessation of menstrual periods men/o=month pause=cessation

menorrhagia - condition of excessive heavy flow rrhag/o = heavy flow -ia = condition

leukorrhea - cheesy white discharge leuk/o= white -rrhea=discharge

candidiasis - yeast infection

dystocia-condition of difficult or abnormal labor dys= difficult toc/o=labor ia= condition

amniocentesis - needle is inserted through the abdomen to obtain amniotic fluid for chromosome studies- amni/o = amnion -centesis= procedure to puncture

cryosurgery - procedure to destroy small areas of no abnormal tissue on the cervix using freeze treatment cry/o=cold

cephalic version - procedure to manually correct a breech presentation prior to delivery

hysterectomy - removal of the uterus; hyster/o= uterus -ectomy= removal of

Salpingo oophorectomy - removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes; salping/o = fallopian tubes oophor/o = ovary -ectomy = removal of

TAH BSO = total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral Salpingo oopherectomy