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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-romans-flooded-the-colosseum-for-sea-battles-janelle-peters
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- Word Roots (list 2) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
- cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
- chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
- chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
- circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
- claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell
- clar (clarify, declare) = clear
- cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
- co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
- col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
- com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
- cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
- con before other consonants (except H): (concatenate, condone, confer, congratulate, conjunction, connect, conquest, consent, contain, convene)
- (co before vowels, H, and in new words: coaxial, cohabitate, copilot, coteacher)
- cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know/think
- contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against (This is “con” + “tra”. It’s the same “tra/tro” in “intro”, “retro”, “extra”; it adds the idea of movement or direction.)
- corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
- cred (credible, credit, credulous) = trust/believe
- crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret (Many words that start with “crypto” are related to hidding information with codes.)
- dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
- di/de (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
- di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
- dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between (A dialect describes the kinds of words people use in a dialogue, i.e. a conversation.)
- dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
- domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master/control
- don (donate, pardon) = give
- duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = take/lead
- dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
- dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is “eu”.)
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- anti = before/in front of OR against
- con = together OR against
- ob/op = in front of OR against
- (Even “with” historically could mean “against”, and still does in words like “withstand”.)
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- euphemism = neutral or nicer words to talk about something potentially impolite or uncomfortable
- dysphemism = intentionally negative or rude words to talk about something (especially that’s normally euphemized)
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- It’s useful to be able to recognize roots, but it’s also important to know that sometimes the original meaning has completely disappeared from the word.
- proto = first
- protocol = the correct and polite way to do something
- (There is a history of how this change happened, but the point is that “protocol” isn’t connected to “first” any more.)
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- TOEFL: 3.5 hours, 4 sections, 120 points total (30 per section), $205
- 1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 9-10 questions per passage
- 2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5-7 listenings (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures)
- (10-minute break)
- 3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s of speaking time
- 4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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- Reading question types:
- - purpose
- - vocabulary
- - fact
- - negative fact
- - inference
- - reference
- - paraphrase
- - sentence insertion (always the one before the last question)
- - summarize (one of two possibilities for the last question)
- - organize/categorize (complete a chart) (the other possibility for the last question)
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- Vocabulary Questions - p. 2-10 give suggestions for how to answer these questions from context
- (p. 2 describes steps, p. 5-6 give common context clues that you might use in step 3.)
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- BREAK
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- p. 7 exercise 1R4 - Try to think of one or two more exmples for each common noun ending. (DON’T simply write the words from the box on p. 6.)
- 1 teacher, doctor, manager, administrator (verb+er = person (or thing) that does [verb])
- 2 resident, president, assistant, student
- 3 rapist, dentist, scientist, pianist, violinist, guitarist, vocalist (noun+er = person connected with [noun])
- - some words here can also be “-ism” to denote an ideology or system: racism, communism, etc.
- 4 pioneer, volunteer, billionaire
- 5 madness, sadness, homelessness, helplessness, carelessness, sickness (adj+ness = noun)
- 6 simplicity, curiosity, personality, nationality (adj+ity = noun)
- 7 residence, assistance, independence (many words from [2] can change to -ce like this)
- 8 exclamation, information, administration (verb+tion or +ation = noun for the action)
- 9 commitment, judgment, development (verb+ment = noun)
- What do these endings mean?
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- p. 8 - Do the same with other parts of speech.
- 1 snowy, sunny, foggy, icy, salty, spicy, juicy (noun+y = with a lot of [noun])
- 2 logical, magical, emotional, educational (noun+al = related to [noun])
- 3 extraordinary, primary, secondary, tertiary, evolutionary, exemplary
- 4 toxic, traumatic, frenetic, classic, agnostic, geometric (This is also a common noun ending)
- 5 randomize, nationalize, realize, computerize (adj+ize = to make something [adjective])
- 6 clarify, certify, diversify (same meaning as “ize”)
- 7 whiten, blacken, brighten, lighten, darken, redden, flatten, heighten, broaden, lengthen, strengthen
- (adj+en = to make something [adjective])
- 8 activate, educate, administrate, duplicate, estimate, moderate, graduate (some of these can also be nouns or adjectives with different syllable stress)
- 9 (The adverb ending is just -ly. These words are mostly noun+al+ly.)
- 10 usually, frequently, rarely, certainly, probably (adj+ly = adverb)
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- p. 8 part 1R6 - Identify the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) of the bold words.
- 1 adjective
- 2 verb
- 3 noun
- 4 adjective
- 5 noun
- 6 noun
- 7 adverb
- 8 adjective
- 9 noun
- 10 noun
- 11 verb
- 12 verb
- 13 noun
- 14 adjective
- 15 adjective
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- Cengage exercise 2.1 - Use context to explain the meanings of these words in your own words.
- passage 1
- drab = dull, boring, not glamorous
- constant = continuous, unchanging
- dusk = the end of the day, evening, the time just after sunset (opp. “dawn”)
- rudimentary = basic
- faint = weak, unclear
- refuse = trash, waste (The noun is stressed on the first syllable.)
- roam = walk around (very common for animals and with the word “free” or “freely”)
- passage 2
- took over = assume a role, take control
- curriculum = course of studies
- elective = optional
- stressed = emphasized
- passage 3
- cluster = group close together
- mist = fog
- luminous = bright, light-emitting
- debris = pieces left over after something is built or destroyed
- a handful = more than a few, less than several
- mourning = grieving a death
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- Homework: p. 11-15, exercises 1R9 and 1R11
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