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Chapter 32
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1.) A. Mitchell Palmer - Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
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2.) Al Capone - Prohibition led to the rise of gangs that competed to distribute liquor.In the gang wars of Chicago in the 1920s, about 500 people were murdered, but captured criminals were rare, and convictions even rarer, since gangsters often provided false alibis for each other. The most famous of these gangsters was �Scarface� Al Capone, who was finally caught for (get this) tax evasion
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3.) John Scopes - In 1925 Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernalist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.
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4.) Clarence Darrow - A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
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5.) Charles Lindbergh - In 1932, gangsters kidnapped the baby son of Charles Lindbergh, shocking the nation, and this event led Congress to the so-called Lindbergh Law, which allowed the death penalty to certain cases of interstate abduction.
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6.) Margaret Sanger - she organized a birth-control movement which openly championed the use of contraceptives in the 1920's.
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7.) H. L. Mencken - H.L. Mencken was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. He criticized many subjects like the middle class, democracy, marrige and patriotism in his monthly AMERICAN MERCURY.
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8.) F. Scott Fitzgerald - He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society.
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9.) Ernest Hemingway - Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.
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10.) Sinclair Lewis �- Lewis was the chief chronicler of midwestern life. He was a master of satire and wrote "Main Street" in 1920. Then he wrote "Babbit" which describe a materialistic middle-class American businessman.
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11.) Nativist � one who is in opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a melting pot. Nativism distinguishes between Americans who were born in the United States, and individuals who have immigrated personally, i.e. "first-generation" immigrants.
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12.) Buying on Margin - This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed.
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13.) Red Scare �- The Red Scare erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.
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14.) Sacco and Vanzetti Case �- Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were zenophobic (afraid of foreigners).
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15.) Emergency Quota Act 1921 - This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.
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16.) Immigration Quota Act 1924 �- was passed in 1924--cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants in 1890--purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition (which was largely Northern European) --prevented Japanese from immigrating, causing outrage in Japan.
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17.) Volstead Act �- The Volstead Act implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%
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18.) Flappers - The dynamic 1920's revealed women notorious for their risky attire and dance styles. Referred to as "wild abandons," these girls exemplified the new sexually frank generation.
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Chapter 33
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19.) Warren G. Harding - one of the best liked men of the generation, he was spineless and a bad judge of character. He is compared to Grant because his term in office was scandalous. Many corporations could expand, antitrust laws were ingnored, and he achieved disarmament with the Open Door in China. The tariff increased also. He died on August 2, 1923 of pneumonia and thrombosis while making speeches
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20.) Albert Fall - He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.
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21.) Charles R. Forbes - In 1923 he resigned as head of the Veteran's Bureau. He swindled $200 million from the government in building Veteran's hospitals. He was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. This was part of the Harding scandal and the "Ohio gang"
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22.) Calvin Coolidge - became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.
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23.) Alfred Smith - He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.
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24.) Ohio Gang - A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
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25.) Washington Naval conference �-The Washington Conference 1921-1922 was a meeting between most major world powers. This conference was for the disarmament of these countries. This meeting also prevented the U. S. and Britain from fortifying their Far East possessions and established the Four Power treaty. The major powers promised to preserve the status-quo in the Pacific. Reduced the number of large battleships for the major powers.
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26.) Kellogg-Briand Pact �- (1929) created by Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand, this pact promised to never make war again and settle all disputes peacefully. Sixty-two nations signed this pact. The treaty was hard to enforce and had no provisions for the use of economic or military force against a nation that may break the treaty.
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27.) Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law - In 1922, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law. As a result, foreign tariff 's became as high as 38.5%. This was designed to equalize the price of American and Foreign products
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28.) Teapot Dome Scandal - One of many scandals under Harding. Involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secertary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department secretly. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestiege and made public wonder about the sufficency of government and undermined faith in courts.
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29.) Dawes Plan - Calvin Coolidge's running mate, Charles Dawes is largely responsible for the Dawes plan of 1924; an attempt to pay off the damages from WWI. This intricate monetary "merry-go-round", as it was often called, gave money to to Germany who then paid France and Britain for debts of the war. Former allies then paid the U.S. When the Depression hit, the "merry-go-round" stopped. Finland was the only nation to pay off their debts to the very last penny in 1976. The U.S. never received the money it was owed.
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30.) Hawley-Smoot Tariff �- Began as a protective measure to assist farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peace time history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60 percent in 1930.
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31.) Black Friday - It occurred on October 29, 1929, when 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in a save-who-may scramble. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
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32.) Reconstruction Finance Corporation - (1932) This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railraods, and even hard-pressed state and local governments.Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan.
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33.) Bonus Army �- A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.
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34.) Stimson doctrine - This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acqusitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931)
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Chapter 34
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35.) Franklin D. Roosevelt - governor of NY, 5th cousin to Theodore Roosevelt, wealthy family, went to Harvard, served as secretery of the navy, was suave and conciliatory, handicapped, came up with New Deal, elected as a democrat President in 1932, elected 4 times (only one to do so), dealt with Great Depression and WWI
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36.) Eleanor Roosevelt - Wife of Franklin Roosevelt; she travelled everywhere with him on behalf of all his campaigns; she became the most active First Lady in history. She fought for the rights of all Americans.
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37.) Harry Hopkins - The head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). A friend and advisor to President FDR. He was very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.
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38.) Frances Perkins �- First woman appointed to a cabinet position. Appointed by FDR, she became Secretary of Labor. She received a lot of undeserved criticism from male politicians and businessmen.
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39.) Father Coughlin - Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.
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40.) Huey Long - Nickname "Kingfish"; Senator of Louisiana. He pushed his "Share Our Wealth" program, which would make "Every Man a King". Long planned to run against FDR in the 1936 elections, but he was assassinated.
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41.) Francis Townshend - Townshend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over. This plan was a type of pension for older Americans. He had a lot of followers. This people thought FDR wasn't doing enough.
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42.) Boondoggle - in the sense of a term for a project that wastes time and money, first appeared during the Great Depression, referring to the millions of jobs given to unemployed men and women to try to get the economy moving again, as part of the New Deal.
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43.) Parity �- A plan to help farmers injured from low prices and over-production. From 1909-1914, farms had enjoyed a period of prosperity. Parity was the price placed on a product that gave it the same value, in buying power, that it had from 1909-1914. The AAA paid farmers to reduce production. The payment for this came from taxes gotten from the makers of expensive farm equipment.
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44.) The three R's - Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at the three R's- relief, recovery, and reform. Roosevelt's plan was announced on March 4, 1933 to lift the burden of the Great Depression.
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45.) New Deal - After Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933, he decided the U.S. must improve economically to recover from the Great Depression. His policy, the New Deal, focused on relief, recovery, and reform. Short term goals were relief and immediate recovery. Permanent recovery and reform were done by long-range goals. Programs were established to improve unemployment, regulate minimum wage, and reform many other social issues.
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46.) Dust Bowl - After the drought of 1933, furious winds whipped up dust into the air, turning parts of Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma into the Dust Bowl and forcing many farmers to migrate west to California (ala The Grapes of Wrath).
The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.
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47.) Glass-Steagall Act �- In 1933, this act allowed the banks to reopen and it gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange.
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48.) CCC - The Civilian Conservation Corps was created by the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million uniformed single, young men during the Great Depression. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.
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49.) NRA - National Recovery Act : During the Great Depression, this act was created in 1933 as a helping hand for industry, labor, and the unemployed. It granted labor additional benefits and guaranteed the right to orgainze through representatives of their own choosing. It was a part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's new plan, but was later declared unconstitutional. Symbol was the "Blue Eagle"
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50.) WPA - Works Progress Administration : Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies.
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51.) TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority : First Government owned corporation. Started to create jobs and build dams in the Tennessee River Valley to supply electricity to poorer areas after the depression.
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52.) Social Security Act of 1935 - It created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers thoughout people's working careers. They would receive this money in a monthly pension when they reached the age of 65. The unemployed, disabled, and mothers with dependent children would also receive this money.
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53.) Wagner Act - Same as the National Labor Relations Act (1935) and set up the National Labor Relations Board and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organiztion and to bargain collectively.
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54.) NLRB - National Labor Relation Board : Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
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55.) Court-packing scheme - Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.
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Essay Questions:
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1. How was the diverse American �melting pot� affected by the political and cultural changes of the 1920�s?
In the 1920�s the diverse American �melting pot� society was affected greatly by the cultural changes brought about by the sexual revolution in America. America�s culture experienced a drastic period of change and some say progression. At the same time due to the political maneuvers of the times following WWI and the lack of strong leadership America�s foreign relations turned to stone so to speak. We started being much more wary of immigrants and more distrustful of foreigners, the very people responsible for our �melting pot� society. We suspected them of espionage, and of other despicable acts. Due to lack of true Political justice and to corruption in the 20�s a new element was allowed to enter into the �melting pot�, organized crime at a scale previously unheard of.
2. What were the effects of the Great Depression on the American people, and how did President Hoover attempt to Balance his belief in �rugged individualism� with the economic necessities of the time?
The Great Depression hit America like a train hits a deer stuck on the track, hard. America was in no way ready for the stark reality of bankruptcy, of unemployment and abuse of power. As representative of the American people President Hoover was as ill prepared as any, while on the one hand desparately wanting to hold on to his belief in rugged individualism Hoover refused to offer loans to individuals and instead loaned federal money to banks and businesses as he had to do something to stave of the impending doom on his doorstep.
3. Was the New Deal essentially a conservative attempt to save American capitalism from collapse, a radical change in American anti-government beliefs, or a moderate liberal response to a unique crisis?
The New Deal was a mixture of all really, it marked a radical departure from previous American political policy, yet at the same time seemed a natural progression of what already was. While on the one hand an attempt to save capitalism, which FDR indeed wanted to do, it wanted to do more than that and save America and the people who make up America. It was radical in that it was the brainchild of a president with unheard of powers as President, powers reserved for invasive war on the home-front. However even though it marked such a radical departure from policy it also marked a departure from the traditional way Americans received such drastic policy, as a people we supported FDR�s policy in success or failure.
4.  How was the New Deal a culmination of the era of Progressive Reform, and how did it differ from the pre-World War I progressive period?
The New Deal was the culmination of the era of Progressive reform in that it brought about more lasting reform than any era before it, the First and Second New Deal brought about change in America that lasted for upwards of 60 years. Much like the reforms before them, they were responses to the demands of the people and the times. However, unlike those of the pre-WWI period post WWI period reform was the product of crisis, unlike before WWI America was in a dire situation which called for drastic Progression. Pre-WWI progressive reform was for the sake of progress, The New Deal was to save America�s economy and society in general.