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The Great Game/Central Asia bibliography

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  1. Imperialism
  2. Kiernan, V. G. From Conquest to Collapse: European Empires from 1815 to 1960. New York: Pantheon, 1982. Concentrates on the military aspects of imperialism and colonial politics.
  3. Porter, Andrew N. European Imperialism, 1860–1914. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. A concise survey of the dynamics of empire building as well as the historiographical literature of political, economic, and social natures of European imperialism.
  4. Smith, Woodruff D. European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1982. A concise and well-documented overview written for undergraduate students and the general public.
  5. Wesseling, H. L. The European Colonial Empires, 1815–1919. Translated by Diane Webb. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. A comprehensive description and analysis of the process of colonization with regard to political, economic, social, and cultural issues.
  6. Easton, Stewart Copinger. The Rise and Fall of Western Colonialism. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1964. A historical survey of all of the overseas European empires’ colonial systems during the 19th and 20th centuries. Despite its lack of notes, it has a good bibliography.
  7. British Empire
  8. Levine, Philippa. The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset. Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman, 2007. Examines the impact of imperialism on the people of the British Empire. Organized both chronologically and by topic, it includes such subjects as slavery and gender.
  9. Hyam, Ronald. Britain’s Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion. Lanham, MD: Barnes and Noble, 1993. Hyam accepts the arguments of Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher and presents the British Empire as a by-product of global expansion and a part of the history of race relations.
  10. James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. New York: St. Martin’s, 1996. A readable and comprehensive survey of the interaction between Great Britain and the empire.
  11. Porter, Bernard. The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850–1983. London: Longman, 1984. The themes of this general work are that imperialism for Great Britain was a symptom of Britain’s decline in the world, that it aggravated and obscured the country’s economic problems, and that it limited the country’s freedom of action.
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  13. Russian Empire
  14. Hunter, Shireen T. Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. Some of the most useful sections of this book are chapters 1 and 8, which deal with historical background under the Russian Empire and Soviet Union and post-1991 Russian policy toward Central Asia and the South Caucasus, respectively. Other chapters touch upon Russia’s policies in the North Caucasus and other Islamic regions and their connection to foreign relations with countries in the Islamic world.
  15. Yemelianova, Galina M. Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2002. This book, which begins its coverage with the Turkic Khazars’ encounters with proto-Russians, devotes more than half its coverage to the Caucasus and Central Asia. One chapter, titled “Chechnya and Political Islam,” exclusively deals with the region.
  16. Jaimoukha, Amjad M. The Circassians: A Handbook. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2001. Covers a wide variety of subjects, including history, geography, economics, and cultural issues.
  17. King, Charles. The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. This is the first general history of the modern Caucasus from the beginnings of Russianencroachment in the region to the present.
  18. Broxup, Marie Bennigsen, ed. The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World. New York: St. Martin’s, 1992. An important collection of essays that place the current political situation in the region in historical perspective.
  19. Mostashari, Firouzeh. On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. Focuses on the Russian colonization and administration of Azerbaijan during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
  20. Gammer, Moshe. The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006. Examines the conflict between the Russia and the Chechen people from the 16th century until the recent wars, and in the process provides a comprehensive examination of modern Chechen history.
  21. Kazemzadeh, Firuz. “Russian Penetration of the Caucasus.” In Russian Imperialism: From Ivan the Great to the Revolution. Edited by Taras Hunczak. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974. A review and analysis of the earliest contacts with Russian merchants in the mid-15th century through the 19th century.
  22. Beisembiev, Timur K., ed. and trans. The Life of Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia. London: Routledge, 2003. An indigenous account of the fall of Tashkent to the Russians in the context of relations between Tsarist officials and the khanate of Khoqand.
  23. Holdsworth, Mary. Turkestan in the Nineteenth Century: A Brief History of the Khanates of Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva. Oxford, Central Asian Research Centre, 1959. A brief but useful survey of the three khanates’ political, economic, and cultural history, based on Russian sources.
  24. Munis, Shir Muhammad Mirab, and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi. Firdaws al iqbāl: History of Khorezm. Translated by Yuri Bregel. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1999. English translation of a major chronicle on the early history of the Qonghrat dynasty of Khwarazm, with abundant annotation that makes the work essential reading for 19th-century Central Asia in general.
  25. Saray, Mehmet. “The Russian Conquest of Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey 1, no. 2–3 (1982): 1–30. A good, brief survey of the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia.
  26. Saray, Mehmet. The Turkmens in the Age of Imperialism: A Study of the Turkmen People and Their Incorporation into the Russian Empire. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Historical Society, 1989. Includes bibliographical reference and index.
  27. Forbes, Andrew D. W. Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. A survey of the 20th-century history of Eastern Turkistan prior to the establishment of the PRC.
  28. Benson, Linda. The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang 1944–1949. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990. A close study of an episode from the history of Eastern Turkistan just prior to the Communist victory in China.
  29. Kim, Hodong. Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
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  31. Now the standard work on the revolts in various towns of Eastern Turkistan against Qing rule in the second half of the 19th century.
  32. Geiss, Paul Georg. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia: Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. London: Routledge, 2003. Attempts to reassess the impact of the political changes entailed by Russian rule at the communal level. Coverage of the Tsarist era is better than of the “pre-Tsarist” era.
  33. Morrison, A. S. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Compares structures and policies of Tsarist rule in Samarqand with those of the Raj.
  34. Pierce, Richard A. Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: A Study in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960. Long the sole Western study of the Tsarist era in Central Asia; still useful for administrative history. Based on Russian sources.
  35. Sahadeo, Jeff. Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. A useful study of Russian society in Tsarist Tashkent, though it makes no use of indigenous perspectives on Russian society or Russian rule.
  36. Sokol, Edward Dennis. The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series LXXI, no. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1954. Still the best study of an important event in Tsarist Central Asia that has failed to attract the attention it deserves.
  37. Browe, Daniel. “Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire.” Slavic Review, vol. 55, no. 3 (1996): 567–584. Explores how the ideal of religious tolerance of Muslims in Russia leads to isolation and political mistrust. DOI: 10.2307/2502001
  38. Low, Michael Christopher. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance 1865–1908.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40 (2008): 269–290. Insightful analysis of how the Dutch and British employed administrative means to control various aspects of the hajj and hajj institutions, thus preventing anticolonial activities.
  39. Zenkovsky, S. A. Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1967. Discusses the Pan-Turkist and Muslim movements in late-19th- to early-20th-century Russia, demonstrating that they are often inseparable.
  40. Bobrovnikov, Vladimir O. “Islam in the Russian Empire.” In The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. 2, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Edited by D. Lieven, 202–223. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. A useful overview of the place of Islam in the Russian Empire in the late 18th to early 20th centuries by one of the leading Russian experts on the issue. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL978052181529
  41. Campbell, Elena. “The Muslim Question in Late Imperial Russia.” In Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930. Edited by Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev, 320–347. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. An abridged extract of Campbell’s PhD dissertation, this is the most reliable and accessible English source on state policy on Islam during the final years of the Russian Empire.
  42. Kemper, Michael, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov, eds. Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Vols. 1–4. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996–2004. Volume 2, Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, is of particular interest.
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  45. Ottoman Empire in Crisis
  46. Central Asia
  47. China
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  50. Hauner, Milan. India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
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  52. Important for German-Japanese relations, the interests of Germany in India and Afghanistan, and the Indian nationalist movement of Subhas Chandra Bose that collaborated with the Axis powers.
  53. Anderson, M. S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations. New York: St. Martin’s, 1966. A comprehensive study of the rivalries among the Europeans powers with regard to the Ottoman Empire, which also had to deal with the rise of nationalism.
  54. Becker, Seymour. Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968. A study of the conquest of two territories that in the early 21st century are part of Uzbekistan, including a look at Russian policies in the area.
  55. Busch, Briton Cooper. Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1894–1914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Shows how the British, who had been the predominant power in the region during much of the 19th century, came to be challenged by the Ottoman Empire, Germany, Russia, and France at different times during the twenty years leading up to World War I.
  56. Earle, Edward Mead. Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A Study in Imperialism. New York: Russell and Russell, 1966. A classic study of the conflicting political, economic, and cultural policies of the European powers between 1888 and the immediate aftermath of World War I, focusing on the issue of the Baghdad Railway, a project financed by the Germans and opposed by the Russians and the British.
  57. Karsh, Efraim, and Inari Karsh. Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. The theme of this book is that local actors in the region played just as important a role in shaping developments in the area as did the Western imperial powers. Indeed, the authors view the time period as a delicate balance of manipulation and intrigue, even though the Ottomans were weaker militarily and economically.
  58. Kazemzadeh, Firuz. Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864–1914. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968. A case study of the imperialism of Russia and Great Britain in their “great game in Asia” with respect to developments in Iran.
  59. Macfie, A. L. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923. London: Longman, 1996. An important survey of the historiography of this subject, as well as a good summary and introduction to its history.
  60. Siegel, Jennifer. Endgame: Britain, Russia, and the Final Struggle for Central Asia. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002. A study of the Anglo-Russian rivalry over such matters as oil and railroads, dating from the Convention of 1907, which was supposed to stabilize relations, until the outbreak of World War I. In other words, the author contends, the “great game in Asia” continued during this period.
  61. von Laue, Theodore H. Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892 to 1903, urged Tsar Nicholas II to support industrialization “to satisfy the needs of Russia and of the Asiatic countries which are—or should be—under our influence” (p. 3). Witte pushed construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad “to capture Chinese markets from the English” (p. 82).
  62. Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. The Ili Crisis: A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy, 1871–1881. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965. Examines the episode of complex imperialist rivalries known as the Ili Crisis, in which China faced “a disastrous war or a humiliating peace” (p. 1). China successfully challenged Russia’s incursion into Xinjiang. England advised the Chinese. France intervened to discourage war, so as to keep Russia strong to constrain Germany in Europe.
  63. Nish, Ian. The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War. London and New York: Longman, 1985. Nish’s use of Japanese archives complements Romanov’s use of Russian archives (see Romanov 1952). Careful analysis of the origins of the war—who supported it, who opposed it, and why? The fundamental cause was undoubtedly a clash of national imperialisms, involving political, strategic, economic, and other interests, real or perceived.
  64. Clubb, O. Edmund. China and Russia: The “Great Game.” New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. Describes the early contact between the Manchu dynasty in China (1644–1912) and the Romanov dynasty in Russia (1613–1917), and the essential role played in Central Asia by the Mongols; also describes the succeeding chapter of contact between Bolshevik Russia and Republican China.
  65. Paine, S. C. M. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power and Primacy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Exhaustive, even-handed account of “a seminal event in world history” (p. 3), drawing on sources in all key languages. Stresses the importance of perceptions as well as military ascendancy in explaining events. Excellent bibliographic essay and bibliography.
  66. Connaughton, Richard. Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: Russia’s War with Japan. London: Cassell, 2003. Focuses on the military events in Manchuria, but also sheds light on the motives and outcomes of the rivalry of Russian and Japanese imperialism.
  67. Hambly, Gavin, et al. Central Asia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. Careful scholarly treatment of evolution of Central Asia, covering three themes—a shifting agricultural world of oases (crops) versus nomads (flocks), the spread of Buddhism and Islam, and interaction with neighboring powers (especially Iran, China, and Russia). First twelve chapters focus on pre-1800; chapters 13–20 (pp. 175–313) focus on 19th and 20th centuries. Extensive bibliography.
  68. Lary, Diana, ed. The Chinese State at the Borders. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. Excellent introduction. Discusses Central Asia 1800–1949, both geographically and chronologically, in the wider setting of China’s border regions more generally. Infused with the magisterial scholarship of Alexander Woodside.
  69. Mackerras, Colin, and Michael Clarke, eds. China, Xinjiang and Central Asia: History, Transition and Crossborder Interaction into the 21st Century. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. Focuses primarily on more recent events in Central Asia, but also discusses extensively the events prior to 1949. On various issues it challenges both the Chinese and the Western (British, Russian, and American) versions of events in the region.
  70. Meyer, Karl E., and Shareen Blair Brysac. Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. New York: Basic Books, 2006. An extensive, well-researched source on the conflicts in Central Asia, from about 1800 to 1989. Notes that “of the making of books about imperialism there will be no end” (p. 630). Valuable notes and sources, with guidance to important archives.
  71. Quested, Rosemary K. I. Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1984. Short, general survey of the history from the 17th to the 20th centuries.
  72. Bishop, Peter. The Myth of Shangri-la: Tibet, Travel Writing and the Western Creation of Sacred Landscape. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Examination of the construction of Tibet in Western travel writing as a semi-mythical site of lost mystery and power. Covers late 18th to the early 20th century, suggesting that the late Victorian period saw a particular fascination with Tibet in the context of the “Great Game” conflicts between Russia and Britain.
  73. Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas about Afghanistan. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007. Exploration of the history of British ideas about Afghanistan in travel writing and journalism, from the 19th century to the early 21st century. Includes an interrogation of the role of classical ethnography. Accessible account for students at all levels.
  74. O’Cinneide, Muireann. “Conflict and Imperial Communication: Narrating the First Afghan War.” In Conflict and Difference in Nineteenth Century Literature. Edited by Dinah Birch and Mark Llewellyn, 52–65. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2010. Traces the narrative tropes through which Victorian commentators conceptualized the First Afghan War of 1839–1842. Examines two women travel writers, Emily Eden (writing from India) and Florentia Sale (involved in the British retreat from Kabul) in conjunction with the letters and documents of two statesmen and the historian Sir John Kaye. DOI: 10.1057/9780230277212
  75. Suleri, Sara. The Rhetoric of English India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Interrogation of English and Indian idioms and the ways in which they produce modes of Anglo-Indian narrative. Addresses fictional and nonfictional writings, including the travel narratives of Fanny Parkes and Harriet Tytler as well as Kipling’s fiction. An important resource for scholars of colonialism and postcolonial theory.
  76. Barthorp, Michael. The North-West Frontier: British India and Afghanistan. London: Blandford, 1982. Excellent synopsis of region by a prolific author.
  77. Elliott, J. G. The Frontier 1839–1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell, 1968. History of the North-West Frontier of British India bordering Afghanistan from the First Anglo-Afghan War through independence and partition of British India. General Elliott served in the Army of India for thirty-two years.
  78. Roe, Andrew. Waging War in Waziristan: The British Struggle in the Land of Bin Laden, 1849–1947. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010. Examination of the British attempts to control part of their frontier with Afghanistan by a serving officer in the British Army who fought in Afghanistan.
  79. Farwell, Byron. Armies of the Raj: From the Great Indian Mutiny to Independence: 1858–1947. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. A popular examination of the British Indian Army.
  80. Mason, Philip. A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers and Men. London: Jonathan Cape, 1974. Excellent examination of the British Indian Army and its history.
  81. Fredericks. The Sepoy and the Cossack. New York: The World, 1971. Popular history of the Great Game.
  82. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. New York: Kodansha International, 1994. Best history of the Great Game.
  83. Dalrymple, William. The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, 1839–42. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013. Well-researched, well-written recent history of the First Anglo-Afghan War by a historian who has written several works about the British East India Company and the region.
  84. Elliott, J. G. The Frontier 1839–1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell, 1968. History of the North-West Frontier of British India bordering Afghanistan from the First Anglo-Afghan War through independence and partition of British India. General Elliott served in the Army of India for thirty-two years.
  85. Forbes, Archibald. The Afghan Wars, 1839–42 and 1878–80. London: Seeley, 1892. Classic British coverage of the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars.
  86. MacRory, Patrick. Kabul Catastrophe: The Retreat of 1842. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Excellent history of the First Anglo-Afghan War.
  87. Preston, Diana. The Dark Defile: Britain’s Catastrophic Invasion of Afghanistan, 1838–1842. New York: Walker, 2012. Author is a prolific writer whose work covers a wide range of times, regions, and events. Excellent maps.
  88. Yorke, Edmund. Battle Story Kabul 1841–42. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2012. This is one of a series of battle books that the author has written about British battles during the reign of Queen Victoria.
  89. Trousdale, William, ed. War in Afghanistan 1879–80, The Personal Diary of Major General Sir Charles MacGregor. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985. Diary of the 3rd Brigade commander during the Battle of Kandahar.
  90. Robson, Brian. The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War, 1878–1881. London: Arms and Armour, 1986. Operational view of the British side of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
  91. Maxwell, Leigh. My God—Maiwand! Operations of the South Afghanistan Field Force, 1878–1880. London: Leo Cooper, 1979. Excellent British perspective of operations in Southern Afghanistan.
  92. Silbey, David J. The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China. New York: Hill and Wang, 2012. Discusses many aspects of the Boxers (secret societies, missionaries, etc.) but focuses on military details of the eight-nation intervention and makes the important point that the foreign forces nearly lost the war. Argues that the Japanese “learned from the uprising that they held the whip hand in Asia” (p. 232).
  93. Spiers, Edward. The Late Victorian Army, 1868–1902. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992. Beginning with the Cardwell reforms, Spiers provides a comprehensive survey of administration, officers, and other ranks, civil-military relations, the army’s role at home and abroad, its public image, and its operational and tactical methods. He concludes with an assessment of its performance in South Africa.
  94. Lambert, Andrew. The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–56. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1991. Though popularly known as the Crimean War, the conflict with Russia continued even after Sebastopol fell to the allies in September 1855, and Lambert makes a strong case for regarding British and French naval operations in the Baltic as decisive in forcing the tsar to the negotiating table.
  95. Curtiss, John S. Russia’s Crimean War. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979. The noted Russian historian John S. Curtiss was one of the only historians to approach the history of the war from a Russian perspective. He was followed thirty years later by Orlando Figes (Figes 2010).
  96. Baumann, Robert. Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 1993. A comparative study in long-term historical perspective of Russian-Soviet counterinsurgency on the fringes of the state. Still the best brief survey of the basmachi resistance to Soviet rule in central Asia.
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  98. Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. The narrative of the war is often cast as an Anglo-French effort with minimal discussion of the Piedmontese or Ottomans. This history is an important contribution to the study of the war, as substantial Ottoman forces were present in the Crimea. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004182059.i-432
  99. Westwood, J. N. Russia against Japan, 1904–05. London: Macmillan, 1986. A brief but comprehensive survey of the war, covering both prewar and postwar diplomacy. As a result, provides an excellent introduction to military questions but not in much detail.
  100. Repington, Charles Court. The War in the Far East, 1904–05. London: John Murray, 1905. Repington was a correspondent for the London Times and a retired lieutenant colonel. The central goal of his book was to expose how a small nation like Japan could mobilize all of its national wealth to confront a more powerful foe on the battlefield. His underlying message was that Great Britain needed to invest more in its land (army) forces.
  101. Nish, Ian. The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War. New York: Longman, 1985. Without question, Ian Nish’s book is the classic statement on the origins of the Russo-Japanese War. Demonstrating how the weakness of China combined with the rise of Japan and the imperial ambitions of the European powers defined the deep roots of the war, Nish then masterfully exhibits how Russia’s bullying and bumbling collided with Japan’s overly aggressive and excessively enthusiastic military that together caused a war to explode in Manchuria.
  102. Tretiakov, N. A. My Experiences at Nan Shan and Port Arthur with the Fifth East Siberian Rifles. Translated by F. Nolan Baker and A. C. Alford. London: Hugh Rees, 1911. Tretiakov, commander of the Fifth East Siberian Rifles, wrote this memoir as a series of articles that were originally published in a Russia military journal. Perhaps the finest memoir to emerge from the war, he reveals that Russian military leaders and soldiers did possess the level of commitment needed to hold back the Japanese tide at Port Arthur.
  103. Denikin, A. I. The Career of a Tsarist Officer: Memoirs, 1872–1916. Translated by Margaret Patoski. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975. Denikin, son of an emancipated serf and future commander of the White forces in the Russian Civil War, shares his experiences as a smart, fast-rising officer who suffered within a military system that favored well connected aristocrats of the empire. He spent 1905 as a staff officer who spent much time restoring order in the ranks after the outbreak of the revolution.
  104. Streets, Heather. Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2004. Part of the British imperial way of war was to rely on indigenous forces formally recruited into British service. After the 1857 mutiny in India, the British shifted to recruiting specific ethnic groups within India, especially the Gurkhas and Sikhs. They thus invented and fostered a notion of them as especially “martial races.” Doing so also affected the culture of masculinity in Britain.
  105. Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. Without question, Menning provides his readers with the best overall survey of the Russian army from the defeat in the Crimean War until the outbreak of World War I. Of special note is his chapter on the Russo-Japanese War, which offers readers an outstanding operational history of the conflict.
  106. Baring, Maurice. With the Russians in Manchuria. London: Methuen, 1905. Working for the London Morning Post, Baring offers a narrative that begins in Moscow, provides travel notes about the trans-Siberian railroad in 1904, and then descriptions of the Russian army in action. Like so many of his peers, Baring posited the general conclusion that the Russians were good people but their political system was bankrupt and foul with corruption.
  107. Lieven, Dominic. Russia’s Rulers Under the Old Regime. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. Lieven offers his readers a carefully researched study of Russia’s ruling elite in the waning days of the autocracy. Besides learning much about the Russian aristocracy, the value of this book rests in its description of the political process in late Imperial Russia.
  108. McDonald, David M. United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia 1900–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. A masterpiece of the historiographic art, McDonald exhibits how the Russian autocracy sought to create a unified foreign policy in the late imperial period.
  109. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan. DeKalb: University of Northern Illinois Press, 2001. This pathbreaking, well written work offers readers an engaging narrative that fuses the history of ideas and cultural influences to the study of international affairs. Schmmelpenninck provides his readers with an intellectual study of the ideas that fueled the actions of Russian policymakers as they both defined and implemented their idea of empire in Russia’s Far East.
  110. White, John Albert. The Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964. In many ways this book still remains significant because White seeks to contextualize the diplomacy of Russo-Japanese War as the dawning of a global age in the outlook of the diplomats engaged in international relations at the beginning of the 20th century.
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  112. Stephan, John J. The Russian Far East: A History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994. A masterpiece of the historian’s craft, Stephan spent a lifetime of research to write this comprehensive history of the Russian Far East.
  113. Marks, Steven G. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. An essential book to understanding how Russian power spread across the Asiatic part of the empire through the magnificent engineering achievement of building what became known as the Trans-Siberian railway.
  114. Geyer, Dietrich. Russian Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy, 1860–1914. Translated by Bruce Little. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. Viewed as a stimulating synthesis of how domestic and foreign policy worked together to forge tsarist Russia’s imperialistic practices at the end of the 19th century, Geyer can be read with great profit by all students who seek to understand the nuances and complexities of how Russia’s internal politics governed her conduct in international politics in the period leading up to World War I.
  115. Romanov, B. A. Russia in Manchuria, 1892–1906. Translated by Susan Wilbur Jones. Ann Arbor, MI: J. W. Edwards, 1952. Long considered the classic statement by a Russian historian about the war’s origins and the impact its peacemaking process had on the Far East and on Russia’s status in the international community in its immediate aftermath. Originally published in Russian in 1928.
  116. Wolff, David. To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898–1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. The brilliance of this book rests in Wolff’s masterful description of relations between military and civilian administrators as they struggled to bring the Far East under ever increasing control from Saint Petersburg.
  117. Taylor, Brian D. Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689–2000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  118. Asks why Russia has not experienced a successful military coup in over two centuries and concludes that the Russian officer corps from tsarist empire through the Soviet Union to the present has subscribed to a professional ethos that abhors the thought of overthrowing a political leader. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511615719
  119. Deslandes, Paul R. Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity and the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. Discusses the violent form of masculinity that was encouraged in the British higher education system at the height of the empire and suggests linkages to a heavily militarized culture of empire.
  120. MacKenzie, John M., ed. Popular Imperialism and the Military, 1850–1950. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992. The chronological focus of the eight chapters in this anthology is primarily on the late 19th and early 20 centuries in Britain; topics range from military parades as seduction, soldiers in music hall songs, juvenile literature, heroic myths of empire, war correspondents and colonial wars, and the representation of officers in battle paintings to air shows.
  121. Stromberg, Roland N. Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1982. Shows the enthusiasm for war among the European intellectual elite across the political spectrum and across all borders.
  122.  
  123. Myerly, Scott Hughes. British Military Spectacle: From the Napoleonic Wars Through the Crimea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. Discusses the importance of uniforms and discipline in frightening enemies in battle and impressing citizens at home, in the sense of both preventing civil unrest and presenting society with a positive image of the army.
  124. Rüger, Jan. The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Considers the importance of military symbols and specifically discusses ceremony and pageantry of the German and British fleets to rouse public support.
  125. Porter, Patrick. Military Orientalism: Eastern War through Western Eyes. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. A critical overview of historical writing on the “oriental” ways of war that have often provided a too-simplistic understanding of Eastern ways of war. Outlines the definitions of strategic culture and provides case studies of its misuse, including Russo-Japanese War, analyses of the Mongols, the US approach to the Taliban, and the Israeli-Hizballa War in 2006.
  126. Malozemoff, Andrew. Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881–1904: With Special Emphasis on the Causes of the Russo-Japanese War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958. Covering the period beginning after winning a war but losing a peace in the Balkans (Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878), this book focuses on how Russia’s Far Eastern policy developed as an alternative policy to pursue imperialistic ambitions. Malozemoff aptly demonstrates that tsarist policy toward the Far East was never well coordinated between military, domestic, and international considerations.
  127.  
  128. Steinberg, John W., Bruce W. Menning, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David Wolfe, and Yokote Shinji. The Russo-Japanese War in Historical Perspective: World War Zero. Vol. 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005. This is the most up-to-date work on the military side of the Russo-Japanese War (Volume 2 concentrates on the cultural and economic context of the war more than its military side), bringing together an international team of scholars to cover the war in great detail. For a brief and succinct introduction, readers should start with Menning 1992 (see The Late Imperial Army) and return to this work for more-detailed analysis of particular questions.
  129. McNeal, Robert H. Tsar and Cossack, 1855–1914. New York: St. Martin’s, 1987. Studies the roles of the Cossacks in the Imperial Army, emphasizing the diversity of Cossack groups. Examines the changing role of Cossacks, as a key component of cavalry, in an era of modernization and increasing reliance on infantry and artillery.
  130. Marshall, Alex. The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917. London: Routledge, 2006. Contrary to the picture of Russia blundering into confrontation with Japan, this book uses particular military intellectuals who studied Asia to argue that its importance in Russian strategy and planning grew steadily over the 19th century, although the East never achieved the importance accorded to Europe.
  131. Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010. The narrative of the war is often cast as an Anglo-French effort with minimal discussion of the Piedmontese or Ottomans. This history is an important contribution to the study of the war, as substantial Ottoman forces were present in the Crimea. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004182059.i-432
  132. Baumgart, Winfried. The Crimean War, 1853–1856. London: Arnold, 1999. An excellent history of the war. Baumgart argues that the conflict reflected the changing nature of war in the industrial age. It should be one of the first military histories consulted.
  133. Lambert, Andrew D. The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–1856. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1991. Placing the war in the greater scope of Britain’s global interests and its fear of Russian expansion in Asia makes this volume an important contribution to the histories of the Crimean War.
  134. Figes, Orlando. Crimea: The Last Crusade. London: Allen Lane, 2010. This is the history of the war from a renowned Russian scholar. Figes presents the war from a Russian perspective, which is unique compared to the largely Anglo historiography. He follows Winfried Baumgart’s argument that the war represented the first modern conflict.
  135. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. “Rewriting the Russo-Japanese War: A Centenary Retrospective.” Russian Review 67.1 (2008): 78–87. Essential historiographical essay, useful for all researchers. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9434.2007.00475.x
  136. Menning, Bruce. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. Institutional history of the late-imperial Russian army that focuses on attempts to modernize in terms of both technology and mind-sets. Shows the limits of military professionalism in modern Russian history.
  137. Iklé, Frank W. “The Triple Intervention: Japan’s Lesson in the Diplomacy of Imperialism.” Monumenta Nipponica 22.1–2 (1967): 122–130. Excellent article speculating on German, Russian, and French motives for intervening. DOI: 10.2307/2383226
  138. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001. Strong narrative history of intellectual disputes at the highest levels (Nicholas II, Witte, and Kuropatkin), which led to conflicting visions and strategies in the Far East. Based on new archival research.
  139. Paine, S. C. M. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Focuses on the diplomacy and balance of power implications of the war as reflected by the Western and Russian press.
  140. Schroeder, Paul. Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972. The place of the Crimean War in the international system is crucial to understanding the evolution of European diplomacy from the Congress of Vienna to the First World War. The author, one of the great European diplomatic historians, addresses the impact of the war on the Vienna system and discusses how it changed relationships and diplomatic alliances.
  141. Elleman, Bruce A. Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989. London: Routledge, 2001. Excellent standard work on the topic, focusing on the Chinese side but with attention to Russia.
  142. Addy, Premen. Tibet on the Imperial Chessboard: The Making of British Policy towards Lhasa, 1899–1925. London: Sangam, 1985. Special attention is paid to the agreements signed in the early 20th century, with the author, in line with the British point of view at that time, calling China’s authority over Tibet one of “suzerainty.” The article includes a chapter on the Shimla conference and the drawing up of the McMahon line marking the border.
  143. Kuleshov, S. Nikolai. Russia’s Tibet File: The Unknown Pages in the History of Tibet’s Independence. Edited by Alexander Berzin and John Bray. Dharamsala, India: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1996. Following the declassification of some of the official Russian archives of this historical period, the author uses these new sources in this monograph to confirm Tibet’s independence at the beginning of the 20th century.
  144. Lamb, Alistair. British India and Tibet, 1766–1910. 2d rev. ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. An extensive and detailed review of British policy in Tibet. The study begins with Bogle’s mission in 1774, whose task was to obtain a treaty of friendship and trade relations with Tibet. This diplomatic foray was followed by those of Turner in 1783 and Hastings in 1786. This prestigious historian analyzes in detail the agreements signed during this period and their effects until 1910.
  145. Norbu, Dawa. “The Europeanization of Sino-Tibetan Relations, 1775–1907: The Genesis of Chinese ‘Suzerainty’ and Tibetan ‘Autonomy.’” Tibet Journal 15.4 (1990): 28–74. This article provides an analysis of British strategy to safeguard British commercial interests and security in Tibet. An epigraph evaluates Tibet’s legal status according to the various conventions signed independently by Britain, China, Russia, and Tibet.
  146. Younghusband, Francis. India and Tibet: A History of the Relations Which Have Subsisted between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; With a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904. Delhi, India: Book Faith India, 1998. Colonel Younghusband, leader of the 1904 military expedition, entered Lhasa by force and negotiated (imposed) a convention that was signed by Tibetan representatives and himself on behalf of the British Empire. The official Chinese position acknowledges the existence of the agreement but refers to it as an “unequal treaty.”
  147.  
  148.  
  149. Marvin, Charles. The Russian Advance towards India. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1882. Good example of British thought during the Great Game with Russia. Available as an internet archive.
  150. Burnes, Alexander. Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in That City in the Years 1836, 7, and 8. London: John Murray, 1842. Posthumous memoirs of a Scottish explorer and officer in the East India Company who was killed by a mob in Kabul in 1839. The book is available on the internet as a Google book.
  151.  
  152.  
  153.  
  154.  
  155.  
  156.  
  157.  
  158. Bill, James A., and William Roger Louis, eds. Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988. Half of this book deals with the political career of the Iranian nationalist leader Muhammad Musaddiq (Mossadeq) and his legacy, Iranian nationalism in general, and the role of Iranian clergy in politics during the period of the early 1950s, in the midst of the crisis over the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).
  159. Shaffer, Brenda. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. Shaffer asserts that Azeris in Iran have always had a “sense of separate identity,” and that, contrary to many works during the Cold War, Azeri ethnic sentiments were not primarily a Soviet invention.
  160. Bailey, F. M. Mission to Tashkent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Reprint of 1946 Jonathan Cape publication of Lieutenant Colonel Bailey’s secret mission in Central Asia aimed at overthrowing the Bolshevik governments. LTC Bailey is one of the better-known British spies who was involved in thwarting Bolshevik intentions in the area.
  161. Bassin, Mark. Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Describes an early chapter of Russian expansion into the Amur region (eastern Siberia) in the 1850s, formalized in treaties with China dated 1858 and 1860. Argues that the motivation was primarily grounded in a poetic vision (“Amur euphoria” in Bassin’s words), not in any objective Russian interest—economic or otherwise. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511493638
  162. Bill, James A., and William Roger Louis, eds. Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988. Half of this book deals with British and American involvement in the crisis over the nationalization of Iranian oil and the coup that overthrew Muhammad Mossadeq.
  163. Blank, Stephen. “Soviet Reconquest of Central Asia.” In Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. Edited by Hafeez Malik, 39–64. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994. A survey and assessment of the Soviet Union’s attempt to reinstitute Russian imperialism in the region.
  164. Dann, Uriel, ed. The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1919–1939. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988. A collection of essays concerning European (British, French, Italian, German, and Soviet) and U.S. involvement in the region and the responses by Middle Eastern leaders and groups to the Western powers’ actions.
  165. Fawcett, Louise L’Estrange. Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Examines the policies of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in one of the first episodes in the Cold War.
  166. Gökay, Bülent. A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997. Examines developments in the Caucasus and Turkey and how they affected the foreign policies and actions of Soviet Russia and Great Britain.
  167. Hopkirk, Peter. Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. British secret service actions in Central Asia following World War I.
  168. Macartney, Lady [Catherine]. An English Lady in Chinese Turkestan. Introduction by Peter Hopkirk. Hong Kong and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Autobiographical sketch of expatriate life in Kashgar (Kashi, 喀什), originally published in 1931. Life in Central Asia as experienced by a young Victorian woman. Her Eurasian husband, George Marcartney (his father was British, mother Chinese), was in charge of the British diplomatic mission in Kashgar from 1890 to 1918, and hence deeply involved in the “Great Game.”
  169. Nazaroff, Paul. Hunted through Central Asia: On the Run from Lenin’s Secret Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Memoirs of an agent charged with overthrowing the Bolsheviks in Central Asia in 1918.
  170.  
  171. Keller, Shoshana. To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign against Islam in Central Asia, 1917–1941. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001.
  172. While the Russian Empire generally left religion alone, the Soviets, especially under Joseph Stalin in 1927, saw Islam as a backward social and political force. Initially, some Muslims unsuccessfully took up arms against the government. However, most Muslims acquiesced to the restrictive policies in public while continuing to practice religious rites in private. In the process, independent Islamic institutions were destroyed.
  173.  
  174. Lenczowski, George. Russia and the West in Iran, 1918–1948: A Study in Big-Power Rivalry. New York: Greenwood, 1968.
  175. During these years, the Soviet Union, Germany, Great Britain, and, later in the period, the United States vied for influence in this strategically important country.
  176.  
  177. Tang, Peter H. S. Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911–1931. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1959.
  178. Argues that, even after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, “modern Russian history is a more or less consistent record of territorial expansion” (p. ix). By 1931, Outer Mongolia was effectively absorbed into the Russian orbit, while in Manchuria competing Japanese ambitions restrained Russian expansion.
  179.  
  180.  
  181. Atabaki, Touraj. “Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism.” In Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Willem van Schendel and Eric J. Zürcher, pp. 65–83. London: I.B. Tauris, 2001.
  182. Before Reza Shah's consolidation of power in the 1920s and his repression of the linguistic and cultural identity of the Azeris, intellectuals in that community opted for Iranian territorial nationalism because they felt threatened by Ottoman pan-Turkish policies.
  183.  
  184. Crews, Robert D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  185. This books mentions that Imperial Russia crafted relations with its Muslim population according to the model of the Ottoman Empire’s millet system.
  186.  
  187. Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
  188. In this well-researched book, the author weaves his analysis around the combination of national, social, ideological, and strategic issues confronting the Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian nationalists in their bid for independence from Russia and the threat from Turkey. It examines the long-held historic and cultural differences and animosities that prevented unity among the Caucasians.
  189.  
  190. Khalid, Adeeb. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  191. Examines the development of Islamic modernism within the Russian Empire. Khalid shows the broader dimensions of the movement and provides information about Ismail Gasprinski, its best-known leader.
  192.  
  193. Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. 2d rev. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  194. This is a survey and analysis of an irredentist ideology and movement, from the time of the late Ottoman Empire through the breakup of the Soviet Union, when it became more concerned with solidarity and cooperation. The author distinguishes between irredentism and Pan-Turanism, which is more expansive in that it includes all peoples whose origins extend back to Central Asia.
  195.  
  196. Hambly, Gavin, et al. Central Asia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. Careful scholarly treatment of evolution of Central Asia, covering three themes—a shifting agricultural world of oases (crops) versus nomads (flocks), the spread of Buddhism and Islam, and interaction with neighboring powers (especially Iran, China, and Russia). First twelve chapters focus on pre-1800; chapters 13–20 (pp. 175–313) focus on 19th and 20th centuries. Extensive bibliography.
  197. Find this resource:
  198. Hostetler, Laura. Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Argues that the Qing empire was “an active participant in a shared world order” (p. 1). Provides extensive analysis of the role of maps and cartography as tools of the ideology of Qing imperialism.
  199. Find this resource:
  200. Lary, Diana, ed. The Chinese State at the Borders. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. Excellent introduction. Discusses Central Asia 1800–1949, both geographically and chronologically, in the wider setting of China’s border regions more generally. Infused with the magisterial scholarship of Alexander Woodside.
  201. Find this resource:
  202. Mackerras, Colin, and Michael Clarke, eds. China, Xinjiang and Central Asia: History, Transition and Crossborder Interaction into the 21st Century. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. Focuses primarily on more recent events in Central Asia, but also discusses extensively the events prior to 1949. On various issues it challenges both the Chinese and the Western (British, Russian, and American) versions of events in the region.
  203. Millward, James A. Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. Essential reading. Explores both economic (commercial) and cultural (ethnic) aspects of Qing empire-building. Argues (pp. 3–4) that in early 19th century the Jiayu Guan was still an important boundary, both in the physical and symbolic sense, but by the late 19th century was an “incongruous relic” of no real significance. Extensive bibliography.
  204. Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005. Even more essential than the works of Millward and Pan, if that is possible. Magisterial scholarship, in the tradition of Joseph Fletcher, Benjamin Schwartz, and Alexander Woodside. Covers political, military, economic, and cultural aspects of the story. Massive bibliography.
  205. Leibold, James. Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and Its Indigenes Became Chinese. New York and Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Does not focus on Xinjiang, but important book nonetheless. Characterized as “a history of how the vast Qing empire became ‘Chinese,’ and more particularly the role played by the new categories of frontier and minority nationalities in constructing political and cultural narratives of Chinese nationhood” (p. 7).
  206. Find this resource:
  207. Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Well-researched introduction to Xinjiang’s history—“from Tienshanosaurus to the twenty-first century” (p. xi). In the author’s words “an overview to the history of a region that has played an important role in world history, but for which there is no good introduction in English” (p. xi).
  208.  
  209. Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arab, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. Essential reading, despite its focus on the Tang dynasty period and earlier. Leads reader to important sources in Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, and other languages. Makes the important point that the conflicts in Central Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries have roots much deeper in history.
  210. Find this resource:
  211. Grunfeld, A. Tom. The Making of Modern Tibet. London: Zed Books, 1987. Argues that China’s role in Tibet was to bring civilization and modernization to a backward people. Co-published by M. E. Sharpe (Armonk, NY).
  212.  
  213. Zhu, Wenzhang (Chu Wen-djang). The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China, 1862–1878: A Study of Government Minority Policy. Central Asiatic Studies 5. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. A study of the uprising, from the perspective of Qing government policy.
  214.  
  215.  
  216.  
  217. BEFORE C. 1900
  218. Peimani, Hooman. Failed Transition, Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. A political and economic assessment of the countries in the region after one decade of independence; the author emphasizes the predominance of authoritarianism and poor economies.
  219. Suny, Ronald Grigor. Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. A collection of articles that were published previously, primarily in the journal Armenian Review and in another book by Suny, Armenia in the Twentieth Century (Chico, CA: Scholar’s Press, 1983).
  220. Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Examines the last two centuries of Azerbaijan’s history, in both Iran and the Caucasus, focusing on the similarities and differences of the people living on both sides of the frontier.
  221. Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. Rev. 2d ed. New York: St. Martin’s, 1990. A well-documented general history of the Armenian people, giving heavy emphasis to developments during the 19th and 20th centuries and including an appendix with numerous biographies. Text is available online.
  222. Altstadt, Audrey L. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992. Aside from a short chapter on the origins and early history of the Azeris, this is an account of Azerbaijan under Russian and Soviet rule, including a brief period of independence following the Second Russian Revolution.
  223. Goldenberg, Suzanne. Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder. London: Zed Books, 1994. This book also covers the North Caucasus and is written by a journalist with a great appreciation of history.
  224. Herzig, Edmund. The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999. A comprehensive and readable overview of politics, international relations, economics, and security issues.
  225. Hiro, Dilip. Between Marx and Muhammad: The Changing Face of Central Asia. London: HarperCollins, 1994. This account of modern history and politics by a well-respected journalist also includes chapters of Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, as the last three are the region’s immediate Muslim neighbors.
  226. Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. 2 vols. New York: St. Martin’s, 2004.This is a very comprehensive and readable history of Armenians in the Middle East and Caucasus, with a couple of chapters on those living in the diaspora. Originally published in 1997, this is the paperback edition.
  227. Hunter, Shireen. The Transcaucasus in Transition: Nation-Building and Conflict. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994. Relates politics and international relations to ethnic, cultural, and historical factors.
  228. Payaslian, Simon. A History of Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. A concise, well-documented, and very readable general history of historical and modern Armenia.
  229. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. A comprehensive history of the Georgian people, from their origins to just after the breakup of the Soviet Union.
  230. Cornell, Svante E. The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan. Washington, DC, and Uppsala, Sweden: The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006. This joint publication of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and Uppsala University examines the historical development of Islam as well as present-day governmental policy, societal currents, and external influences affecting the rise of Islamic groups in Azerbaijan. Available online.
  231. Bennigsen, Alexandre, and S. Enders Wimbush. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1979. Traces the development of the doctrine of Muslim national communism advocated by the Volga Tatar Sultan Galiev. The concept of “proletarian nations” in Central Asia and the Caucasus assisted in reconciling Marxist nationalism with Islam.
  232. Bennigsen, Alexandre, and S. Enders Wimbush. Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Sufi mysticism, which is popular in the Caucasus, has historically served as a mechanism for nearly all Muslim resistance to Russian and Soviet rule. This study reviews and analyzes the organization of Sufism in the region.
  233. Crews, Robert D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. This is a study and analysis of the Russian Empire’s policies toward its Muslim subjects. Russia developed an arrangement similar to the Ottoman “millet” system that had broad support.
  234. Hunter, Shireen T. Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. Some of the most useful sections of this book are chapters 1 and 8, which deal with historical background under the Russian Empire and Soviet Union and post-1991 Russian policy toward Central Asia and the South Caucasus, respectively. Other chapters touch upon Russia’s policies in the North Caucasus and other Islamic regions and their connection to foreign relations with countries in the Islamic world.
  235. Yemelianova, Galina M. Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2002. This book, which begins its coverage with the Turkic Khazars’ encounters with proto-Russians, devotes more than half its coverage to the Caucasus and Central Asia. One chapter, titled “Chechnya and Political Islam,” exclusively deals with the region.
  236. Pelkmans, Mathijs. Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. This is an excellent anthropological study that deals with the historically shifting borderland between Christian Russia/Soviet Union and Georgia on one hand and the Muslim Ottoman Empire/Turkey on the other hand.
  237. Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. A study of the history of the Armenians, primarily from March 1917, the time of the first Russian Revolution, to October 1918, the time of the Mudros armistice ending Ottoman participation in World War I. Hovannisian followed up this work with a multivolume study of Armenia’s brief period of independence right after World War I.
  238. Libardian, Gerard J. The Challenge of Statehood: Armenian Political Thinking since Independence. Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1999. An account of Armenian politics during the first decade of independence by a former senior advisor to independent Armenia’s first president, Levon Ter-Petrossian.
  239. Masih, Joseph R., and Robert O. Krikorian. Armenia: At the Crossroads. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1999. A survey of the politics, international relations, and economics of independent Armenia.
  240. Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1962. A good study and rare English-language monograph dealing specifically with this period in history.
  241. Mostashari, Firouzeh. On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. Focuses on the Russian colonization and administration of Azerbaijan during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
  242. Swietchowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Deals with the largest national group in the South Caucasus during the period from the 1905 Revolution in Russia until the Soviet conquest of Azerbaijan.
  243. Gammer, Moshe. The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006. Examines the conflict between the Russia and the Chechen people from the 16th century until the recent wars, and in the process provides a comprehensive examination of modern Chechen history.
  244. Hughes, James. Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. A thorough study of the recent conflict in Chechnya, from its causes to its transformation over the years from a secular struggle to a religious calling. Hughes deals with the uses of terrorism and how Chechnya compares with other nationalist and ethnic conflicts.
  245. Jones, Stephen F. Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2005. Examines the rise of the Social Democratic movement in a country where the Mensheviks were the dominant party during Georgia’s brief period of independence following World War I.
  246. Lang, David Marshall. The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957. This is a good study and a rare English-language monograph of this time period in history.
  247. Wheatley, Jonathan. Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005. A useful study of the political development of independent Georgia. The work began as a project by Wheatley to investigate democratization.
  248. Lynch, Dov. Engaging Eurasia’s Separatist States: Unresolved Conflicts and De Facto States. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2004. This book, which deals with Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Transnistria (a territory that separated from Moldova), examines the political, military, and economic dynamics—both internal and external—behind the continuing existence of those separatist territories as possible solutions to these problems.
  249. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Macmillan, 2006. A well-researched account by a Turkish historian that explains how Ottoman authorities initiated actions against the Armenians during World War I.
  250. Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005. This well-researched account by an American historian points out that two different historiographies have developed concerning the events of World War I; he states that there is a difference between ineptness and premeditation on the part of the Ottoman regime, and he accepts the former as the most reasonable explanation.
  251. Gökay, Bülent. A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923. London: I.B. Tauris, 1997. Examines developments in the Caucasus and Turkey and how they affected the foreign policies and actions of Soviet Russia and Great Britain.
  252. Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921). Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1981. This book, originally published in 1951, integrates the history of the respective states of South Caucasus during a brief period of independence.
  253. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Baku Commune, 1917–1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972. A study of the short-lived Bolshevik regime that was separate from the independent state of Azerbaijan.
  254. Atkin, Muriel. Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980. A study of an important time period, during which Russia took the territories of Dagestan and Azerbaijan from the newly established Iranian Qajar dynasty.
  255. Fawcett, Louise L‘Estrange. Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. When the crisis ended, leaders from the Azerbaijan People’s Republic fled to Soviet Azerbaijan. This book examines the Azerbaijan Democratic Party’s impact on this crisis, as well as the policies of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States.
  256. Khodarkovsky, Michael. Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. This study examines Russia’s objectives, expansion into the region, and the policies it adopted in areas to the south and southeast of the Slavic core of the state just prior to its conquest of the Caucasus.
  257. Lenczowski, George. Russia and the West in Iran, 1918–1948: A Study in Big-Power Rivalry. 1949. Reprint, New York: Greenwood, 1968. A good part of this book examines the Soviet conquest of South Caucasus and subsequent attempts to exert Russian influence in Iran, including the Azerbaijan region.
  258. Seely, Robert. The Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace. London: Routledge, 2000. The bulk of the book is concerned with the politics of the conflict and Russia’s military performance in the two wars following the breakup of the Soviet Union.
  259. Cornell, Svante E. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001. This excellent and comprehensive study examines the underlying factors in all the recent Caucasian conflicts, their contemporary history, and the interests of Russia, Turkey, Iran, and the United States in these developments.
  260. Rubinstein, Alvin Z., and Oles M. Smolansky. Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia: Russia, Turkey, and Iran. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1995. This volume emphasizes the bilateral relations of these three countries with each other regarding the South Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as with some of the other countries in the region.
  261. Winrow, Gareth M. Turkey and the Caucasus: Domestic Interests and Security Concerns. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000. Deals with all aspects of Turkish policymaking regarding the Caucasus, including the role of both the state and society. Winrow examines security, economic, and energy issues, as well as ethnic sentiment.
  262. Barthold, V. V. Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Translated by V. Minorsky and T. Minorsky. 3 vols. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1962. English translations of works by the eminent Russian scholar that come close to spanning the entire Islamic period, albeit each for limited parts of Central Asia.
  263. Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1992. The most solid, rigorous introduction to the ethnic and political history of Central Asia’s Turkic peoples (in the context of a broader study).
  264. McChesney, R. D. Central Asia: Foundations of Change. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1996. The best, most readable guide for introducing those familiar with contemporary Central Asia to the region’s Islamic past, with a focus on settled regions. Includes excellent discussions of the economics of shrine traditions and of patterns of hereditary power and prestige.
  265. Barthold, V. V. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. Translated by V. Minorsky and T. Minorsky; edited by C. E. Bosworth. 4th ed. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, n.s., 5. London: E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust, 1977. Still the essential work on the pre-Mongol era (the English translation includes a supplementary chapter on Mongol rule into the second half of the 13th century).
  266. Frye, Richard N. Bukhara: The Medieval Achievement. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 1997. A more readable narrative introducing Central Asian history from the Arab conquest down to the 12th century, with a particular focus on the Samanids. Originally published in 1965 by the University of Oklahoma Press.
  267. Daniel, Elton L. The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule, 747–820. Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1979. Good study of Central Asia during the consolidation of Abbasid rule, including the series of revolts led by millenarian religious figures.
  268. Frye, Richard N. The Golden Age of Persia: The Arabs in the East. London: Weidenfeld, 1975. Useful study of the early Islamic era, with pp. 74–103 and 126–149 on Central Asia.
  269. Gibb, H.A.R. The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. New York: AMS, 1970. Originally published in 1923, this volume retains its use for the period of the initial Arab conquests.
  270. Biran, Michal. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005. A good study of the Qarakhitay empire, with attention to both Chinese and Islamic sources.
  271. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994–1040. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963. The classic study of the early Ghaznavids.
  272. Lambton, Ann K. S. Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic, and Social History, 11th–14th Century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988. An excellent study, with relevance to Central Asia under the Saljuqs, Khwarazmshahs, and Mongols.
  273. Bulliet, Richard W. The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. Classic study of Hanafi-Shafiʿi rivalries in a major city of Khurasan.
  274. Karamustafa, Ahmet T. Sufism: The Formative Period. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Now the best overview of the emergence of Sufism in Central Asia and its relationship with earlier mystical currents; see especially pp. 43–51 and 60–71 for Central Asia.
  275. Biran, Michal. Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1997. Important study of the state formed by the Ögedeyid Qaydu, with Chaghatayid support, in the second half of the 13th century.
  276. Golombek, Lisa, and Donald Wilber. The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. Illustrated study of Timurid-era architectural monuments of Central Asia and Iran.
  277. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989. The standard work on the career of Timur.
  278. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Good recent study covering Timurid history through the reign of Shahrukh (d. 1447).
  279. O’Kane, Bernard. Timurid Architecture in Khurasan. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 1987. Study of Timurid-era architectural monuments, with attention to the social and religious constituencies who benefited from Timurid patronage.
  280. Subtelny, Maria Eva. Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2007. Valuable study of the Timurid era in Iran and Central Asia, especially important for the second half of the 15th century.
  281. Bashir, Shahzad. Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. Excellent study of the life and long legacy of Sayyid Muhammad Nurbakhsh, a 15th-century Sufi who claimed to be the Mahdi.
  282. Burton, Audrey. The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550–1702. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997. An excellent guide to the indigenous sources on Bukhara from the rise of ʿAbdullah Khan to the late Ashtarkhanid period.
  283. McChesney, R. D. Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480–1889. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. An essential work, focused on the shrine of ʿAli near Balkh (present-day Mazar e Sharif in northern Afghanistan); a model exploration of an important institution, drawing on documentary and narrative sources.
  284. Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. An overview of the region’s incorporation into the Qing empire (it does not reflect the direct use of Islamic sources, however).
  285. Holdsworth, Mary. Turkestan in the Nineteenth Century: A Brief History of the Khanates of Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva. Oxford, Central Asian Research Centre, 1959. A brief but useful survey of the three khanates’ political, economic, and cultural history, based on Russian sources.
  286. Saray, Mehmet. “The Russian Conquest of Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey 1, no. 2–3 (1982): 1–30. A good, brief survey of the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia.
  287. Lee, J. L. The “Ancient Supremacy”: Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1996. A substantial study of the Manghit-Afghan rivalry over Balkh.
  288. Saray, Mehmet. The Turkmens in the Age of Imperialism: A Study of the Turkmen People and Their Incorporation into the Russian Empire. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Historical Society, 1989. Includes bibliographical reference and index.
  289. Benson, Linda. The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang 1944–1949. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990. A close study of an episode from the history of Eastern Turkistan just prior to the Communist victory in China.
  290. Forbes, Andrew D. W. Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. A survey of the 20th-century history of Eastern Turkistan prior to the establishment of the PRC.
  291. Kim, Hodong. Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004. Now the standard work on the revolts in various towns of Eastern Turkistan against Qing rule in the second half of the 19th century.
  292. Millward, James A. Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. A survey of the history of Eastern Turkistan under Qing rule.
  293. Becker, Seymour. Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968. A study of the two khanates left as Russian protectorates under Tsarist rule, based exclusively on Russian sources. Reprinted by Routledge in 2004.
  294. Crews, Robert D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Good study of the complexities and mutual dependencies of “colonial” rule in Central Asia, with attention to the Muslims of the Russian empire more broadly.
  295. Geiss, Paul Georg. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia: Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. London: Routledge, 2003. Attempts to reassess the impact of the political changes entailed by Russian rule at the communal level. Coverage of the Tsarist era is better than of the “pre-Tsarist” era.
  296. Khalid, Adeeb. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Now the best survey of the “reformist” Muslim groups active in Central Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Continues the Western tendency to privilege the jadidists at the expense of the broader currents of religious and cultural life in Central Asia at the time.
  297. Morrison, A. S. Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Compares structures and policies of Tsarist rule in Samarqand with those of the Raj.
  298. Pierce, Richard A. Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: A Study in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960. Long the sole Western study of the Tsarist era in Central Asia; still useful for administrative history. Based on Russian sources.
  299. Sahadeo, Jeff. Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. A useful study of Russian society in Tsarist Tashkent, though it makes no use of indigenous perspectives on Russian society or Russian rule.
  300. Sokol, Edward Dennis. The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series LXXI, no. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1954. Still the best study of an important event in Tsarist Central Asia that has failed to attract the attention it deserves.
  301. Frank, Allen J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2001. Excellent examination of Muslim life in late imperial Russia, based on a previously unknown manuscript source. This work is an important corrective to studies that emphasize the thin layer of “reformist” Muslims or that stress the “ethnic” hostility supposedly engendered by colonial rule among the Muslims of Russia.
  302. Bennigsen, Alexandre, and Chantal Lemercier Quelquejay. Islam in the Soviet Union. New York: Praeger, 1967. The classic presentation of the most widespread approach to Islam in Central Asia and elsewhere in the Soviet world. Flawed for the Soviet period, but of some value for the history of Tsarist times and the revolutionary era.
  303. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. An eminently readable account of Islam in Central Asia (especially Uzbekistan) during Soviet and post-Soviet times. Parts with the Sovietological approach in many respects but retains it in others, above all in assumptions of the primacy of national identities.
  304. Poliakov, Sergei P. Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. Translated by Anthony Olcott, edited by Martha Brill Olcott. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992. This work, by a Soviet ethnographer, is a useful example, in English, of the combination of prescriptive approach and cultural condescension that often shocks readers unfamiliar with Soviet-era discourse about Islam and about Central Asians.
  305. Ro’i, Yaacov. Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. A substantial study reflecting extensive archival research, but flawed by the Sovietological interpretative framework that yields at best a partial understanding of Islam in the Soviet context.
  306. Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. New York: New York University Press, 2000. Explores the Soviet and post-Soviet developments in the national formations of Central Asia; largely Sovietological with regard to religious matters.
  307. Bacon, Elizabeth. Central Asians under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966. An old but still useful study reflecting changes in Central Asian life.
  308. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. A good survey of Soviet-era policies and practices regarding national formations, marred by neglect of indigenous traditions, of pre-Soviet history, and of the complexities of the relationships between “national” attachments and other modes of identity.
  309. Kamp, Marianne. The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006. Explores women’s lives in the context of the “Hujum” campaign and beyond, utilizing archival materials and, especially, extensive oral histories.
  310. Massell, Gregory J. The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919–1929. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974. The classic early study of the “Hujum” campaign in Central Asia and the development of Soviet policies regarding the status of women.
  311. Northrop, Douglas. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. A new examination of the “Hujum” campaign and its aftermath, chiefly in Uzbekistan, based on extensive archival materials.
  312. Louw, Maria Elisabeth. Everyday Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia. London: Routledge, 2007. Based on fieldwork in Bukhara, this work offers sensitive and insightful interpretations of the moral aspects of Muslim religious life in post-Soviet Uzbekistan, marred only by a neglect of historical contextualization.
  313. Privratsky, Bruce G. Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001. An excellent, pathbreaking study of Qazaq religious life, breaking from entrenched interpretative patterns.
  314. Etkind, Alexander. 2011. Internal colonization: Russia’s imperial experience. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
  315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316. Traces Imperial Russia’s “internal” conquest and colonization, from the enormous territorial expansion wrought by the fur trade during the 18th century through the empire’s collapse in 1917.
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