2020-04-18 Saturday: 3 Water

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: units 1 and 2 test
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p. 33 (pdf p. 1) part 2 - With your partner, guess which number can complete each sentence.
1 70 (About ⅔ of the surface, but not ⅔ percent.)
2 3 (79% of fresh water is frozen, and 20% is underground, so only 1% is in rivers, lakes, and soil.)
3 46
4 10
5 200 (This number probably includes industry and agriculture, not just home use.)
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developing = still changing and building industry and infrastructure
developed = already changed with industry and infrastructure
⅕ = one-fifth
⅔ = two-thirds
faucet / tap = the fixture where water comes out into the sink in your kitchen or bathroom
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p. 34-35 (pdf p. 2-3) part 1 - What is happening in the pictures?
A - People are diving or snorkeling with a whale shark in the ocean.
B - They are rafting in a river.
C - He is swimming in a cenote/cave.
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Vocabulary: water and recreation
part 2 - Which bodies of water are best for each activity? Decide with your partner. If you both don’t know what a word means, look in a dictionary (https://learnersdictionary.com/) or image search.
- Make sure you know the difference between kayaking, rowing, and rafting.
- Sailing is on a boat, windsurfing is on a board (like surfing).
- marina = boat parking
- reservoir = artificial lake to store water for people to use
- stream = small, fast river
All of the activities in the first box are “go” actions: You can go swimming, go kayaking, go fishing, etc.
	I can’t go swimming. = I’m busy so I can’t do this activity with you.
	I can’t swim. = I don’t have the ability to swim. I don’t know how.
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We often use “crew” to refer to the organized sport of rowing.
	I was on the rowing team in college.
	I did rowing in college.
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part 4 - Are these sentences true or false?
1 T
2 F - They were coming down from the rapids.
3 T
4 T
5 F
6 F
part 5 - What do you think happened next? Listen and check.
1 b
2 c
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Grammar: simple past and past continuous

simple past = something that happened at a specific time in the past and then finished
past continuous = something that continued for some time in the past (especially common to show that we were in the middle of an action when something else happened)

I ate dinner at home last night. - Simple past, because nothing (important) happened during dinner.
I was eating dinner when you called. - Past continuous, because I include an action that happened during dinner.
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I ate dinner at 7 o’clock. = I started at 7 (and nothing else happened during dinner).
I was eating dinner at 7 o’clock. = I was in the middle of dinner at 7. I started before and finished after.
I had (already) eaten dinner at 7 o’clock. = I started and finished before 7. (past perfect)
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Past Continuous Form: was/were + verb(ing)
+ 	I was eating dinner. You were talking on the phone.
- 	I wasn’t watching TV. You weren’t studying.
? y/n	Was I talking too loud? Were you sleeping?
? info	Where was I studying? Where were you eating?
	(subject questions: Who was studying? How many people were talking?)
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Common conjunctions with simple and continuous past.
I was eating when you called. / When you called, I was eating.
You called while I was eating. / While I was eating, you called.
We ate inside because it was raining. / Because it was raining, we ate inside.
It was raining, so we ate inside. (no other possibility with “so”; it can’t go at the beginning here)
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part 10 - Write sentences with one simple past and one past continuous verb, using “when”, “while”, “because”, and “so” once each.
1 I was taking a photo of the hippo when I dropped my camera in the water.
2 My friend fell out of the raft because he wasn’t holding on.
3 I saw some strange fish while I was diving.
4 I was having some problems with my mask, so my brother helped me.
  (I had some problems with my mask, so my brother was helping me.)
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Remember the rule that you can’t use continuous with non-actions. It applies to the past, too.
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What do you know about the Titanic? (The ship, not the movie.)
- It hit an iceberg. / It crashed into an iceberg.
- It sank in the Atlantic.
- It was the biggest ship at the time.
- Many people died.
- It happened in April, 1912.
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BREAK
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p. 36 (pdf p. 4) Read “Return to the Titanic”.
perhaps = maybe
wreck = the “ruins” of a ship that sank (or a car crash)
part 1 - Which question goes with each paragraph?
1 b
2 a
3 d
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When did each of the actions in the article happen?
Timeline:
1912-04-10: It left Southampton.
1912-04-15: The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank. Many people died.
(sometime) The box for the champagne disappeared.
1960s: Two US nuclear submarines disappeared.
1984 or 1985: Ballard and the Navy agreed to work together.
1985-09-01: Ballard located the wreck. They realized it was Titanic. They jumped for joy. They realized they were celebrating a tragedy. They stopped and held a memorial.
1985-later: He asked people to treat the remains with dignity.
(sometime) A salvange company removed objects. James Cameron visited the wreck. A couple got married. People turned it into a freak show. (generally: it changed)
2004: Ballard returned to see how it was different. He saw champagne bottles. He saw shoes. He felt the people were speaking to him again.
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Grammar: past perfect

meaning: things that happened before another “focus” time in the past
- Paragraphs 1 and 2 are about finding the Titanic in 1985, so past perfect refers to things that happened before they found it.
- Paragraph 3 is about going back in 2004, so past perfect refers to things that happened before 2004.

This is very common in stories or narratives. The main actions of the story happen in simple past, and anything that happened before (e.g. memories and flashbacks) is past perfect.
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p. 37 (pdf p. 5) part 7 - Choose the correct options.
1 had been (It was at sea 4 days before it hit the ice.)
2 sank
3 was (It started being too late before the alarm, but it was still too late at that time, so simple past is fine.)
4 had disappeared
5 hadn’t located (Before this technology, other techniques had failed.)
6 had visited (With conjunctions that imply the order, such as “before”, “after”, and “because”, past perfect isn’t necessary.)
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When they arrived at the hospital, the patient was already dead. (“be dead” continues)
When they arrived at the hospital, the patien had already died. (“died” happened and finished before)
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“already”, “just”, and “yet” can be used with past perfect with the same meanings as present perfect
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Lateral Thinking Puzzles
- Ask yes/no questions to figure out the explanation for each situation.
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p. 41 (pdf p. 9) - Read the blog post
What “more interesting” language does James use in the post?
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These words give more information than the “boring” words.
jumped into the car = got into the car quickly
grabbed our stuff = picked up our stuff quickly before leaving
pouring = raining heavily
	(sprinkling = raining lightly / drizzling = raining constantly but with very small drops)
packed = completely full of people / very crowded
staring = looking intently (with a lot of focus)
	(glance = look quickly)
got there = arrived (this is no more or less specific, it just means the same thing)
clutching = holding tightly
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part 4c - Use the words from the box to complete these sentences
1 raced (ran quickly)
2 exhausted (very tired)
3 boiling (very hot) (freezing = very cold)
4 scrambled (climbed quicly with hands and feet)
	(“scramble” can be used for anything you do quickly and without organization)
5 wandered (walked slowly and without a destination)
6 collapsed (fell straight down)
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Homework: Write a blog post about a real or fictional weekend you had. Try to use both new tenses from today and some of the more interesting vocabulary from p. 41
	Also: read p. 51 (unit 4 pdf p. 7) and do p. 50 (pdf p. 6) parts 2, 3, and 4