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Chaco Canyon and Other Early Art in the North American SW

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Mar 15th, 2018
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  1. Introduction
  2. For approximately 7000 years, the North American Southwest has been home to a variety of Native American cultures and art styles. By c. 2000 BCE (and probably earlier), several distinct traditions had emerged in different portions of the region, defined today primarily by Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona and including a portion of adjoining northwestern Mexico and far west Texas. The most widespread and longest-lived of these cultures is the Ancient Puebloan tradition (aka Anasazi), with modern-day living descendants in Puebloan communities in northern New Mexico and Arizona. But a number of other contemporary indigenous cultures and styles existed alongside the Puebloan tradition prior to the 16th century, including the Mogollon of southern New Mexico and northern Mexico, the Hohokam of southern Arizona, the Fremont of central and northern Utah, and the Sinagua and Salado of central Arizona. Some of these cultures shared numerous artistic and design elements with Ancient Puebloans, while others exhibit distinctly different art styles. In addition, the period between c. 900 and 1140 CE saw the florescence of the so-called Chaco Phenomenon, centered in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Although this period is part of the Ancient Puebloan tradition, it has long been recognized by archaeologists and historians alike as arguably the most dynamic and extraordinary period of artistic accomplishment in the entire Puebloan tradition. Yet, rather ironically, its art forms are often distinctly different from the broadly defined traditional Puebloan style, so along with the other non-Puebloan styles, a separate section is included for Chaco Canyon scholarship. A substantial amount of anthropological scholarship exists for these various cultures and styles, but dedicated art historical scholarship is relatively recent and often dominated by anthropological method and theory (see Oxford Bibliographies Native North American Art, Pre-Contact). Archaeological interest in and scholarly research on these cultures emerged only in the 19th century. Though primarily archaeological in nature, many of these early reports are still valuable to art historians for establishing context and providing original descriptions and early photographs and illustrations. Not until the 1970s did distinctly art historical scholarship begin to emerge from a generation of academic art historians. Though closely related (art history is in fact often considered a subdiscipline of the broader field of anthropology), art historical scholarship typically focuses on issues of form, technique and materials, and what art styles and imagery reveal about the symbolic and ideological aspects of culture.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. An abundant number of good, comprehensive general overviews exist for Southwestern art, architectural styles, and mediums. Those listed here are considered most valuable for their synthesis of anthropological, archaeological, and art historical approaches. These overviews are primarily archeological in their focus and consider these traditions in a variety of contexts. Well-illustrated volumes with especially strong art historical focus, though limited in number, include Brody 1990 and Bruggmann and Acatos 1990 (both cited under Art Historical Overviews), Cordell 1994, Rohn and Ferguson 2006, and Morgan 1994 (cited under Regional Chaco Canyon Architectural Studies). Comprehensive overviews that consider the Ancient Puebloan tradition within the broader context of the Greater Southwest paradigm include Plog 2008 and Lekson 2009. Each volume includes discussion of primary methods and theory for each area of interest. Excellent recent overviews of Chaco Canyon include Frazier 1986 and Vivian and Hilpert 2002 (both cited under Overviews and Archaeological Histories).
  6.  
  7. North American Overviews
  8. The following entries provide broad introduction and review of the archaeology and prehistory of Ancient North America, including discussions of the ancient Southwest and Chaco Canyon. Fiedel 1992 presents a comprehensive archaeological overview of the entire prehistoric Western Hemisphere, providing a broad context for interpreting the ancient Southwestern traditions. Thomas 1994 and Willey 1966 present overviews of the archaeological history of the North American continent, including both Mesoamerican and North American traditions. Although presented as a “guide,” Thomas 1994 includes a focused consideration of Chaco Canyon in context with the Greater Southwest. Willey 1966 is part of a two-volume set focusing on the archaeological and ethnographic history of research on American Archaeology (volume 2 in this set focuses on South America). Sturtevant 1978–1997 is a long-running series of collected archaeological and ethnohistoric essays focused on North American Indian traditions, organized into discreet volumes devoted to different major tribes or regions. Volumes 9 and 10 are devoted specifically to the American Southwest.
  9.  
  10. Fiedel, Stuart J. Prehistory of the Americas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  11.  
  12. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139170345Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  13.  
  14. Provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of archaeological investigation in all major areas of the ancient Americas, including the ancient North American Southwest. Limited graphics but useful for considering the ancient Southwest from a broad, hemispherical perspective, especially architectural styles. Black-and-white illustrations throughout.
  15.  
  16. Find this resource:
  17.  
  18. Sturtevant, William C., ed. Handbook of North American Indians. 17 vols. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978–1997.
  19.  
  20. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  21.  
  22. An extensive collection of essays from different specialists on all aspects of indigenous peoples of North America, past and present. Volume 9, Southwest (1979), edited by Alfonso Ortiz, focuses on Southwestern prehistory, culture, archaeology, and art. Of particular art historical note are essays by Fred Plog, Linda S. Cordell, Richard B. Woodbury, J. O. Brew, and J. J. Brody. An essential resource for any research on Southwestern Native American culture.
  23.  
  24. Find this resource:
  25.  
  26. Thomas, David Hurst. Exploring Ancient Native America: An Archaeological Guide. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
  27.  
  28. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  29.  
  30. Thomas is the curator in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, which houses a large collection of artifacts from the ancient Southwest. This text provides general overviews and descriptions of major archaeological sites throughout the country, including Chaco Canyon.
  31.  
  32. Find this resource:
  33.  
  34. Willey, Gordon R. An Introduction to American Archaeology. Vol. 1, North and Middle America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966.
  35.  
  36. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  37.  
  38. A large volume devoted to a summary of North American archaeology, including Mesoamerica. The Anasazi tradition comprises some 21 pages of text and black-and-white illustrations; pp. 199–220). Discussion covers all major art forms: ceramics, architecture, fiber arts, sculpture) but minimal rock art or mural painting. Still useful, though somewhat outdated.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
  41.  
  42. Regional Introductions and Overviews
  43. The following entries introduce the major cultures of the ancient Southwestern region from both archaeological and thematic perspectives. Focused on the Ancient Puebloan tradition, these are good basic sources for understanding the nature of the various ancient major cultures that coexisted in the region between c. 300 CE and 1300 CE. Ambler 1977 and Rohn and Ferguson 2006 provide basic introductions to the major art and architectural forms specific to the Anasazi/Pueblo tradition, though geared primarily to the novice reader. Cheek 1994, Cordell 1994, Pike and Muench 1974, and Plog 2008 all present more in-depth overviews of the greater Southwest, including Ancient Puebloan and non-Puebloan styles. LeBlanc 1999 presents a more focused thematic, rather than archaeological, approach to the ancient Southwestern traditions, also with emphasis on the Anasazi/Pueblo tradition.
  44.  
  45. Ambler, J. Richard. The Anasazi. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona, 1977.
  46.  
  47. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  48.  
  49. A short introduction to the major art forms of the Anasazi for the novice reader. Chapters focus on specific media (architecture, clothing and adornment, basketry and textiles, and pottery), with a single later chapter on “Religious Life.” Not a particularly in-depth analysis, but it is well illustrated with numerous color images.
  50.  
  51. Find this resource:
  52.  
  53. Cheek, Lawrence W. A.D. 1250: Ancient Peoples of the Southwest. Phoenix: Arizona Highways, 1994.
  54.  
  55. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  56.  
  57. Provides a general introduction to the arts and architecture of the ancient Southwest, with good color illustrations. Not especially critical or in-depth scholarship, designed primarily for the avocational student or tourist.
  58.  
  59. Find this resource:
  60.  
  61. Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Montreal: St. Remy, 1994.
  62.  
  63. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  64.  
  65. Part of the series Exploring the Ancient World published by St. Remy Press and The Smithsonian Institution. This volume presents a well-researched and highly readable, though not especially insightful, overview of the entire Puebloan and Chacoan traditions, both ancient and modern.
  66.  
  67. Find this resource:
  68.  
  69. LeBlanc, Steven A. Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.
  70.  
  71. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  72.  
  73. A focused thematic anthropological analysis of archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence for warfare activities from a variety of ancient Southwestern cultures, including Chaco Canyon and Mimbres ceramics. Relies primarily on spatial organization, architectural planning and design, and presumed room usage. Limited black-and-white illustrations.
  74.  
  75. Find this resource:
  76.  
  77. Pike, Donald G., and David Muench. Anasazi: Ancient People of the Rock. New York: Harmony, 1974.
  78.  
  79. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  80.  
  81. An extravagantly illustrated, broad introduction to Anasazi culture, along with related neighboring Sinagua and Salado cultures, primarily for the novice reader. Not critically or intellectually in-depth but useful for the photographs.
  82.  
  83. Find this resource:
  84.  
  85. Plog, Stephen. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. 2d ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.
  86.  
  87. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  88.  
  89. A recent general archaeological overview of the ancient Southwest. The Ancient Puebloan tradition is discussed in conjunction with other contemporary ancient traditions throughout. Chapters are organized along major chronological periods rather than by culture. Primarily an archeological interpretation but some art historical description and interpretation mixed throughout.
  90.  
  91. Find this resource:
  92.  
  93. Rohn, Arthur H., and William M. Ferguson. Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
  94.  
  95. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  96.  
  97. An updated edition of a work originally published in 1987. Rohn, an archaeologist, and Ferguson, a lawyer by profession, provide a broad introduction to ancient Anasazi/Pueblo culture with detailed descriptions of numerous major sites and associated art works. The volume is organized along basic chronological sequences. Excellent introduction to the region. Outstanding color illustrations, including numerous aerial photographs.
  98.  
  99. Find this resource:
  100.  
  101. Archaeological Summaries and Overviews
  102. The following entries summarize and interpret the archaeological history of Chaco Canyon and other regional cultures. Although heavily anthropological in theory and approach, the selected entries also rely heavily on interpretations of art and architecture. Lekson 2009 and McGregor 1982 provide broad overviews of the entire Southwest, while Jennings 1978, Reid and Whittlesey 1997, and Schroedl 1979 provide state-specific overviews. Lister and Lister 1983 focuses on archaeology associated specifically with the national park system; University of Colorado Museum 1985 covers the wide-ranging career of pioneering archaeologist Earl Morris.
  103.  
  104. Jennings, Jesse D. Prehistory of Utah and the Eastern Great Basin. Anthropological Papers 98. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1978.
  105.  
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107.  
  108. A slightly dated but still excellent general overview of Utah prehistory, organized with a focus on material culture and art works. Includes comparative analyses of the earliest examples of engraved and painted stones, split-twig figurines, carved bone, ceramics, and fiber arts. Good black-and-white illustrations.
  109.  
  110. Find this resource:
  111.  
  112. Lekson, Stephen H. A History of the Ancient Southwest. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, 2009.
  113.  
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115.  
  116. Synthesizes the ancient culture history with the actual archaeological record of the ancient Southwest. Though written in a familiar but rather informal style, the advanced content is not for the novice reader. Valuable for its extensive use of ancient Puebloan architectural styles as measures of cultural evolution and interaction. Limited black-and-white illustrations.
  117.  
  118. Find this resource:
  119.  
  120. Lister, Robert H., and Florence C. Lister. Those Who Came Before: Southwestern Archeology in the National Park System. Tucson: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, University of Arizona Press, 1983.
  121.  
  122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123.  
  124. A basic introduction by a noted archaeologist to ancient Southwestern culture areas administered through the National Park Service. Includes a basic history of archaeology for each area and a review of the cultural designations: Anasazi, Mogollon, and others. Good illustrations of early photography of the sites prior to archaeological restoration.
  125.  
  126. Find this resource:
  127.  
  128. McGregor, John C. Southwestern Archaeology. 2d ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
  129.  
  130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131.  
  132. Presents an early general introduction to ancient Southwestern cultures, with basic comparative analyses of items of material culture and architecture. Black-and-white illustrations.
  133.  
  134. Find this resource:
  135.  
  136. Reid, Jefferson, and Stephanie Whittlesey. The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997.
  137.  
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139.  
  140. A general introduction to the prehistory of Arizona, with discussion of Hohokam, Sinagua, Salado, Mogollon, and other related early cultures. Well illustrated; extensive use of artifacts to reconstruct various aspects of ancient ideologies and behavior.
  141.  
  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144. Schroedl, Alan R. A Selected Bibliography of Utah Archeology. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 102. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1979.
  145.  
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147.  
  148. An extended bibliography of archaeological reports and publications specific to Utah prehistory. Includes numerous citations on Ancient Puebloan ceramics, rock art, figurines, and fiber arts.
  149.  
  150. Find this resource:
  151.  
  152. University of Colorado Museum. Among Ancient Ruins: The Legacy of Earl H. Morris. Edited by Frederick W. Lange and Diana Leonard. Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1985.
  153.  
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155.  
  156. This University of Colorado publication presents a brief review of the career of early Southwestern archaeologist Earl H. Morris, with a photography catalogue. Excellent, rarely seen examples of archival photographs of archaeological work conducted by Morris, including original context of many objects from Ancient Puebloan and Chaco sites.
  157.  
  158. Find this resource:
  159.  
  160. Art Historical Overviews
  161. The relatively small number of overviews actually written by art historians includes an excellent study, Brody 1990, which focuses specifically on Anasazi art and architecture, and Bruggmann and Acatos 1990, which covers the entire Southwest.
  162.  
  163. Brody, J. J. The Anasazi: Ancient Indian People of the American Southwest. New York: Rizzoli, 1990.
  164.  
  165. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  166.  
  167. One of the best-illustrated general surveys of Anasazi art and architecture. Brody brings the perspective of an art historian to bear on the subject. All aspects and forms of Anasazi art and architecture are considered, complemented by numerous high-quality illustrations. Still considered a primary resource.
  168.  
  169. Find this resource:
  170.  
  171. Bruggmann, Maximilien, and Sylvio Acatos. Pueblos: Prehistoric Indian Cultures of the Southwest. New York, Oxford: Facts on File, 1990.
  172.  
  173. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  174.  
  175. A lavishly illustrated overview of the art of the entire Ancient Puebloan tradition presented by Bruggmann, a professional photographer, and Acatos, an art historian. Chapters are organized by media and form, rather than chronologically. Though not as intellectually probing as more scholarly works, it is still invaluable for its high-quality color illustrations.
  176.  
  177. Find this resource:
  178.  
  179. Periodicals
  180. Listings in this section range from highly popular magazines such as National Geographic to highly focused professional journals generally not intended for the uninitiated reader. The listings are grouped by the principle geographic region of their target audience or specific area of specialization. Most maintain current websites.
  181.  
  182. National
  183. These publications, though primarily anthropological in approach, frequently present art historical analyses and interpretations to a national (often international) audience. American Anthropologist, National Geographic, and American Antiquity have historically served as primary national venues for archaeological reporting.
  184.  
  185. American Anthropologist. 1888–.
  186.  
  187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  188.  
  189. American Anthropologist is the quarterly journal of the American Anthropological Association presenting collected essays by a variety of scholars on all aspects of American archaeology, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art and architecture.
  190.  
  191. Find this resource:
  192.  
  193. American Antiquity. 1936–.
  194.  
  195. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  196.  
  197. American Antiquity is the quarterly journal of the Society for American Archaeology. The standard professional journal for American archaeology, it has routinely presented professional essays on all aspects of Ancient Puebloan prehistory and culture. Though dominated by advanced anthropological theory and methods, it is still a prime source for current and original scholarship.
  198.  
  199. Find this resource:
  200.  
  201. National Geographic. 1888–.
  202.  
  203. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  204.  
  205. Earlier editions of this popular magazine, prior to c. 1950, were primary publishing venues for original archaeological reports on many Anasazi and Ancient Puebloan topics from the Southwest, including the earliest published archaeology reports on Chaco Canyon (see Judd 1925, cited under Chaco Canyon: Other Arts: Overviews).
  206.  
  207. Find this resource:
  208.  
  209. Regional
  210. These publications, though primarily archaeological in nature, frequently present art historical analyses and interpretations of Ancient Puebloan objects to a regionally defined audience. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, KIVA, Arizona Archaeologist, Southwestern Lore, and the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology focus on topics related to specific states. Plateau and the Masterkey for Indian Lore and History have historically presented research on topics specifically related to their relative museum collections, the Museum of Northern Arizona and the Southwest Museum, respectively. Exploration, Annual Bulletin of the School of American Research presents dedicated volumes on a single topic, theme, or site from across the Southwest. The Journal of Anthropological Research is another source.
  211.  
  212. Arizona Archaeologist. 1967–.
  213.  
  214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215.  
  216. The Arizona Archaeologist is the annual journal of the Arizona Archaeological Society presenting collected essays by a variety of scholars on all aspects of Arizona archaeology, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art and architecture.
  217.  
  218. Find this resource:
  219.  
  220. Exploration, Annual Bulletin of the School of American Research. 1906–.
  221.  
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223.  
  224. Exploration is an annual publication by the School of American Research typically focusing on a specific ancient Southwestern site or theme. Excellent introductory presentations, though many issues are now somewhat outdated for current archeological interpretations.
  225.  
  226. Find this resource:
  227.  
  228. Journal of Anthropological Research. 1937–.
  229.  
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231.  
  232. Publishes a variety of articles on anthropological research throughout the United States and globally.
  233.  
  234. Find this resource:
  235.  
  236. KIVA: The Journal of Southwestern Anthropology and History. 1935–.
  237.  
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239.  
  240. KIVA is the quarterly journal of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society and presents essays on new and recent archaeology and art historical analysis focused primarily on Arizona. Excellent source for up-to-date interpretations of all aspects of Ancient Puebloan culture.
  241.  
  242. Find this resource:
  243.  
  244. Masterkey for Indian Lore and History. 1927–1989.
  245.  
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247.  
  248. The Masterkey for Indian Lore and History was a quarterly journal containing a variety of articles focused on Ancient Puebloan objects in the collections of the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.
  249.  
  250. Find this resource:
  251.  
  252. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. 1968–.
  253.  
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255.  
  256. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico is the annual journal of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, presenting collected essays by a variety of scholars on all aspects of New Mexico archaeology, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art and architecture.
  257.  
  258. Find this resource:
  259.  
  260. Plateau: The Land & People of the Colorado Plateau. 1939–.
  261.  
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263.  
  264. Plateau is the quarterly publication by the Museum of Northern Arizona containing numerous essays from different specialists focusing on a wide range of Ancient Puebloan art and architectural subjects. The primary focus is on topics related to the northern Arizona area. Well illustrated.
  265.  
  266. Find this resource:
  267.  
  268. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1945–1972.
  269.  
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271.  
  272. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology was the quarterly journal from the University of New Mexico Press presenting collected essays by a variety of scholars on all aspects of New Mexico archaeology, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art and architecture.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276. Southwestern Lore. 1935–.
  277.  
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279.  
  280. Southwestern Lore is the quarterly journal of the Colorado Archaeological Society presenting collected essays by a variety of scholars on all aspects of Colorado archaeology, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art and architecture.
  281.  
  282. Find this resource:
  283.  
  284. Chaco Canyon
  285. The listings in this section are focused on Chaco Canyon. Within the Ancient Puebloan tradition, the “Chaco Phenomenon” is often viewed as the most sophisticated and complex yet also most enigmatic phase of the entire tradition. Particularly since the 1970s, an enormous amount of scholarship has focused on Chaco Canyon. Due mainly to issues of archaeological preservation, the vast majority of Chaco research is dominated by architectural studies, with a lesser focus on Chaco ceramics. Relatively few examples of more perishable art forms (fiber arts, feather work, wooden objects, and painted walls) have survived the Chaco period.
  286.  
  287. Online Resources
  288. The following online listings provide electronic access to Chaco Canyon scholarship, images, and focused bibliographies. The Chaco Research Archive and National Park Service Museum Management Program 2014 provide extensive image databases. Lekson, et al. 1997 contains research presented at a 1997 online conference, including an extensive Chaco Canyon bibliography. Mathien 1997 is a focused study of artifacts recovered from the federally funded Chaco Project.
  289.  
  290. Chaco Research Archive. 2002–.
  291.  
  292. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  293.  
  294. Produced by the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities and the Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia in Charlottesville. A collaborative, online archive and database dedicated to “providing access to a wealth of information documenting the history of archaeological research in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.” Includes a searchable image database of over 50,000 images relating to Chaco archaeology and art; see also Chaco Canyon and Mesoamerica.
  295.  
  296. Find this resource:
  297.  
  298. Lekson, Stephen H., J. McKim Malville, and Dan Yankosky, orgs. Evaluating Models of Chaco: A Virtual Conference. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, 1997.
  299.  
  300. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  301.  
  302. An online conference of leading experts presented in 1997, focusing on current scholarship and interpretations of Chaco Canyon culture. Primarily anthropological in its orientation, the website does include an extensive bibliography of Chaco resources, current at the publication date.
  303.  
  304. Find this resource:
  305.  
  306. Mathien, Frances Joan, ed. Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of the Prehistoric People of Chaco Canyon. Publications in Archaeology 18G. Santa Fe, NM: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1997.
  307.  
  308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  309.  
  310. A three-volume analysis of artifacts recovered by the Chaco Project, 1971–1978, published as a single edition. Volume 1 is an extensive, highly technical study of Chaco ceramic manufacturing techniques, materials, trade, and exchange implications, with a useful catalogue of associated design motifs. Minimal black-and-white illustrations.
  311.  
  312. Find this resource:
  313.  
  314. National Park Service Museum Management Program. The Museum Collection of Chaco Culture National Historic Park. Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 2014.
  315.  
  316. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  317.  
  318. An online catalogue of objects held in the collection of the onsite museum in Chaco Canyon Historic Park. Not an extensive collection, but good digital images on a searchable site, with provenance and extended discussions in separate tabs.
  319.  
  320. Find this resource:
  321.  
  322. Overviews and Archaeological Histories
  323. Introductory surveys of Chaco Canyon art and architecture are abundant, but most such surveys are heavily anthropological in theory and approach; dedicated art historical studies are much rarer for Chaco Canyon, and the vast majority focus on Chacoan architecture. Frazier 1986 is perhaps the most readable and comprehensive for a broad overview, though not especially critical in its art interpretations. Lister and Lister 1981 presents a history of archaeological research, though now somewhat dated. McNitt 1964 is an excellent source on the journal of James Simpson who led the 1849 army expedition that first recorded the ruins of Chaco Canyon. Sebastian 1992 presents a good overview of the economic relationship between Chaco Canyon and Mesoamerica, and Vivian and Hilpert 2002 is an updated, encyclopedic catalogue of Chaco terminology, concepts, and recent interpretations regarding all things Chaco.
  324.  
  325. Frazier, Kendrick. People of Chaco: A Canyon and Its Culture. New York: Norton, 1986.
  326.  
  327. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  328.  
  329. An excellent general introduction to and overview of the Ancient Puebloan culture of Chaco Canyon. Though aimed primarily at a nonacademic audience, the volume nevertheless employs a synthesis of archeological, art historical, ethnohistorical, and scientific methods in discussing Chaco architecture, material culture, and rock art. Revised and reprinted 2005.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333. Lister, Robert H., and Florence C. Lister. Chaco Canyon: Archaeology and Archaeologists. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981.
  334.  
  335. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  336.  
  337. Presents a history of archaeological research in Chaco Canyon. Numerous black-and-white illustrations, with some good historical photographs, but very little art historical criticism or interpretations.
  338.  
  339. Find this resource:
  340.  
  341. McNitt, Frank, ed. Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country by Lieutenant James H. Simpson. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.
  342.  
  343. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  344.  
  345. Discusses the original journal of Lt. James Simpson, the military commander who led the first US recording party into Chaco Canyon in 1849. Expedition artists Richard and Edward Kern produced the first published images of Chaco architecture ruins and early (though flawed) plans and maps of the unexcavated ruins. Reprinted 2003.
  346.  
  347. Find this resource:
  348.  
  349. Sebastian, Lynne. The Chaco Anasazi: Sociopolitical Evolution in the Prehistoric Southwest. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  350.  
  351. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  352.  
  353. Applies updated information regarding the exchange of exotic foreign items between Chaco Canyon and locations as distant as southern Mesoamerica (turquoise, macaws and feathers, copper bells) to reconstruct a complicated social-political organization both within the Chaco system and between Chaco Canyon and long-distance cultures.
  354.  
  355. Find this resource:
  356.  
  357. Vivian, R. Gwinn, and Bruce Hilpert. The Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedic Guide. 2d ed. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002.
  358.  
  359. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  360.  
  361. Employs an encyclopedic format to present all scholarly data, terminology, names, and other relevant information pertaining to research on Chaco Canyon. Arranged alphabetically, the guide begins with an extended introduction to the history of Chaco Canyon and its archaeology and a discussion of current Ancient Pueblo chronology, culture periods, and styles.
  362.  
  363. Find this resource:
  364.  
  365. Anthologies
  366. Numerous anthologies and editions of collected papers have been published on Chaco Canyon. The listings in this section are those with content most relevant to art historical interpretations. Noble 1984 and Noble 2004 provide collected essays on a variety of related Chaco topics, including art historical essays, while Sofaer 2008 presents a compilation of essays produced by the Solstice Project, summarizing the history of archaeoastronomy research on Chaco Canyon.
  367.  
  368. Noble, David Grant, ed. New Light on Chaco Canyon. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1984.
  369.  
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371.  
  372. Contains essays from different specialists on various aspects of Chaco Canyon art and architecture. Includes short essays by J. J. Brody and Polly Schaafsma on Chacoan art and rock art. Other essays cover architecture and some ceramics, though none of the essays are particularly in depth.
  373.  
  374. Find this resource:
  375.  
  376. Noble, David Grant, ed. In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004.
  377.  
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379.  
  380. Presents an updated (as of publication date) collection of interpretative essays by a variety of authors presenting analyses of different aspects of Chaco Canyon society, including architectural design and planning, architectural function, rock art imagery, ceramic analysis, long-distance trade, and relationships to other Southwestern and non-Puebloan cultures.
  381.  
  382. Find this resource:
  383.  
  384. Sofaer, Anna. Chaco Astronomy: An Ancient American Cosmology. Santa Fe, NM: Ocean Tree, 2008.
  385.  
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387.  
  388. A collection of fifteen previously published articles and essays from different specialists on astronomical and archaeoastronomical interpretations of Chaco Canyon art and architecture. Based on results of the Solstice Project, organized by Anna Sofaer in 1978 to document and interpret Chacoan astronomical expressions in art and architecture. The majority of essays are by Sofaer. Excellent anthology of diverse but seminal works on the history of archaeoastronomical inquiry in the Southwest since the 1970s (see also Southwestern Rock Art and Archaeoastronomy).
  389.  
  390. Find this resource:
  391.  
  392. Architecture
  393. Scholarship on Chaco Canyon is dominated by architectural studies. The listings in this section range between basic introductory overviews, such as Lekson 1984, and narrowly focused thematic studies, such as Farmer 2003. Only the most useful examples covering the entire chronology and geography of Ancient Pueblo architecture are included.
  394.  
  395. Regional Chaco Canyon Architectural Studies
  396. The following entries address Chacoan architecture from a regional perspective, in the context of the Greater Southwest. Social and political relationships to other non-Chacoan cultures and societies are analyzed using architectural design and planning and portable arts such as ceramics. Lekson 1992 provides a general introduction to the Chaco Canyon and later Puebloan architecture, while Lekson 1999 and Plog 2012 consider specific thematic approaches to Chaco architecture. Morgan 1994 is an excellent catalogue of site plans and building designs for the entire ancient Southwest, including Chaco Canyon. Doyel 1992 and Morrow and Price 1997 provide interpretative discussion of the relation of formal design features to mythological and foreign influences. Vivian and Reiter 1965 is still the best single source focusing specifically on Chaco Great Kiva design.
  397.  
  398. Doyel, David E., ed. Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers 5. Albuquerque: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 1992.
  399.  
  400. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  401.  
  402. Presents essays from different specialists on contextual approaches to Chacoan architecture. Topics include specific formal and design issues, relationships to features beyond the canyon, and relationships to broader regional social entities (trade networks, foreign interaction, etc.). Heavily anthropological but useful for interpreting Chaco architectural symbolism.
  403.  
  404. Find this resource:
  405.  
  406. Lekson, Stephen H. “The Architecture of the Ancient Southwest.” In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Edited by Richard Townsend, 102–114. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
  407.  
  408. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  409.  
  410. An introductory discussion of the form, function, technology, and symbolism of major Chaco Canyon architecture, including Great Houses and Great Kivas. Excellent illustrations.
  411.  
  412. Find this resource:
  413.  
  414. Lekson, Stephen H. The Chaco Meridian: Centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira, 1999.
  415.  
  416. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  417.  
  418. Using archaeological, ethnohistorical, and archaeoastronomical data, this text demonstrates a pan-regional spatial relationship between major ancient Southwestern ceremonial centers (Paquime’, Chaco Canyon, and Aztec Ruin) and a theory to explain their chronological and cultural development, based in part on astronomical alignments (see also Archaeoastronomy).
  419.  
  420. Find this resource:
  421.  
  422. Morgan, William N. Ancient Architecture of the Southwest. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
  423.  
  424. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  425.  
  426. An exhaustive survey of all major ruins of the ancient Southwest, including detailed descriptions and plans for all major documented Chaco buildings and other related ancient Southwestern cultures. Essential reference on this topic; excellent black-and-white drawings and illustrations.
  427.  
  428. Find this resource:
  429.  
  430. Morrow, Baker H., and V. B. Price, eds. Anasazi Architecture and American Design. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
  431.  
  432. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  433.  
  434. Presents essays from different specialists on the history and interpretation of Anasazi building design and site planning, including cosmography, mythology, and ecology. Scholarly, critical treatment of Anasazi architecture, including Chaco Canyon, though with minimal black-and-white illustrations.
  435.  
  436. Find this resource:
  437.  
  438. Plog, Stephen. “Ritual and Cosmology in the Chaco Era.” In Religious Transformation in the Late Pre-Historic Pueblo World. Edited by Donna M. Glowacki and Scott van Keuren, 50–65. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2012.
  439.  
  440. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  441.  
  442. Presents a hypothetical reconstruction of Chacoan ritual practices by comparing Chaco Canyon artifact assemblages (carved stone, bone, shell, etc.) to the associated archaeological spaces where they were recovered.
  443.  
  444. Find this resource:
  445.  
  446. Vivian, Gordon, and Paul Reiter. The Great Kivas of Chaco Canyon and Their Relationships. School of American Research Monograph 22. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, 1965.
  447.  
  448. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  449.  
  450. An excellent early study of the Great Kivas of Chaco Canyon, as documented at the time of publication. Provides in-depth formal descriptions, archaeological history and context, associated artifacts, and construction techniques for each Great Kiva. Dated due to the publication date but still the best source for this approach.
  451.  
  452. Find this resource:
  453.  
  454. Chaco Canyon Architectural Studies
  455. The following entries provide the best analyses to date of architectural form, design, technology, and function of structures located specifically in Chaco Canyon. Lekson 1984 presents the most in-depth study of the form, materials, techniques, and dating of Chaco Great House architecture, while Roberts 1929 is an early but still valuable report on Chaco Basketmaker pithouse construction, predating the later Great Chaco masonry architecture.
  456.  
  457. Lekson, Stephen H. Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
  458.  
  459. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  460.  
  461. A highly detailed analysis, drawn primarily from tree-ring dating, of the construction technology, dates, and design of each of the twelve major Great House structures within Chaco Canyon. An essential resource for the study of Chaco architecture. Extensively illustrated with black-and-white drawings, plans, diagrams, charts, and photographs throughout.
  462.  
  463. Find this resource:
  464.  
  465. Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr. Shabik’eshcee Village: A Late Basket Maker Site in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Bulletin 96. Washington, DC: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1929.
  466.  
  467. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  468.  
  469. The original archaeology report on excavation of a Basketmaker pithouse village in Chaco Canyon. Numerous graphics and descriptions of Basketmaker architecture and associate artifacts, including early Puebloan pottery. Little critical art historical analysis but good source for original context. Reprinted 1979.
  470.  
  471. Find this resource:
  472.  
  473. Pueblo Bonito Architectural Studies
  474. The following entries represent a selection of focused studies on different aspects of Pueblo Bonito, the oldest, most famous, most studied, and perhaps originally most important structure in the Chaco world. Judd 1964 and Pepper 1996 present comprehensive reports on the structure-related artifacts recovered from two major excavation projects. Neitzel 2003 presents various essays of updated interpretations of different aspects of Pueblo Bonito, and Farmer 2003, contained in Neitzel 2003, considers the relationship between gender-based rituals and astronomical orientations in the design of Pueblo Bonito.
  475.  
  476. Farmer, James D. “Astronomy and Ritual at Chaco Canyon.” In Pueblo Bonito, Center of the Chaco World. Edited by Jill Neitzel, 61–71. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2003.
  477.  
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479.  
  480. An interpretation of the design and orientation of Pueblo Bonito in relationship to the Fajada Butte Sun Dagger petroglyph. Author suggests that Pueblo Bonito may have been aligned to visually track sunrise and sunset on the equinoxes to coordinate specific women’s rituals similar to the modern Hopi women’s Lakon ceremony.
  481.  
  482. Find this resource:
  483.  
  484. Judd, Neil M. The Architecture of Pueblo Bonito. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 147. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1964.
  485.  
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487.  
  488. An extensive archaeological report on the second major excavation of Pueblo Bonito conducted by Judd for the National Geographic Society from 1921 to 1927. Highly detailed description and analysis of Pueblo Bonito plan, design, building techniques, and room organization. Excellent resource for research relating to Pueblo Bonito.
  489.  
  490. Find this resource:
  491.  
  492. Neitzel, Jill E., ed. Pueblo Bonito: Center of the Chacoan World. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2003.
  493.  
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495.  
  496. Contains essays from different specialists specifically focused on Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon. Topics include archaeological reconstruction, building orientation and function, burials, astronomy, gender, and associated artifacts.
  497.  
  498. Find this resource:
  499.  
  500. Pepper, George H. Pueblo Bonito. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996.
  501.  
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503.  
  504. The extensive final report from the first official large-scale excavation conducted at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico between 1896 and 1899. The author served as field director of the project. Presents highly detailed descriptions of the excavation process, architecture, and hundreds of recovered art works. Originally published in 1920.
  505.  
  506. Find this resource:
  507.  
  508. Other Chacoan Architecture
  509. The following entries cover aspects of Chaco style structures outside of the main Chaco Canyon community, commonly designated “Chaco outliers.” Lister and Lister 1987, Morris 1996, and Wheaton 2006 focus on Aztec ruins, while Reed 2008 considers several Chaco outliers from a broader regional perspective.
  510.  
  511. Lister, Robert H., and Florence C. Lister. Aztec Ruins on the Animas: Excavated, Preserved and Interpreted. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.
  512.  
  513. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  514.  
  515. A history of the excavation and preservation of Aztec Ruins National Monument in northwestern New Mexico by Earl Morris in the 1916–1921. Thorough and insightful account of the excavations, including numerous photographs of the architecture prior to restoration. Includes limited discussion of recovered artifacts, primarily pottery, and associated burials.
  516.  
  517. Find this resource:
  518.  
  519. Morris, Earl H. The House of the Great Kiva at the Aztec Ruin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 26. Tucson: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, University of Arizona Press, 1996.
  520.  
  521. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  522.  
  523. A brief, detailed archaeological description of the excavation and interpretation of the (now restored) Great Kiva at Aztec Ruin National Monument, New Mexico, by Morris, who directed the original excavation. Originally published in 1921.
  524.  
  525. Find this resource:
  526.  
  527. Reed, Paul F., ed. Chaco’s Northern Prodigies: Salmon, Aztec and the Ascendancy of the Middle San Juan Region after AD 1100. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008.
  528.  
  529. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  530.  
  531. Presents numerous essays by a variety of Chaco archaeologists and other specialists on the development of two large Chacoan sites, Aztec and Salmon, in northern New Mexico. Considers the significance of architectural style and influence in the post-Chaco period. Highly theoretical discussions aimed at an experienced reader. Black-and-white illustrations.
  532.  
  533. Find this resource:
  534.  
  535. Wheaton, Gene. “The Astronomy of Chaco Style Great Kivas.” MA diss., University of Colorado at Boulder, 2006.
  536.  
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538.  
  539. Presents an analysis of solar alignments at the restored Aztec Ruin Great Kiva in northern New Mexico, with some comparison to other Great Kiva architecture. Author suggests a standardized design template, based on solar astronomy, was employed by the Ancient Puebloans for Great Kiva construction.
  540.  
  541. Find this resource:
  542.  
  543. Other Arts
  544. The listings in this section focus on specific media and portable art forms beyond architecture. Ceramic arts in particular have generated a substantial body of scholarship. Other media, such as sculpture, textiles, and painting, are much rarer. The listings in this section provide good general introductions and style analyses, as well as some of the earliest art historical treatments.
  545.  
  546. Overviews
  547. Listings in this category provide comprehensive general overviews and cross-media analyses of various Chaco art forms. Pepper 1905, Judd 1925, and Judd 1954 present detailed analyses of objects recovered from two major excavation projects of Pueblo Bonito.
  548.  
  549. Judd, Neil M. “Everyday Life in Pueblo Bonito.” National Geographic Magazine 48.3 (1925): 227–262.
  550.  
  551. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  552.  
  553. An analysis of archaeological material and architectural remains from excavations conducted at Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon by the National Geographic Society in the 1920s. Earliest illustrations of numerous important Puebloan artifacts with comparisons to later historic Puebloan lifeways.
  554.  
  555. Find this resource:
  556.  
  557. Judd, Neil M. The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 124. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1954.
  558.  
  559. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  560.  
  561. An extensive report on archeological material recovered from excavations conducted by the National Geographic Society from 1921 through 1927 by the author at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon. Highly detailed descriptions of burials, ceramics, figurines, carved objects, fiber arts, and jewelry, with archeological context. Excellent resource for research relating to Pueblo Bonito.
  562.  
  563. Find this resource:
  564.  
  565. Pepper, George H. “Ceremonial Objects and Ornaments from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico.” American Anthropologist, New Series 7.2 (April–June 1905): 183–192.
  566.  
  567. DOI: 10.1525/aa.1905.7.2.02a00010Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. George Pepper directed the first organized excavation of Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon in the late 1890s for the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Represents the first publication of the results of that excavation and the first publication focusing specifically on Chaco art, specifically carved portable objects. This article provided the foundation for Pepper 1996 (originally published 1920; cited under Chaco Canyon: Architecture: Pueblo Bonito Architectural Studies), Pepper’s later comprehensive study of Pueblo Bonito. Good first color illustrations of several Chaco worked objects.
  570.  
  571. Find this resource:
  572.  
  573. Media Studies
  574. Listings in this category are dedicated to analysis of specific media types and materials. Brody 1991 contextualizes Chaco painting within the broader Ancient Puebloan. Jernigan 1978 provides a broad survey of ancient Southwestern shell and stone jewelry, including Chaco Canyon, and Mathien 1997 (cited under Chaco Canyon: Online Resources) and Mathien 2001 present analyses of ceramic and stone objects, including body adornments. Kankainen 1995 and Weltfish 1932 consider fiber arts, and Mathien 1997 and Peckham 1992 present different interpretations for Chaco ceramics. Schaafsma 1984 reviews Chaco rock art. Vivian, et al. 1978 discusses a specific set of wooden objects recovered from Chetro Ketl Great House.
  575.  
  576. Brody, J. J. Anasazi and Pueblo Painting. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991.
  577.  
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579.  
  580. A cross-media analysis of Ancient Puebloan painting as a distinct art history genre, combining rock art, ceramics, wall murals, and carved objects from the entire Ancient Puebloan tradition in chronological order. Brody, an art historian, provides a truly art historical approach to Ancient Puebloan art.
  581.  
  582. Find this resource:
  583.  
  584. Jernigan, E. Wesley. Jewelry of the Prehistoric Southwest. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, 1978.
  585.  
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587.  
  588. A comprehensive analysis of major prehistoric Southwest jewelry traditions, including Anasazi. An extensive catalogue of worked bone, stone, shell, and fiber objects with comparisons to other media such as mural painting and historic Puebloan attire. Amply illustrated and, though somewhat dated, still a primary resource for jewelry.
  589.  
  590. Find this resource:
  591.  
  592. Kankainen, Kathy, ed. Treading in the Past: Sandals of the Anasazi. Salt Lake City: Museum of Natural History, University of Utah Press, 1995.
  593.  
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595.  
  596. A catalogue of the collection of Ancient Puebloan woven sandals and associated fiber objects housed at the University of Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City. Good color photographs of hundreds of sandals and fragments, each with accompanying extensive museum catalogue data and provenance. Primary resource on this topic (see also Museum and Exhibition Catalogs).
  597.  
  598. Find this resource:
  599.  
  600. Mathien, Frances Joan. “The Organization of Turquoise Production and Consumption by the Prehistoric Chacoans.” American Antiquity 68.1 (2001): 103–118.
  601.  
  602. DOI: 10.2307/2694320Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603.  
  604. An analysis of some 56,000 pieces of turquoise originally excavated from Pueblo Bonito. Author proposes that the primary use of turquoise at Pueblo Bonito was for ritual purposes, similar to modern-day Puebloan usage, in addition to its commercial value as a long-distance trade object.
  605.  
  606. Find this resource:
  607.  
  608. Peckham, Stewart. From This Earth: The Ancient Art of Pueblo Pottery. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1992.
  609.  
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611.  
  612. Traces the evolution of Pueblo pottery from the earliest prehistoric Anasazi styles to modern Puebloan work. Examples are drawn from the extensive collections of the Museum of New Mexico’s Laboratory of Anthropology. Excellent color illustrations.
  613.  
  614. Find this resource:
  615.  
  616. Schaafsma, Polly. “Rock Art in Chaco Canyon” In New Light on Chaco Canyon. Edited by David Grant Noble, 59–64. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1984.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. A brief introduction to the major rock art sites in Chaco Canyon, mostly Anasazi but including some Navajo as well. Primarily descriptive with little iconographic or technical discussion. Black-and-white illustrations (see also Chaco Canyon: Anthologies).
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624. Vivian, R. Gwinn, Dulce N. Dodgen, and Gayle H. Hartmann. Wooden Ritual Artifacts from Chaco Canyon New Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 32. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1978.
  625.  
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627.  
  628. A report on the recovery of rare Ancient Puebloan wooden artifacts from Chetro Ketl Great House in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in 1947. Detailed descriptions, with archaeological and ethnographic comparisons to similar objects from prehistoric and historic contexts. Primary resource for these particular objects. Well illustrated in black-and-white and color illustrations.
  629.  
  630. Find this resource:
  631.  
  632. Weltfish, Gene. Preliminary Classification of Prehistoric Southwestern Basketry. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 87.7. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1932.
  633.  
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635.  
  636. One of the earliest significant monographs on prehistoric Southwestern basketry, Weltfish offers a short but highly technical analysis of ancient Anasazi basket-weaving materials and construction techniques. Though not especially insightful as an art historical treatment, the book is still valuable for its technical detail, though possibly too technical for the novice reader.
  637.  
  638. Find this resource:
  639.  
  640. Archaeoastronomy
  641. A new subdiscipline of Ancient Puebloan studies developed In the 1970s, focusing on astronomical alignments and iconography primarily in architecture and rock art imagery. Sofaer 2008 provides the single best introduction and overview of the subject. Most of the scholarship focuses on Chaco Canyon. Aveni 1977 is the earliest major publication to consider astronomical alignments across all of the ancient Americas, including the Anasazi tradition. Williamson 1984 presents essays on the astronomy of numerous ancient North American cultures, while Lekson 1999 (cited under Architecture: Regional Chaco Canyon Architectural Studies) considers astronomical alignments from a regional perspective, connecting the Puebloan region with northern Mesoamerica. Carlson and Judge 1983 presents collected essays more narrowly focused on the greater Southwest. Sofaer, et al. 1979 and Sofaer 2008 (cited under Chaco Canyon: Anthologies) comprise a summary of the results of the Solstice Project, documenting astronomical alignments specifically in Chaco Canyon architecture and rock art. Farmer 2003 (cited under Chaco Canyon: Pueblo Bonito Architectural Studies) and Wheaton 2006 (cited under Other Chacoan Architecture) offer focused interpretations of solar alignments in the design of Chaco Great Kivas, and Munson, et al. 2014 provides the most recent updated research on various astronomy-related topics from across the Southwest.
  642.  
  643. Aveni, Anthony F. Native American Astronomy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Contains essays from different specialists focusing on astronomical observations and artistic references across ancient North and Mesoamerica. Three essays discuss Ancient Puebloan solar observatories and the 1054 Supernova event in rock art from Chaco Canyon and beyond.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651. Carlson, John B., and W. James Judge, eds. Astronomy and Ceremony in the Prehistoric Southwest. Papers of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology 2. Albuquerque, NM: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, 1983.
  652.  
  653. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  654.  
  655. Contains E essays from different specialists focusing on astronomical and archaeoastronomical interpretations of ancient Southwestern art and architecture, particularly rock art and building orientations. Several essays devoted specifically to Ancient Puebloan and Chaco Canyon topics, with extended coverage of ethnohistoric sources.
  656.  
  657. Find this resource:
  658.  
  659. Munson, Gregory E., Todd W. Bostwick, and Tony Hull, eds. Astronomy and Ceremony in the Prehistoric Southwest, Revisited: Collaborations in Cultural Astronomy. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2014.
  660.  
  661. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  662.  
  663. A sequel publication to Carlson and Judge 1983 presenting updated interpretations of different archaeoastronomical topics from throughout the Southwest, including Chaco Canyon. Based on the 2011 Conference on Archaeoastronomy of the American Southwest held at the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico.
  664.  
  665. Find this resource:
  666.  
  667. Sofaer, Anna, Volker Zinser, and Rolf M. Sinclair. “A Unique Solar Marking Construct: An Archaeoastronomical Site in New Mexico Marks the Solstices and Equinoxes.” Science 206.4416 (1979): 283–291.
  668.  
  669. DOI: 10.1126/science.206.4416.283Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  670.  
  671. The initial publication describing the author’s discovery and interpretation of the Fajada Butte Sun Dagger rock art site in Chaco Canyon. This seminal article was significant in the generation of an entire subsequent and continuing scholarly field of inquiry into archaeoastronomy in the American Southwest. Black-and-white illustrations throughout.
  672.  
  673. Find this resource:
  674.  
  675. Williamson, Ray A. Living the Sky: The Cosmos of the American Indian. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984.
  676.  
  677. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  678.  
  679. Presents archaeoastronomical interpretations of art and architecture from numerous major Native American cultures across North America. Ancient Puebloan cultures are discussed in depth in chapters 4, 5, and 6, focusing on ancient and historic Pueblo Sun worship and Sun watching practices as applied to ancient architecture.
  680.  
  681. Find this resource:
  682.  
  683. Chaco Canyon and Mesoamerica
  684. An ongoing debate among Ancient Puebloan scholars is the relationship between the Ancient Puebloans, particularly Chaco Canyon, and Mesoamerican cultures to the south. The listings in this section provide a summary discussion and access to extensive bibliographies for the current status of this debate. Lekson 2009 reinterprets current archaeological theory to assess the relationship between Chaco Canyon, the ancient Southwest, and Mesoamerica. Mathien 1997 contains an extensive bibliography of both English- and Spanish-language sources dedicated specifically to Mesoamerican influence in Chaco Canyon, though now slightly dated. Carot and Hers 2011 is a recent Mexican publication considering the possible relationship between Chaco Canyon and ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico.
  685.  
  686. Carot, Patricia, and Marie-Areti Hers. “De Teotihuacan al cañón de Chaco: Nueva perspectiva sobre las relaciones entre Mesoamérica y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos.” Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 33.98 (2011): 5–53.
  687.  
  688. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  689.  
  690. Using recent archaeology and specific stylistic comparisons, this article connects the development of the Chaco Canyon culture to the florescence and decline of the great Mesoamerican site of Teotihuacan in central Mexico.
  691.  
  692. Find this resource:
  693.  
  694. Crown, Patricia L., and W. Jeffrey Hurst. “Evidence of Cacao Use in the Prehispanic American Southwest.” PNAS 106.7 (2009): 2110–2113.
  695.  
  696. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812817106Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  697.  
  698. Presents groundbreaking research that significantly revised interpretations of Chaco ceramic vessel function and symbolism and reframed the question of Chaco interaction with Mesoamerica.
  699.  
  700. Find this resource:
  701.  
  702. Lekson, Stephen H. A History of the Ancient Southwest. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, 2009.
  703.  
  704. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  705.  
  706. Uses the history of archaeological research to provide a revisionist view of the ancient Southwest from a more humanistic, less traditional archaeological perspective. Though written in rather informal style, the advanced content is not for the novice reader. Valuable for its extensive use of ancient Puebloan and architectural styles as measures of cultural evolution and interaction with non-Puebloan cultures, especially Mesoamerica.
  707.  
  708. Find this resource:
  709.  
  710. Mathien, Frances Joan. “Mesoamerican Themes and Chaco Canyon.” In Evaluating Models of Chaco: A Virtual Conference. Organized by Stephen Lekson, J. McKim Malville, and Dan Yankosky. Boulder: University of Colorado, 1997.
  711.  
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713.  
  714. Presents an updated summary of the question of Mesoamerican influence in the Southwest, along with an excellent, extended bibliography on this specific topic. Mathien is an anthropologist at the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology. A web-only publication.
  715.  
  716. Find this resource:
  717.  
  718. Chaco Canyon Research Bibliographies
  719. Comprehensive research bibliographies dedicated specifically to Chaco Canyon art and architecture are, in fact, rare. The listings in this section provide accessible bibliographies of more limited focus, though comprehensive within their specific areas. The Chaco Research Archive (cited under Chaco Canyon: Online Resources) is a comprehensive website presenting ongoing scholarship and an extensive image database. Oppelt 1988 presents an extensive bibliography of Southwestern pottery types, current as of the publication date.
  720.  
  721. Oppelt, Norman T. Southwestern Pottery: An Annotated Bibliography and List of Types and Wares. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1988.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. Divided into three different sections, with alphabetical listings of the many pottery types accordingly. Brief comparisons with some non-Southwestern types. Minimal art historical interpretation but useful for further research on the topic. Black-and-white illustrations.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729. Other Early Art in the North American Southwest
  730. Prior to and simultaneously with the development of the Ancient Puebloan/Chaco Canyon tradition, a significant number of other non-Puebloan cultures and styles flourished across the ancient North American Southwest. Though they often shared certain formal and iconographic features with the Ancient Puebloans, they nevertheless developed distinctive art styles independent of the Ancient Puebloans. The earliest archaeologically recognizable period of artistic activity is designated the Archaic Period, c. 8000–500 BCE. The Fremont, Hohokam, Mogollon, Sinagua, and Salado cultures coexisted and interacted with the early Puebloan tradition until c. 1300, when they seem to decline or disappear from the archaeological record.
  731.  
  732. Archaic Art
  733. The period before the introduction of agriculture and sedentary lifestyles in the Southwest at c. 500 BCE is referred to as the Archaic period in Southwestern scholarship. The area was occupied by migratory hunter-gatherer groups, who produced relatively little in the way of permanent material culture or architecture, with the notable exception of extensive rock art imagery. Aikens 1970; Emslie, et al. 1995; and Jett 1968 provide focused archaeological reports on early, rare decorated pebbles and split-twig figurines from Utah and Arizona, respectively. Schaafsma 1971 and Schaafsma 1980 provide general introductions and descriptions of Archaic rock art throughout the region. Schaafsma 1990 is the first description of Shaman’s Gallery, a specific rock art site in the Grand Canyon now associated with the recently defined Grand Canyon Espalanade rock art style. Christensen, et al. 2013 is the first general introduction and overview of this style.
  734.  
  735. Aikens, C. Melvin. Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 93. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1970.
  736.  
  737. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  738.  
  739. The earliest archaeology report on the first excavated engraved and painted pebbles from the Southwest. Various similar decorated pebbles have subsequently been recovered from other Archaic locations throughout the Southwest and represent some of the earliest dated decorated objects from the entire Southwest region. Reprinted in 1999.
  740.  
  741. Find this resource:
  742.  
  743. Christensen, Don D., Jerry Dickey, and Steven M. Freers. Rock Art of the Grand Canyon Region. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt, 2013.
  744.  
  745. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  746.  
  747. Presents the first extended monograph on the recently identified Grand Canyon Esplanade Style centered on the north rim of the Grand Canyon. The style, dated from the Archaic to historic times, was only recently documented within the last twenty years. Text ranges from specific description and analysis of individual paintings to anthropological overviews of local ecology, archaeology and environment (see Schaafsma 1990 and Southwestern Rock Art). Excellent color illustrations.
  748.  
  749. Find this resource:
  750.  
  751. Emslie, Steven D., Jim I. Mead, and Larry Coats. “Split-Twig Figurines in Grand Canyon, Arizona: New Discoveries and Interpretations.” Kiva: The Journal of Southwestern Anthropology and History 61.2 (1995): 145–173.
  752.  
  753. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  754.  
  755. An early report, description, and updated (as of publication date) analysis of Archaic split-twig figurines from the Grand Canyon and elsewhere (see also Jett 1968).
  756.  
  757. Find this resource:
  758.  
  759. Jett, Stephen C. “Grand Canyon Dams, Split-Twig Figurines, and ‘Hit-and-Run’ Archaeology.” American Antiquity 33.3 (1968): 341–351.
  760.  
  761. DOI: 10.2307/278702Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  762.  
  763. The earliest archaeology report on the first excavated split-twig figurines from the Grand Canyon. These objects represent the earliest dated forms of sculpture from the Southwest. Numerous similar figurines have subsequently been recovered from other Archaic locations in the region dated to the Archaic period.
  764.  
  765. Find this resource:
  766.  
  767. Schaafsma, Polly. The Rock Art of Utah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1971.
  768.  
  769. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  770.  
  771. The first major monograph specifically on Southwestern rock art. Schaafsma was first scholar to distinguish different major Southwestern rock art styles based primarily on formal and iconographic criteria. Includes the first identification of the Barrier Canyon Anthropomorphic Style and its attribution to the earlier pre-Pueblo Archaic period, with comparison to similar Archaic Pecos River Style rock art from west Texas. The 1994 reprint includes excellent black-and-white and color illustrations; see also Southwestern Rock Art: Utah and Fremont Art.
  772.  
  773. Find this resource:
  774.  
  775. Schaafsma, Polly. “Hunters and Gatherers.” In Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. By Polly Schaafsma, 33–80. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.
  776.  
  777. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  778.  
  779. A general description and analysis of styles, subject matter, and iconography of rock art images associated with early Archaic hunter-gatherers across the Southwest, including some of the earliest dated painted images. Groundbreaking stylistic analysis of Southwestern rock art, with excellent black-and-white and color illustrations.
  780.  
  781. Find this resource:
  782.  
  783. Schaafsma, Polly. “Shaman’s Gallery: A Grand Canyon Rock Art Site.” Kiva: The Journal of Southwestern Anthropology and History 55.3 (1990): 213–234.
  784.  
  785. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  786.  
  787. The first published example of a rock art site associated with the Archaic Grand Canyon Esplanade Style (aka Grand Canyon Polychrome Style), a rock art style only identified in the 1990s (see Christensen, et al. 2013). Schaafsma initially identified the site with the Archaic Barrier Canyon Style of Utah, but subsequent research has established the distinctive features of the style. Article provides good basic description of the rock art site with detailed black-and-white drawings and some basic iconographic interpretation.
  788.  
  789. Find this resource:
  790.  
  791. Sinagua and Salado Art
  792. The Sinagua and Salado cultures of central Arizona and South/Central New Mexico were closely related to the Ancient Puebloan tradition; they are often included as part of the Puebloan tradition. The Sinagua produced similar cliff dwelling structures and black-on-white pottery, while the Salado produced a distinctive polychrome style of pottery. Both cultures used similar multiroom apartment-like pueblo buildings. Colton 1937 and Colton 1953 are early comprehensive studies of Southwestern pottery types, based on Sinagua ceramics of northern Arizona. Colton 1960 is a general overview of the archaeology of the Sinagua culture of northern Arizona. Mindelleff 1896 is the earliest substantial archaeological report to identify the Sinagua culture, and Noble 1993 provides recent updated archaeological interpretations of the Sinagua style. Crown and Bishop 1994, Redman 1993, and Wood 1987 provide excellent descriptions and analyses of both Sinagua and Salado Polychrome ceramics.
  793.  
  794. Colton, Harold S. Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, 1937.
  795.  
  796. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  797.  
  798. An initial guide to the identification and classification of ancient pottery types of northern Arizona, particularly the Sinagua style. Well-illustrated with black-and-white drawings and photographs.
  799.  
  800. Find this resource:
  801.  
  802. Colton, Harold S. Potsherds: An Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Southwestern Ceramics and the Use in Historic Reconstruction. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, 1953.
  803.  
  804. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  805.  
  806. An early reference source for archaeological study and classification of Southwestern pottery types, including theoretical and practical application of ceramic analysis for understanding ancient cultures. Extensive black-and-white illustrations and drawings.
  807.  
  808. Find this resource:
  809.  
  810. Colton, Harold S. Black Sand: Prehistory in Northern Arizona. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1960.
  811.  
  812. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  813.  
  814. A general introduction and overview of the Sinagua culture of northern Arizona, focused on architecture and ceramic styles, reflecting over thirty-five years’ work in the area by the author. Well-illustrated volume with discussion of the relationship of the Sinagua to contemporary neighboring cultures (Anasazi, Hohokam, Mogollon) based on artistic and architectural similarities and differences.
  815.  
  816. Find this resource:
  817.  
  818. Crown, Patricia L., and Ronald L. Bishop. Ceramics and Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
  819.  
  820. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  821.  
  822. The only widely published extended volume dedicated exclusively to Salado ceramics, the distinguishing art form of the Salado culture of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. Excellent color illustrations provide primary evidence for the authors’ analysis of this distinguished ceramic tradition.
  823.  
  824. Find this resource:
  825.  
  826. Mindelleff, Victor. “Aboriginal Remains in Verde Valley, Arizona.” In 13th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. By Victor Mindelleff, 176–221. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1896.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. The earliest survey of Sinagua architectural remains from central Arizona, south of Flagstaff. Mindelleff was a photographer for the Smithsonian Institution and accompanied many of their survey and exploration parties to the Southwest in the 1890s. Dated but still a good source for Sinagua architecture. Black-and-white illustrations.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834. Noble, David Grant. Wupatki and Walnut Canyon: New Perspectives on History, Prehistory, and Rock Art. Santa Fe, NM: Ancient City, 1993.
  835.  
  836. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  837.  
  838. An interpretive study of Sinagua culture of northern Arizona, with a focus on architecture and ceramics, as well as the first in-depth analysis of Sinagua rock art styles. Draws on recent archaeological investigations at Wupatki and Walnut Canyon National Monuments near Flagstaff. Good black-and-white and color illustrations
  839.  
  840. Find this resource:
  841.  
  842. Redman, Charles L. People of the Tonto Rim: Archaeological Discovery in Prehistoric Arizona. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1993.
  843.  
  844. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  845.  
  846. An introduction to the history of archaeological research in central Arizona, focusing primarily on the Sinagua and Salado cultures. Good example of the use of artifacts, especially ceramics, in reconstructing and interpreting ancient cultures. Good black-and-white illustrations.
  847.  
  848. Find this resource:
  849.  
  850. Wood, J. Scott. Checklist of Pottery Types for the Tonto National Forest: An Introduction to the Archaeological Ceramics of Central Arizona. The Arizona Archaeologist 21. Phoenix: Arizona Archaeological Society, 1987.
  851.  
  852. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  853.  
  854. An excellent reference source for identify distinguishing characteristics of style, designs, and motifs associate with Sinagua and Salado ceramics of central Arizona. Extensive black-and-white illustrations and drawings.
  855.  
  856. Find this resource:
  857.  
  858. Hohokam
  859. The Hohokam of southern Arizona were the most distinctively different culture from the other Southwestern traditions, both in formal aspects of style and apparent ritual behavior. Architectural style and ceramic arts are noticeably different in form, technique, and style from other Southwestern cultures. Archaeological scholarship is abundant for the Hohokam, but art historical sources are limited. Haury 1976 is still the most comprehensive treatment of the ancient Hohokam culture, and particularly ceramic styles, while Gumerman and Haury 1979 is a general introduction and overview of Hohokam culture. Crown and Judge 1991 provides a broad comparison between the Hohokam and Chaco Canyon cultures, and Noble 1991 provides updated interpretations of Hohokam culture and style, including comparisons with Mesoamerica. Schaafsma 1980 describes Hohokam rock art style.
  860.  
  861. Crown, Patricia L., and W. James Judge. Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991.
  862.  
  863. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  864.  
  865. Presents a comparison of two major contemporary (and perhaps competing) cultures in the ancient Southwest, the Hohokam of southern Arizona and Chaco Canyon of the northern Colorado Plateau. The authors contend that these two very different cultures were nevertheless intimately interdependent on each other for their relative success and florescence. Much importance is placed on stylistic differences and similarities in their arts and architectural design.
  866.  
  867. Find this resource:
  868.  
  869. Gumerman, George G., and Emil W. Haury. “Prehistory: Hohokam.” In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 9, Southwest. Edited by William C. Sturtevant and Alfonso Ortiz, 75–90. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1979.
  870.  
  871. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  872.  
  873. A basic, though somewhat dated, introduction and overview of Hohokam culture and history of archaeology in the region. Numerous black-and-white illustrations.
  874.  
  875. Find this resource:
  876.  
  877. Haury, Emil W. “The Hohokam: First Masters of the American Desert.” National Geographic Magazine (May 1967): 670–695.
  878.  
  879. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  880.  
  881. A well-illustrated scholarly article on Hohokam arts and architecture, including discussion of ceramic function and Hohokam figurines. Excellent color illustrations.
  882.  
  883. Find this resource:
  884.  
  885. Haury, Emil W. The Hohokam: Desert Farmers & Craftsmen: Snaketown, 1964–1965. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976.
  886.  
  887. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  888.  
  889. An extensive archaeological and artistic analysis of excavations conducted at the Hohokam site of Snaketown in southern Arizona. Includes detailed description and analysis of architectural forms, as well as highly detailed analysis of form, design, and motifs of Hohokam ceramics. Numerous black-and white illustrations and highly detailed drawings of design motifs on Hohokam pottery. Still an essential resource on Hohokam ceramic arts. Reprinted 1982.
  890.  
  891. Find this resource:
  892.  
  893. Noble, David Grant. The Hohokam: Ancient People of the Desert. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991.
  894.  
  895. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  896.  
  897. A well-illustrated, scholarly overview of the Hohokam, with updated (as of publication date) interpretations of Hohokam ideology, drawn mainly from ceramic and architectural forms and imagery, and the relationship to neighboring cultures and styles, especially Mesoamerica.
  898.  
  899. Find this resource:
  900.  
  901. Schaafsma, Polly. “Hohokam Rock Art of Southern Arizona.” In Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Edited by Polly Schaafsma, 81–104. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.
  902.  
  903. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  904.  
  905. A general description and analysis of styles, subject matter, and iconography of rock art images associated with the Hohokam culture of southern Arizona. Groundbreaking stylistic analysis of Southwestern rock art, with excellent black-and-white and color illustrations.
  906.  
  907. Find this resource:
  908.  
  909. Casas Grandes Art
  910. The large site of Casas Grandes in northern Mexico flourished between c. 1100 and 1350 CE, following the collapse of Chaco Canyon. Casas Grandes was a major trade center in the region with strong stylistic similarities to the Hohokam and Ancient Puebloan traditions, as well as Mesoamerica. It is distinguished by its architecture, ceramics, and portable arts. The pioneer scholar for Casas Grandes was archaeologist Charles Di Peso, who published extensively on the site and its importance. Di Peso, et al. 1974 is the most comprehensive and well-illustrated report on excavations conducted in the 1960s. Schaafsma and Riley 1999 considers Casas Grandes from a regional perspective, in context with related surrounding communities. Townsend 2005 presents a comparative analysis of Casas Grandes and Ancient Puebloan ceramics. Woosley and Ravesloot 1993 focuses on the relationship of the Casas Grandes region to Mesoamerican cultures to the south.
  911.  
  912. Di Peso, Charles C., John B. Rinaldo, and Gloria J. Fenner. Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca. 9 vols. Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation, 1974.
  913.  
  914. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915.  
  916. The first extended work on the large ancient site of Casa Grandes (aka Paquime) in northern Mexico, south of New Mexico, based on the authors’ extensive excavations in the 1960s. Seminal, exhaustingly comprehensive series of nine volumes focused on different media (architecture, ceramics, carved bone, stone, and shell) as well as trade relationships, social organization, and relationship to the environment. Still a major resource for highly detailed and illustrated analysis of Casas Grandes art style, especially ceramics.
  917.  
  918. Find this resource:
  919.  
  920. Schaafsma, Curtis F., and Carroll L. Riley. The Casas Grandes World. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.
  921.  
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923.  
  924. A summary of both authors’ extended careers of archaeological investigation of the site of Casas Grandes and its region over the previous thirty years. Mostly archaeological and anthropological analysis, but some discussion is devoted to the nature and function of Casa Grandes ceramic forms and architecture. Well-illustrated black-and-white and some color images.
  925.  
  926. Find this resource:
  927.  
  928. Townsend, Richard, ed. Casas Grandes and the Ceramic Art of the Ancient Southwest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  929.  
  930. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  931.  
  932. A catalogue with contributed essays for the exhibition presented at the Art Institutive of Chicago in 2005. The exhibition presented a variety of Casas Grandes and Ancient Puebloan ceramic vessels displaying similar formal and iconographic properties. Essays discuss artistic and social interaction and influence between the Casas Grandes and Ancient Puebloan regions. Excellent color photographs throughout (see also Museum and Exhibition Catalogs).
  933.  
  934. Find this resource:
  935.  
  936. Woosley, Anne I., and John C. Ravesloot, eds. Culture and Contact: Charles Di Peso’s Gran Chichimeca. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993.
  937.  
  938. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  939.  
  940. A broadly focused consideration of the ancient culture of northern Mexico known as the Gran Chichimeca, responsible in part for the development of Casa Grandes and related to a lesser degree to the Hohokam and Mogollon traditions of the Southwest as well as the later Mexica/Aztec culture of central Mexico. Much consideration is given to the importance of long-distance trade in worked items such as ceramics, feathers, turquoise, copper, and shell. Limited black-and-white illustrations.
  941.  
  942. Find this resource:
  943.  
  944. Fremont Art
  945. The Fremont culture was first identified in the 1930s in Morss 1931 as a stylistically similar yet different contemporary culture of the Ancient Puebloan tradition. Fremont culture was centered in Utah, north of the Chaco Canyon region. A substantial amount of archaeological scholarship exists for the Fremont, but art historical analyses are less common. The most common form of preserved Fremont art is rock art. Morss 1931 first identified the Fremont culture, while Morss 1954 presents an in-depth analysis of a set of distinctive Fremont clay figurines. Simms and Gohier 2010, Schaafsma 1971 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Archaic Art), and Schaafsma 1980 provide overviews and analyses of Fremont rock art styles.
  946.  
  947. Morss, Noel M. The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah: Report on the Explorations Under the Claflin-Emerson Fund, 1928–29. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 12.3. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1931.
  948.  
  949. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  950.  
  951. A seminal anthropological study that first identified and defined the ancient Fremont culture of Utah, northern contemporaries, and cultural relatives of the greater Puebloan tradition to the south. Morss based his assessment in large part on analysis of architecture and ceramic styles.
  952.  
  953. Find this resource:
  954.  
  955. Morss, Noel M. Clay Figurines of the American Southwest. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 49.1. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1954.
  956.  
  957. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  958.  
  959. An early comparative analysis of clay figurines from across the Southwest. Focuses on the Pillings Figurines, a well-preserved, elaborately decorated set of eleven baked clay figurines discovered in 1950, associated with the Fremont culture of Utah. Good black-and-white illustrations.
  960.  
  961. Find this resource:
  962.  
  963. Schaafsma, Polly. “The Fremont of Utah.” In Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Edited by Polly Schaafsma, 163–182. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.
  964.  
  965. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  966.  
  967. A general description and analysis of styles, subject matter, and iconography of rock art images associated with the Fremont culture of Utah. Groundbreaking stylistic analysis of Southwestern rock art styles, though it draws heavily on Schaafsma’s earlier The Rock Art of Utah (1971). Excellent black-and-white and color illustrations.
  968.  
  969. Find this resource:
  970.  
  971. Simms, Stephen R., and Francois Gohier. Traces of Fremont: Society and Rock Art in Ancient Utah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2010.
  972.  
  973. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  974.  
  975. An updated overview of the Fremont culture of Utah, with extended analysis of Fremont rock art and its relationship to ancient Fremont society. Good discussion of broad contextual approach to analyzing rock art imagery. Excellent color illustrations and photographs by Gohier.
  976.  
  977. Find this resource:
  978.  
  979. Mogollon Art
  980. The Mogollon tradition developed in southern New Mexico and northern Mexico around 500 BCE. Some of the earliest ceramic arts in the American Southwest appear in the region by 300 BCE. The Mimbres branch of the Mogollon produced a distinctively painted style of bowl. The Mimbres were contemporaries of Chaco Canyon, and their pottery has generated substantial art historical scholarship regarding its style and relationship to other Ancient Puebloan pottery. The work of J. J. Brody constitutes some of the best truly art historical scholarship on any aspect of Ancient Puebloan art.
  981.  
  982. Mimbres Archaeology
  983. The listings in this section present important and relevant Mimbres archaeological scholarship that specifically includes extensive analysis of Mimbres bowls. These works are important for interpreting original provenance and symbolic function of the bowls. Martin 1979, LeBlanc 1983, and Nelson and Hegmon 2010 are overviews of the Mogollon/Mimbres culture and archaeology. Fewkes 1989 is a reprinted compilation of three original Fewkes reports representing the earliest publications analyzing Mimbres pottery. Anyon and LeBlanc 1984, Cosgrove and Cosgrove 2012, Nesbitt 1931, and Shafer 2003 are extensive archaeology reports on specific Mimbres sites.
  984.  
  985. Anyon, Roger, and Steven A. LeBlanc. The Galaz Ruin: A Prehistoric Mimbres Village in Southwestern New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
  986.  
  987. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  988.  
  989. An extensive archaeology report of three different excavations conducted at the Galaz Ruin, a Mimbres site in southern New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s. Includes an extended analysis and comprehensive documentation of the many Mimbres ceramic bowls recovered from Galaz. Well illustrated, with over 750 black-and-white photographs of individual Mimbres bowls.
  990.  
  991. Find this resource:
  992.  
  993. Cosgrove, Harriet S., and C. Burton Cosgrove. The Swarts Ruin: A Typical Mimbres Site in Southwestern New Mexico, With a New Introduction by Steven A. LeBlanc. Papers of the Peabody Museum 15. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, 2012.
  994.  
  995. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  996.  
  997. A republication of the first extensive archaeological report on the excavation of a major Mimbres site, the Swarts Ruin in New Mexico in 1932 by the authors. Includes descriptions and excellent drawings of over 200 Mimbres painted bowls, now housed at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University; see also LeBlanc 2005 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mimbres Art History). Primary resource for Mimbres bowls. Originally published in 1932.
  998.  
  999. Find this resource:
  1000.  
  1001. Fewkes, J. Walter. The Mimbres: Art and Archaeology. Albuquerque, NM: Avanyu, 1989.
  1002.  
  1003. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1004.  
  1005. A reprint of three essays by Fewkes originally published between 1914 and 1924 as Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63/10, 74/6, and 76/8, respectively. Earliest widespread publications of Mimbres bowl images, based on collections accumulated by Fewkes in the early 20th century. Extensive black-and-white photographs and drawings, with detailed formal descriptions.
  1006.  
  1007. Find this resource:
  1008.  
  1009. LeBlanc, Steven A. The Mimbres People: Ancient Pueblo Painters of the American Southwest. London: Thames & Hudson, 1983.
  1010.  
  1011. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1012.  
  1013. An introductory overview of ancient Mimbres culture, with emphasis on Mimbres pottery styles and subject matter. Includes early iconographic analysis of the function and imagery of Mimbres painted bowls through comparison to archaeological context and ethnohistoric Puebloan sources. A volume in the New Aspects of Antiquity series of books focusing on different ancient cultures worldwide published by Thames & Hudson.
  1014.  
  1015. Find this resource:
  1016.  
  1017. Martin, Paul S. “Prehistory: Mogollon.” In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 9, Southwest. Edited by William C. Sturtevant and Alfonso Ortiz, 61–74. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1979.
  1018.  
  1019. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1020.  
  1021. A basic, though somewhat dated, introduction and overview of Mogollon culture and history of archaeology in the region with some review of Mimbres pottery. Numerous black-and-white illustrations.
  1022.  
  1023. Find this resource:
  1024.  
  1025. Nelson, Margaret C., and Michelle Hegmon, eds. Mimbres Lives and Landscapes. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, 2010.
  1026.  
  1027. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1028.  
  1029. Presents essays from different specialists on updated interpretations of the Mimbres culture. Several essays focus on recent interpretations of imagery in painted Mimbres bowls and the insights they provide into other archaeological interpretations.
  1030.  
  1031. Find this resource:
  1032.  
  1033. Nesbitt, Paul H. The Ancient Mimbreños, Based on Investigations at the Mattocks Ruin, Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Logan Museum Bulletin 4. Beloit, WI: Logan Museum, Beloit College, 1931.
  1034.  
  1035. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1036.  
  1037. A report on one of the earliest formally organized archaeological excavations of a Mimbres site. Numerous images of Mimbres bowls.
  1038.  
  1039. Find this resource:
  1040.  
  1041. Shafer, Harry. Mimbres Archaeology at the NAN Ranch Ruin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
  1042.  
  1043. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1044.  
  1045. A comprehensive archaeology report on the author’s extended excavation of a major Mimbres site. Primarily an anthropological study, but well-illustrated appendix of many Mimbres bowls.
  1046.  
  1047. Find this resource:
  1048.  
  1049. Mimbres Art History
  1050. The listings in this section present important art historical scholarship on Mimbres bowls, distinct from typical archaeological reports. These works constitute some of the best art historical scholarship on any aspect of Ancient Puebloan art. The Mimbres Ceramic Database is one of the most important recent Mimbres research tools to come from the digital age. Brody 1977 and LeBlanc 1983 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mimbres Archaeology) are the two general introductions to the ancient Mimbres culture and pottery style. Brody 1992 considers Mimbres pottery from an historic ethnographic perspective, and Digital Antiquity is an extensive online research database including an extensive digital catalogue of Mimbres imagery. Carr 1979, Kabotie 1982, Moulard 1984, and Thompson 1994 are focused studies on specific Mimbres themes and iconography. Berlant, et.al. 1983; Brody and Swentzell 1996; LeBlanc 2005; and Robb and D’Alessandro 2014 are catalogues based on specific collections of Mimbres pottery held in major museums.
  1051.  
  1052. Berlant, Tony, J. J. Brody, Catherine J. Scott, and Steven A. LeBlanc. Mimbres Pottery: Ancient Art of the American Southwest. New York: Hudson Hills, 1983.
  1053.  
  1054. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1055.  
  1056. A catalogue to the first-ever exhibition devoted exclusively to Mimbres art organized by the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology. An important volume for its strictly art historical treatment of the subject. Excellent black-and-white and color photographs throughout.
  1057.  
  1058. Find this resource:
  1059.  
  1060. Brody, J. J. Mimbres Painted Pottery. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, 1977.
  1061.  
  1062. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1063.  
  1064. The first extended study of Mimbres pottery by an art historian, based on a collection of Mimbres bowls excavated from the Swarts Ruin in New Mexico in 1932 (see Cosgrove and Cosgrove 2012, cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mimbres Archaeology). General introduction and overview of ancient Mimbres culture and detailed formal and iconographic analysis of dozens of Mimbres bowls.
  1065.  
  1066. Find this resource:
  1067.  
  1068. Brody, J. J. “Mimbres Art: Form and Imagery.” In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Edited by Richard Townsend, 88–101. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
  1069.  
  1070. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1071.  
  1072. Discusses the relationship, from Brody’s perspective, between images painted on ancient Mimbres pottery and pottery of historic Pueblo groups. Excellent color photographs.
  1073.  
  1074. Find this resource:
  1075.  
  1076. Brody, J. J., and Rina Swentzell. To Touch the Past: The Painted Pottery of the Mimbres People. New York: Hudson Hills, 1996.
  1077.  
  1078. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1079.  
  1080. A catalogue of the exhibition of the same name held at the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota, in 1996 on Mimbres bowls originally excavated from the Galaz ruin (see Anyon and LeBlanc 1984, cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mimbres Archaeology). Excellent illustrations.
  1081.  
  1082. Find this resource:
  1083.  
  1084. Carr, Pat. Mimbres Mythology. Southwestern Studies Monograph 56. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1979.
  1085.  
  1086. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1087.  
  1088. A short iconographic study of Mimbres bowl images. The author utilizes modern Puebloan myths and legends to interpret numerous Mimbres scenes. Twenty-nine black-and-white hand-drawn illustrations of Mimbres bowls by the author.
  1089.  
  1090. Find this resource:
  1091.  
  1092. Kabotie, Fred. Designs from The Ancient Mimbreños with a Hopi Interpretation. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland, 1982.
  1093.  
  1094. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1095.  
  1096. Offers iconographic interpretations of Mimbres bowl images based on Hopi myths and legends Hopi artist Fred Kabotie. Illustrated with black-and-white illustrations by Kabotie of Mimbres bowl imagery.
  1097.  
  1098. Find this resource:
  1099.  
  1100. LeBlanc, Steven A. Painted by a Distant Hand: Mimbres Pottery from the American Southwest. Peabody Museum Collections Series. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, 2005.
  1101.  
  1102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1103.  
  1104. An updated art historical analysis of the collection of Mimbres bowls in the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, from the Swarts Ruin in New Mexico (see Cosgrove and Cosgrove 2012, cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mimbres Archaeology). Brief, well-illustrated volume with many bowls published here for the first time.
  1105.  
  1106. Find this resource:
  1107.  
  1108. Mimbres Ceramic Database. The Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR).
  1109.  
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111.  
  1112. The Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) is a collaborative website dedicated to maintaining a digital repository of publicly accessible archaeological data. The Mimbres Pottery Images Digital Database consists of over 9,000 thumbnail images of Mimbres bowls, the largest such dedicated database in the country. Searchable through an extensive list of geometric and figurative motifs.
  1113.  
  1114. Find this resource:
  1115.  
  1116. Moulard, Barbara L. Within the Underworld Sky: Mimbres Ceramic Art in Context. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees, 1984.
  1117.  
  1118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1119.  
  1120. An iconographic interpretation of the Mimbres bowls themselves as well as the painted images. Mimbres bowls are considered in context with other non-Mimbres pottery examples from around the Southwest. Barbara Moulard is a professor of art history at Arizona State University. Excellent large-scale, full-page black-and-white photographs.
  1121.  
  1122. Find this resource:
  1123.  
  1124. Robb, Matthew, and Jill D’Alessandro. “Ancient Southwestern Ceramics.” In Lines on the Horizon: Native American Art from the Weisel Family Collection. By Matthew Robb and Jill D’Alessandro, 18–39. San Francisco, CA: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2014.
  1125.  
  1126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1127.  
  1128. An excellent essay covering Mimbres, Ancient Puebloan, and prehistoric Hopi Sikyatki pottery, included in the catalogue of the Weisel Collection of Native American Art housed at the de Young Museum in San Francisco, California. Excellent color photographs of the Mimbres collection.
  1129.  
  1130. Find this resource:
  1131.  
  1132. Thompson, Marc. “The Evolution and Dissemination of Mimbres Iconography.” In Kachinas in the Pueblo World. Edited by Polly Schaafsma, 93–105. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
  1133.  
  1134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1135.  
  1136. An iconographic interpretation of Mimbres bowl images in relation to Mesoamerican and Maya imagery and iconography.
  1137.  
  1138. Find this resource:
  1139.  
  1140. Mogollon Jornada Rock Art
  1141. Rock art associated with the Mogollon culture is designated as Jornada Style and occurs across southern New Mexico and far West Texas (see Schaafsma 1980, cited under Southwestern Rock Art: General Overviews and Schaafsma 1975, cited under Southwestern Rock Art: New Mexico). Schaafsma 1980 provides an introductory description and overview of the Jornada style, and Sutherland 1996 presents a focused study of Mesoamerican influence in the style.
  1142.  
  1143. Schaafsma, Polly. “The Mogollon.” In Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Edited by Polly Schaafsma, 183–242. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.
  1144.  
  1145. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1146.  
  1147. A general description and analysis of styles, subject matter, and iconography of rock art images associated with the Mogollon culture of southern New Mexico. Draws heavily on Schaafsma 1975.
  1148.  
  1149. Find this resource:
  1150.  
  1151. Sutherland, Kay. “Spirits from the South.” Artifact 34.1–2 (1996): i–101.
  1152.  
  1153. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1154.  
  1155. A focused study of possible Mesoamerican influence on Mogollon Jornada Style rock art images from southern New Mexico and Hueco Tanks State Park in west Texas. Extensive black-and-white illustrations and drawings of figures and motifs. Excellent iconographic analysis (see Davis and Sutherland 1997, cited under Southwestern Rock Art: Texas).
  1156.  
  1157. Find this resource:
  1158.  
  1159. Southwestern Rock Art
  1160. As a distinct artistic medium, rock art (painted “pictographs” and engraved “petroglyphs”) does not fit conveniently within traditional art historical categories, as it actually encompasses specific media of painting, engraving, incising, and shallow relief carving. However, rock art constitutes one of the oldest forms of human expression and was produced by virtually every known ancient and historic culture worldwide. The American Southwest is now widely recognized as one of the three or four most significant rock art regions in the world. Since the 1970s, Southwestern rock art scholarship in general has rapidly expanded. The listings in this category are subdivided according to the most relevant categories. After General Overviews entries, listings in this section focus on specific geographic regions, states, or culture areas within the broader Southwestern area, including some dedicated specifically to National Parks and Monuments.
  1161.  
  1162. General Overviews
  1163. Listings in this section include broad introductory surveys of rock art in the Greater Southwest and across North America. The single most important and still relevant of these overviews is Schaafsma 1980, but other excellent pan-North America and Southwestern surveys are also listed. Grant 1967 provides an early comprehensive survey of North American Indian art, including the Southwest. Schaafsma 1980, Cole 1990, Patterson 1992, and Malotki and Weaver 2002 and provide excellent broad overviews of the Southwest area. Kelen and Sucec 1996 and Matheny 2004 provide collected essays focusing on specific topics related to various aspects of Southwest rock art.
  1164.  
  1165. Cole, Sally J. Legacy on Stone: Rock Art of the Colorado Plateau and Four Corners Region. Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1990.
  1166.  
  1167. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1168.  
  1169. An extensive survey of major rock art styles centered on the Colorado Plateau, encompassing Archaic, Anasazi, Fremont, Navajo, Eastern Shoshoni, and Ute traditions. Emphasis is on style characteristics and motifs and compositional analyses. Excellent source for many relatively obscure or underpublished sites. Revised and expanded in 2009.
  1170.  
  1171. Find this resource:
  1172.  
  1173. Grant, Campbell. Rock Art of the American Indian. New York: Promontory, 1967.
  1174.  
  1175. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1176.  
  1177. An early comprehensive survey of North American Indian rock art by an art historian, including a limited random variety of images from the American Southwest. Emphasizes formal distinctions and basic iconographic themes. Good color illustrations, including many handpainted reproductions.
  1178.  
  1179. Find this resource:
  1180.  
  1181. Kelen, Leslie, and David Sucec. Sacred Images: A Vision of Native American Rock Art. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs-Smith, 1996.
  1182.  
  1183. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1184.  
  1185. Presents interpretations of four Utah rock art styles—Barrier Canyon, Hisatsenom (Anasazi), Fremont, and Ute—drawn from conversations with Native informants. Critical emphasis is placed on the spiritual aspects invoked by the images. Lavish color photographs by some of Utah’s best professional photographers.
  1186.  
  1187. Find this resource:
  1188.  
  1189. Malotki, Ekkehart, and Donald E. Weaver Jr. Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorado Plateau Rock Art. Walnut, CA: Kiva, 2002.
  1190.  
  1191. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1192.  
  1193. Proposes an alternative categorization of major rock art styles in the Southwest. The “-iconic” classification system proposed by Malotki, a linguist, and Weaver, an archaeologist, assigns stylistic affiliation and title based on more formal artistic criteria and iconographic readings (i.e., Paleoiconic, Archeoiconic, Mesoiconic, Neoiconic, Protoiconic, and Historioiconic). Numerous excellent color photographs.
  1194.  
  1195. Find this resource:
  1196.  
  1197. Matheny, Ray T., ed. New Dimensions in Rock Art Studies. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2004.
  1198.  
  1199. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1200.  
  1201. Essays by various different rock art scholars providing updated (as of publication date) analysis of different Southwestern rock art traditions (Archaic Barrier Canyon Style, Puebloan, Plains Fremont, and Navajo). Well illustrated throughout with black-and-white illustrations, but aimed primarily at a scholarly audience.
  1202.  
  1203. Find this resource:
  1204.  
  1205. Patterson, Alex. A Field Guide to Rock Art Symbols of the Greater Southwest. Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1992.
  1206.  
  1207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1208.  
  1209. An encyclopedic catalogue of rock art images and motifs from throughout the ancient Southwest, with iconographic interpretations based heavily on ethnohistoric sources for modern Native tribes. Arranged alphabetically, with ample black-and-white drawings and illustrations. Good reference source.
  1210.  
  1211. Find this resource:
  1212.  
  1213. Schaafsma, Polly. Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980.
  1214.  
  1215. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1216.  
  1217. The first major publication to define individual styles in Southwestern rock art. Schaafsma focuses on form and iconography as the key defining aspects of each style. Chapters are organized according to major prehistoric cultures. The style categories are still considered generally accurate by modern scholars. Essential resource for this topic.
  1218.  
  1219. Find this resource:
  1220.  
  1221. Arizona
  1222. Christensen, et al. 2013 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Archaic Art and McCreery and Malotki 1994 provide overviews of specific regional Arizona styles. Schaafsma 1990 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Archaic Art) is a detailed analysis of a specific rock art site in the Grand Canyon region.
  1223.  
  1224. McCreery, Patricia, and Ekkehart Malotki. Tapamveni: The Rock Art Galleries of Petrified Forest and Beyond. Petrified Forest, AZ: Petrified Forest Museum Association, 1994.
  1225.  
  1226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1227.  
  1228. A catalogue and photo-essay of rock art styles centered around the Petrified Forest National Park in central Arizona. Stylistic affiliations include Puebloan, Mogollon, and numerous substyles ranging from the Archaic to late prehistoric periods. Malotki, professor emeritus of languages at Northern Arizona University, presents revised formal categories and typologies for many images, most of which had no previous art historical analysis. The text is occasionally dense and difficult to follow, but the volume is richly illustrated in a multitude of color photographs.
  1229.  
  1230. Find this resource:
  1231.  
  1232. Colorado
  1233. Day, et al. 1989 is the only focused study of rock art in western Colorado and along the Colorado–Utah border.
  1234.  
  1235. Day, Jane S., Paul D. Friedman, and Marcia J. Tate. Rock Art of the Western Canyons. Denver, CO: Denver Museum of Natural History, 1989.
  1236.  
  1237. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1238.  
  1239. Reviews rock art styles from western Colorado, including Archaic Barrier Canyon Anthropomorphic Style and Ancient Puebloan and Fremont styles. Minimal black-and-white illustrations.
  1240.  
  1241. Find this resource:
  1242.  
  1243. New Mexico
  1244. Schaafsma 1975 is the only comprehensive overview of rock art styles in New Mexico. Schaafsma 1984 is an early introduction to rock art specifically found in Chaco Canyon.
  1245.  
  1246. Schaafsma, Polly. Rock Art in New Mexico. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1975.
  1247.  
  1248. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1249.  
  1250. The author’s follow-up companion volume to The Rock Art of Utah (1971). Comprehensive survey and catalogue of ancient rock sites and styles throughout New Mexico. Organized primarily by major geographic regions. Archaic, Ancient Puebloan, and Mogollon styles from earliest to late prehistoric periods are discussed throughout. Focuses on formal distinctions and iconographic interpretations. Best single source for study of ancient New Mexico rock art. Revised edition published in 1992.
  1251.  
  1252. Find this resource:
  1253.  
  1254. Schaafsma, Polly. “Rock Art in Chaco Canyon.” In New Light on Chaco Canyon. Edited by David Grant Noble, 59–64. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1984.
  1255.  
  1256. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1257.  
  1258. A brief introduction to the major rock art sites in Chaco Canyon, mostly Anasazi but including some Navajo as well. Primarily descriptive with little iconographic or technical discussion. Black-and-white illustrations.
  1259.  
  1260. Find this resource:
  1261.  
  1262. Texas
  1263. Boyd 2003, Kirkland and Newcomb 1967, and Shafer and Zintgraff 1986 provide overviews of the Archaic Pecos River Style of southwest Texas. Davis and Sutherland 1997 is a catalogue and analysis of rock art imagery in Hueco Tanks State Park.
  1264.  
  1265. Boyd, Carolyn E. Rock Art of the Lower Pecos. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.
  1266.  
  1267. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1268.  
  1269. An excellent interpretive monograph on the different rock art styles of the Pecos River region; (see Shafer and Zintgraff 1986). Boyd is research director of the Shumla Archaeological Research and Education Center in Texas and has more than twenty years’ experience documenting and conserving rock art sites and analyzing rock art techniques. Highly technical content but well illustrated in color and black-and-white; easily readable.
  1270.  
  1271. Find this resource:
  1272.  
  1273. Davis, John V., and Kay S. Sutherland. A Rock Art Inventory at Hueco Tanks State Historical Park, Texas. El Paso, TX: El Paso Archaeological Society, 1997.
  1274.  
  1275. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1276.  
  1277. A comprehensive catalogue of rock art images mainly in the Mogollon Jornada Style from Hueco Tanks State Park in west Texas. Minimal iconographic or thematic analysis. Ample black-and-white drawings and illustrations throughout. Good reference source.
  1278.  
  1279. Find this resource:
  1280.  
  1281. Kirkland, Forrest, and William W. Newcomb. The Rock Art of Texas Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967.
  1282.  
  1283. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1284.  
  1285. An early comprehensive study of the various rock art styles of Texas, including extensive description of the Archaic Pecos River Style of West Texas (see Shafer and Zintgraff 1986) and Schaafsma 1971, cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Archaic Art includes numerous painted reproductions of Pecos River images created by Kirkland in the 1930s, some of the earliest recordings of Pecos River Style rock art. Excellent black-and-white and color illustrations. Reprinted in 1996.
  1286.  
  1287. Find this resource:
  1288.  
  1289. Shafer, Harry J., and Jim Zintgraff. Ancient Texans: Rock Art & Lifeways Along the Lower Pecos. Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1986.
  1290.  
  1291. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1292.  
  1293. Presents essays by anthropologists and art historians on rock art in the Archaic Pecos River Style along the Rio Grande River of west Texas and northern Mexico (see Boyd 2003). First widely published monograph on the Pecos River Style. Excellent full-page color photographs throughout.
  1294.  
  1295. Find this resource:
  1296.  
  1297. Utah
  1298. Castleton 1987, Schaafsma 1971 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Archaic Art), and Silfer 2000 are general overviews of rock art throughout Utah. Spangler and Spangler 2003 and Smith and Long 1980 are focused studies of rock art styles from specific canyon systems in Utah.
  1299.  
  1300. Castleton, Kenneth B. Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Utah. 2 vols. Salt Lake City: Utah Museum of Natural History, 1987.
  1301.  
  1302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1303.  
  1304. An extensive catalogue of rock art sites throughout Utah visited by Castleton, a retired MD at publication. Arranged by geographic regions and locations, the two volumes provide good overviews of many previously unrecorded or unpublished sites in all known styles (at publication date) of Utah rock art. Some black-and white illustrations, but mostly low-quality drawings of many images. Good introductory reference source, though lacking any in-depth critical discussion. Expanded and reprinted 2002.
  1305.  
  1306. Find this resource:
  1307.  
  1308. Silfer, Dennis. Guide to Rock Art of the Utah Region: Sites with Public Access. Santa Fe, NM: Ancient City Press, 2000.
  1309.  
  1310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1311.  
  1312. A detailed guide to numerous rock art sites throughout Utah, with basic stylistic and iconographic analyses and cultural attributions. Many sites not previously published. Author is a geologist by training, but the book is written in a scholarly fashion and illustrated in black-and-white.
  1313.  
  1314. Find this resource:
  1315.  
  1316. Smith, Gary, and Michael E. Long. “Utah’s Rock Art: Wilderness Louvre.” National Geographic Magazine 157.1 (1980): 97–117.
  1317.  
  1318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1319.  
  1320. An excellent photographic essay of various examples of Southwestern rock art, particularly the Great Gallery in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, the premier example of the Archaic Barrier Canyon Anthropomorphic Style. Includes brief contextual and iconographic interpretations.
  1321.  
  1322. Find this resource:
  1323.  
  1324. Spangler, Jerry D., and Donna K. Spangler. Horned Snakes and Axle Grease: A Roadside Guide to the Archaeology, History and Rock Art of Nine Mile Canyon. Salt Lake City, UT: Uinta, 2003.
  1325.  
  1326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1327.  
  1328. A guidebook and catalogue of accessible rock art sites in Nine Mile Canyon in central Utah. Arranged in order of occurrence along approximately 40-mile stretch of canyon access road. Nine Mile Canyon contains primarily Fremont associated rock art sites and archaeological remains, with some Archaic, Puebloan, and historic Ute imagery. Minimal interpretive discussion but useful reference guide.
  1329.  
  1330. Find this resource:
  1331.  
  1332. Thematic Studies
  1333. Listings in this section focus on narrowly defined theoretical or thematic topics. These studies are generally much more art historical in their approach and analysis. Schaafsma 1985 considers the distinction between archaeological and rock art theory and method, and Sutherland 1996 (cited under Other Early Art in the North American Southwest: Mogollon Art: Mogollon Jornada Rock Art) considers possible Mesoamerican influence on the Mogollon Jornada Style. Silfer and Duffield 1994, Silfer 2000, and Hays-Gilpin 2004 review specific themes depicted in Southwestern rock art imagery.
  1334.  
  1335. Hays-Gilpin, Kelley A. Ambiguous Images: Gender and Rock Art. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira, 2004.
  1336.  
  1337. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1338.  
  1339. An extended analysis of rock art imagery worldwide focusing on issues of gender and sexuality related to rock art production, site usage, and content symbolism. Includes considerable iconographic analysis of many Southwestern rock art styles. Good source for broad global perspective on Southwestern rock art imagery.
  1340.  
  1341. Find this resource:
  1342.  
  1343. Schaafsma, Polly. “Form, Content and Function: Theory and Method in North American Rock Art Studies.” In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 8. Edited by Michael B. Schiffer, 237–277. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1985.
  1344.  
  1345. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1346.  
  1347. An extended review and discussion of the theoretical relationship between traditional archaeological methods and rock art theories and methods. Schaafsma considers the pros and cons of both disciplines and argues for more integration of rock art theory and method into archaeological assessment. Very dense reading; not for the novice student or scholar.
  1348.  
  1349. Find this resource:
  1350.  
  1351. Silfer, Dennis. The Serpent and the Sacred Fire: Fertility Images in Southwest Rock Art. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2000.
  1352.  
  1353. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1354.  
  1355. An extensive catalogue of fertility-themed rock art images from throughout the Southwest, with iconographic interpretations by the author. Silfer is a geologist by training, but the work is well researched. Mostly black-and-white illustrations and drawings, with a few color plates.
  1356.  
  1357. Find this resource:
  1358.  
  1359. Silfer, Dennis, and James Duffield. Flute Player Images in Rock Art. Santa Fe, NM: Ancient City Press, 1994.
  1360.  
  1361. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1362.  
  1363. Dennis Silfer and James Duffield are geologists by training. This book presents a comprehensive study of the popular and iconic “Kokopelli” flute player image in various cultures and rock art styles from across the ancient Southwest. Includes discussion of the various interpretations of the figure and its cultural attributions.
  1364.  
  1365. Find this resource:
  1366.  
  1367. Periodicals
  1368. The scholarly popularity of Ancient Puebloan rock art studies has generated a small number of regular periodicals dedicated specifically to this genre. The listings in this section are the most comprehensive and useful for art history and rock art scholars. American Indian Rock Art presents collected essays covering rock art topics throughout the world. Rock Art Papers presents essays on topics from across ancient North America, and Proceedings of the Utah Rock Art Research Association Annual Symposium presents collected essays on topics specific to Utah.
  1369.  
  1370. American Indian Rock Art. 1975–.
  1371.  
  1372. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1373.  
  1374. American Indian Rock Art is the annual publication of papers presented at the American Rock Art Research Association annual conference covering rock art topics from throughout the Americas, including frequent essays on Ancient Puebloan art.
  1375.  
  1376. Find this resource:
  1377.  
  1378. Proceedings of the Utah Rock Art Research Association Annual Symposium. 1980–.
  1379.  
  1380. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1381.  
  1382. Presents collected essays by various rock art specialists from the Utah Rock Art Research Association Annual Symposium. Focusing on rock art imagery from Utah, Ancient Puebloan topics are routinely interspersed amongst the publications. As of 2012, publications are available online only through the Utah Rock Art Research Association website.
  1383.  
  1384. Find this resource:
  1385.  
  1386. Rock Art Papers. 1983–.
  1387.  
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  1389.  
  1390. Rock Art Papers is the annual publication of papers presented at the Annual Rock Art Symposium presented by the San Diego Museum of Man. Topics cover full range of global rock art styles and traditions, including frequent focus on Ancient Puebloan culture. Very scholarly, in-depth approach to the subject, aimed primarily at specialists in the field.
  1391.  
  1392. Find this resource:
  1393.  
  1394. Research Sources
  1395. Whitley 2001 and Whitley 2005 provide the best sources for conducting rock art research, including extensive bibliographies, theoretical, and methodological approaches.
  1396.  
  1397. Whitley, David S., ed. Handbook of Rock Art Research. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira, 2001.
  1398.  
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  1400.  
  1401. An exhaustive, comprehensive bibliography of rock art research and scholarship worldwide. Organized by major global geographic regions with essays by various scholars from different disciplines reviewing the relevant rock art scholarship. Brief introductory discussion on the Anasazi in the chapter titled “North American Indian Agriculturalists.”
  1402.  
  1403. Find this resource:
  1404.  
  1405. Whitley, David S. Introduction to Rock Art Research. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast, 2005.
  1406.  
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  1408.  
  1409. An introduction to the study and interpretation of rock art. Not focused on specific styles, areas, or themes but rather introduces the various methods, interpretive strategies, and recording techniques for the novice student. Includes a glossary of rock art terminology and discussion of the relationship of rock art study to archaeology and anthropology. Good basic foundation for rock art study.
  1410.  
  1411. Find this resource:
  1412.  
  1413. Museum and Exhibition Catalogues
  1414. Listings in this section provide either printed or electronic catalogues of major exhibitions or museum collections of Ancient Puebloan art works. Ancient Puebloan sculpture and portable painting is rare in such collections, so exhibition-quality catalogues are not as frequent as in other art styles (see also Mimbres Art History). Douglas and d’Harnoncourt 1941 and Townsend 1992 were published in conjunction with temporary exhibitions on a broad range of Ancient American art, including the Southwest. Townsend 2005 is the catalogue for a temporary exhibit comparing Ancient Puebloan and Casas Grandes ceramics. Kankainen 1995 documents the collection of Puebloan fiber arts at the University of Utah Museum of Natural History, and National Park Service Museum Management Program 2014 (cited under Chaco Canyon: Online Resources) is an online catalogue documenting the collection of the museum of Chaco Canyon Historic Park.
  1415.  
  1416. Douglas, Frederic H., and Rene d’Harnoncourt. Indian Art of the United States. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1941.
  1417.  
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  1419.  
  1420. Catalogue published with the landmark exhibition of the same name presented at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Objects were selected for their artistic, aesthetic appeal, rather than as ethnographic objects. Ancient Puebloan works included Basketmaker baskets and sandals, prehistoric Mimbres and Hopi ceramics, and reproductions of Awatovi kiva murals.
  1421.  
  1422. Find this resource:
  1423.  
  1424. Kankainen, Kathy, ed. Treading in the Past: Sandals of the Anasazi. Salt Lake City: Museum of Natural History, 1995.
  1425.  
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  1427.  
  1428. A catalogue of the collection of Ancient Puebloan woven sandals and associated fiber objects housed at the University of Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City. Good color photographs of hundreds of sandals and fragments, each with accompanying extensive museum catalogue data and provenance. Primary resource on this topic.
  1429.  
  1430. Find this resource:
  1431.  
  1432. Townsend, Richard, gen. ed. The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
  1433.  
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  1435.  
  1436. A catalogue to the exhibition of the same name presented by the Art Institute of Chicago in 1992–1993. Essays from different specialists on major cultures and styles from all of ancient America. Includes essays by Stephen Lekson and J. J. Brody on Chacoan architecture and Mimbres pottery, respectively. Excellent color photographs.
  1437.  
  1438. Find this resource:
  1439.  
  1440. Townsend, Richard, ed. Casas Grandes and the Ceramic Art of the Ancient Southwest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  1441.  
  1442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1443.  
  1444. A catalogue with contributed essays for the exhibition presented at the Art Institutive of Chicago in 2005. The exhibition presented a variety of Casas Grandes and Ancient Puebloan ceramic vessels displaying similar formal and iconographic properties. Essays discuss artistic and social interaction and influence between the Casas Grandes and Ancient Puebloan regions. Excellent color photographs throughout.
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