2020-03-31 TOEFL: word roots, reading organize

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
---
Word Roots (list 4) - with your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = image/symbol
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiot) = one’s own / peculiar
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in
	spelling:
	il before L
	im before P, B, M (imbue, imbalance, immerse, immobile)
	ir before R
	in before everything else (inactive, increase, indominable, ineffable, infect, ingratiate, inhabit, etc.)
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under
inter (interview, international, intercept) = between/among (between is dual)
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into/inward
ject (interject, eject, inject) = throw/push
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = movement (The Latin spelling of this root is “cine”.)
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = word/reading
	(“lect” means “choose” or “pick” in the words “select”, “elect”, and “collect”)
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = big
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality/importance)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (also the unit prefix for 1,000,000)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis, metabolism) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (metacognition is thinking about thought)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe) = small/tiny (also the unit prefix for 1/1,000,000
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = incorrect
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue) = one
---
TOEFL: 4 sections, 3.5 hours, 120 points total (30/section), $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 9-10 questions per passage
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5-7 listenings (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures or discussions)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s of total speaking time, recorded on the computer
4 writing: 55 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
---
Reading Question Types:
- fact (According to the text, which of these is true?)
- negative fact (According to the text, all of these are true EXCEPT:)
- purpose/method (Why or how does the author do something?
- paraphrase (Which sentence best expresses the essential information of the sentence in the text?)
- vocabulary (Which word is closest in meaning to the word in the text?)
- inference (What conclusion can you draw from information in the text?)
- reference (What does a pronoun in the text refer to?)
- sentence insertion (Where should the new sentence go?)
- summary (Choose the three most important ideas from six answer choices.)
- organize/categorize (Put the answer choices into the correct category out of two or three.)
---
Organization questions are similar to fact questions, they simply have multiple parts to the same question.
---
BREAK
---
Organization questions have two unused answer choices. These might be statements that are true of multiple/all the categories, or they might be true of none of them.
---
Cambridge exercise R24
1 - take 2 minutes to skim the passage and answer the question
	Underground: A D
	Conventional: B E
- A strategy for answering this type of question quickly is to scan the text for each answer choice, and try to see which category that choice fits into.
- Sometimes, the text is organized so that all the answers for one category will be in the first half of the passage, and all the answers for the second category will be in the second half, but this is not always true.
2 - 2 minutes again
	Early: D E (“no longer” = they were before) (“in good condition for battle” = this helped them when they had to fight battles, but the duels were not battles themselves)
	Later: A C
3 - 3 minutes
	Ringtaw: A D (“the circle” means there’s just one total)
	Fortification: C E (“one at a time” means there are several total
4 - 4 minutes (try to identify where in the text each answer choice can be found)
	Artificial: A D (“these all-purpose resorts” refers to the artificial ones)
	Traditional: C E
“Unlike some traditional vacation spots, such as beach resorts that have destroyed the beauty of the area and have put heavy burdens on the infrastructure of coastal villages not designed for a large influx of people, these all-purpose resorts were carefully planned to accommodate large numbers of tourists.”
5 - 6 minutes. Check with your parnter and try to convince them if you disagree.
	Exist: D E H
	Don’t exist: A B F I
6 - 6 minutes. (Note that the stages are described in order, so it shouldn’t be hard to find sentences about each answer choice in the text.)
	First Four: A D G I
	Final: C F H
---
Homework: Finish the handout (Cengage, passages 1-5)