Structure 2013-09-06 Past Perfect & Progressive

p. 39 A
1 transformed
2 enthusiastic (adj)
enthusiastically (adv): in an enthusiastic way
3 conducted
4 ethnic
5 participated
6 contract
disappointed: unhappy because something was worse than you expected (If "Gustavo the Great" had not conducted that concert, they would have been disappointed.)
turn four: have a 4th birthday; become 4 years old
p. 40 B
1 He started taking music lessons.
2 He turned four.
 (He had started lessons before he turned four.)
3 He became part of El Sistema.
4 The music saved him.
5 He became conductor of the Simon Bolivar ...
6 He became music director of the LA Philharmonic.
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circumstances: the conditions or situations around you
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When I got home, you started to read the paper.
= First I got home, then you started to read.

When I got home, you had started to read the paper.
= First you started to read, then I got home.

(Past Perfect verbs happened first.)
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by 2008, by June 14, by graduation
by the time I started school, by the time she graduated
= before this time, usually with a perfect tense

By 2008, she had already written three books.
= she wrote these books before 2008

You must send your payment by Friday.
= You have to send it before Friday.

She had written 3 books by 2008.
She wrote 3 books before 2008. ("before" is often with simple past)
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Past perfect to tell the order things happened is not very common in conversation.
It is most common in the following situations:
- Stories (main actions are in the simple past, flashbacks and memories are in the past perfect)
- Conditionals (unreal past conditions are in past perfect)
- Reported speech (units 25-26) - "She said that she had paid the day before."
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By 2008, she had already written three books, but she hadn't yet finished her fourth book.
 (She hadn't finished it by 2008, but she finished it in 2009, for example.)
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I just finished this book. = 5 minutes ago
I had just finished this book when you called.
= 5 minutes before you called
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p. 43 Exercise 2
2 had already begun
3 hadn't yet begun
4 hadn't yet become (by the beginning of 1999)
  had already become (by the end of 1999)
5 had already won
6 hadn't yet gotten
7 had already moved
By the time he got married, he had already won a conducting prize.
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p. 44 Exercise 3 (questions and short answers)
2 Had she started
  Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
3 Had she eaten
  Yes, she had.
4 Had she had
  No, she hadn't.
5 Had she shopped
  No, she hadn't.
6 Had she done
  Yes, she had.
7 Had she ordered
  Yes, she had.
8 Had she eaten
  No, she hadn't.
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She had had her cello lesson.
I know that that book is difficult.
I thought that that had had an extra battery.
I thought      that'd   had an extra battery.
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I'd = I had / I would
I'd like it. = I would like it. (would + base form)
I'd liked it. = I had liked it. (had + past part.)
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Homework: Exercise 4 (45), Exercise 6 (46-47)