2020-01-08 TOEFL: vocab, roots, detail

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 11-12 - Answer these vocabulary questions.
1 a
2 c
3 d
4 c - Note that it’s ungrammatical to directly replace the phrase with this.
5 b
6 b
7 b
8 c
	(“motherly” and “fatherly” describe a person’s personality as being similar to what’s typical for a mother or a father)
9 d
10 a
11 b
12 d
13 b (Make sure you understand the difference between “parental” and “paternal”.)
14 d (The ‘esque’ ending is similar to the ‘ish’ ending in English.)
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Cengage 2.1 - Explain the meanings of each highlighted word in your own words.
1 drab = simple; boring; not glamorous
2 constant = continuous; without stopping; without rest
3 dusk = end of the day; sunset or the period after sunset
4 rudimentary = basic; elementary
  (take for granted = treat as normal and unremarkable)
5 faint = weak; dim
6 refuse (n) = trash; waste
7 roam = walk around without purpose (It’s very common with the word “free” or “freely”, about animals.)
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“refuse” is an example of a word that can be a noun or a verb with different pronunciation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun
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https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ - Search for the frequency and examples of English words or phrases
	*esque - all words that end with “esque”
	*chem* - all words that include “chem” somewhere
	depend * - all phrases that are “depend” and another word
	_j* man - all adjectives used immediately before “man”
- Every list of results has the most common examples first.
	(The numbers are how many times the word or phrase appears in the whole corpus of 560 million words.)
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https://www.wordandphrase.info/analyzeText.asp - Type a list of words in the box and click “search”.
Then you can click on each word on the right side to find out a lot more information about it.
NOTE: the numbers for this website are rank, so lower numbers are for more common words.
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passage 3
1 cluster = group or bunch, close together
2 mist = fog
3 luminous = bright; light-emitting
4 debris = pieces of something after construction or destruction
5 a handful = between “a few” and “several” (Or the amount that can fit in your hand.)
6 mourning = grieving because someone died
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BREAK
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Word Roots (list 4) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = symbol; image
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiot) = peculiar; oneself
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in
	il before L
	ir before R
	im before B, M, P (imbibe, immobile)
	in before everything else
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under
inter (interview, international, intercept) = among/between
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into/inward
	(The “tra” or “tro” ending is also in “contra”, “extra”, and “retro”. It adds movement or direction.)
ject (interject, eject, inject) = throw/thrust
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = movement (The Latin spelling of this root is “cine”.)
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = words/read
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = big (in size)
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea/ocean
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (also the unit prefix for 1,000,000)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis, metabolism) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (Metacognition is thinking about thoughts.)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe) = small/tiny (unit prefix for 1/1,000,000)
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = wrong/incorrect
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue) = one
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https://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/scores/improve/ - Click on your real (or expected) score range for advice on how to improve your scores in that area.
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For reading and listening practice outside of class, look for material about topics that are similar to TOEFL topics (academic topics, especially ones that you find difficult or boring).
For reading, magazines like Smithsonian or National Geographic.
For listening, TED-Ed and TED Talks, podcasts about specific topics.
	(These are usually directed at interested but non-expert audiences.)
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Listening Question Types:
- detail/fact
- purpose (why does the speaker talk about ____?)
- inference (what can you conclude about _____?)
- main idea / gist (content or purpose)
- function/replay (Listen again. Why does the speaker say this?)
- attitude (How does the speaker feel about something?)
- prediction (what will the speaker probably do?)
- complete a chart or table / connecting content (Like detail questions with multiple parts.)
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Oxford p. lvi (diagnostic test) - Listen to the conversation and take notes.
Then answer the questions.
1 d - He gives her time management techniques, but that’s not why she talks to him.
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Homework: finish this and do p. lix-lx (DL3)