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France (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The subject category of “medieval France” bespeaks an Anglo-American approach to periods of French history, rather than a French one. The enduring importance of the French Revolution in France places makes the ancien régime (the entire period before 1789) the dominant division for French scholarship, publishing, and even archival structures. Even so, the prominence of medievalists as public intellectuals in France has assured that the moyen âge (variously dated from the 5th to the 15th century) is a large category in any French bookstore. In consequence, French textbooks, journals, bibliographies, and reference works often emphasize periods different from those written in English. Another important issue is whether an entity called “France” meaningfully existed in the Middle Ages. Although most scholars assert medieval origins for the kingdom of France, their opinions about when it came to be vary depending upon the answer to a fundamental question: what is medieval France? Traditional scholarship stressed the importance of monarchy (especially the Capetian dynasty, 987–1328) as a unifying force among diverse principalities, although the kingdom’s borders did not resemble the modern ones until after 1500. In consequence, the importance of Merovingian “Francia,” and even of the Carolingian realm, for the formation of any later kingdom of France was deemphasized by both 19th-century scholars infused by post-Revolution nationalism (as set against royalism), as well as by 20th-century scholars seeking a distinctive French national identity (to contrast with a German one, in light of the two world wars). More recent French scholarship is frequently divided by geography—either roughly by linguistic zones between the north and south, or by medieval lordships. These divisions have resulted from a tradition of regional studies, inspired by the Annales school, the leading historical approach in postwar France, which had an enormous influence over historical training at universities (see the bibliography Regions of Medieval France). At the same time, English-language scholarship about medieval France stressed different subjects, such as the aristocratic family, women, and the crusades and heresy, which highlighted different approaches, chronologies, and even geographies than did French scholarship. These streams of historiography began to merge in the later 1990s, and in the 21st century there has been increasing mutual influence. This bibliography highlights English-language scholarship and seeks to provide points of entry to French scholarship, in translation if possible.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Since French historians tend to subordinate the medieval period to the longer ancien régime, French overviews tend to be sweeping. However, the tradition of soliciting major scholars to write them as a series assures quality of treatment and, often, incisive interpretations. One such series is the Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale, of which the most relevant volumes are Theis 1990, Barthélemy 1990, and Bourin-Derruau 1990. The volumes of the New Cambridge Medieval History offer more concise narratives (see McKitterick 1995, Reuter 2000, Luscombe 2004, Abulafia 1999, and Jones 2000). For particular periods, or for greater detail, see the entries under Textbooks.
  8.  
  9. Abulafia, David, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5. c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  10.  
  11. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  12.  
  13. See chapter 11, “The Capetians from the Death of Philip II to Philip IV,” by William Chester Jordan. Also includes separate treatments of Burgundy and Flanders.
  14.  
  15. Find this resource:
  16.  
  17.  
  18. Barthélemy, Dominique. Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale. Vol. 3, L’ordre seigneurial: XIe–XIIe siècle. Paris: Seuil, 1990.
  19.  
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  21.  
  22. Emphasizes lordship, knighthood, and relations with the crown; less revisionist than author’s subsequent work.
  23.  
  24. Find this resource:
  25.  
  26.  
  27. Bourin-Derruau, Monique. Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale. Vol. 4, Temps d’équilibres, temps de ruptures: XIIIe siècle. Paris: Seuil, 1990.
  28.  
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  30.  
  31. Strong on society and economy and treats both north and south.
  32.  
  33. Find this resource:
  34.  
  35.  
  36. Jones, Michael, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 6, c. 1300–c. 1415. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. A chronological narrative is provided in the chapter titled “France,” by Michael Jones and Françoise Autrand. This is the only volume of the series that acknowledges the existence of medieval France without qualification.
  41.  
  42. Find this resource:
  43.  
  44.  
  45. Luscombe, David, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4, c. 1024–c. 1198 (Part 2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  46.  
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  48.  
  49. Chronological narratives are provided in the chapters “The Kingdom of the Franks to 1108” (Constance Bouchard), and “The Kingdom of the Franks from Louis VI to Philip II” (John Baldwin and Michel Bur).
  50.  
  51. Find this resource:
  52.  
  53.  
  54. McKitterick, Rosamund, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2, c. 700–c. 900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  55.  
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  57.  
  58. Chronological narratives are provided in the chapters “Frankish Gaul to 814” (Paul Fouracre) and “The Frankish Kingdoms, 814–898: The West” (Janet L. Nelson).
  59.  
  60. Find this resource:
  61.  
  62.  
  63. Reuter, Timothy, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 3, c. 900–c. 1024. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. Resists the notion that there is a “France.” Chronological narratives of various regions include: “Lotharingia” (Michel Parisse); “Burgundy and Provence, 879–1032” (Constance Brittain Bouchard); “West Francia: The Kingdom” (Jean Dunbabin); “West Francia: The Northern Principalities,” (David Bates); and “West Francia: The Southern Principalities” (Michel Zimmermann).
  68.  
  69. Find this resource:
  70.  
  71.  
  72. Theis, Laurent. L’héritage des Charles: De la mort de Charlemagne aux environs de l’an mil. Paris: Seuil, 1990.
  73.  
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  75.  
  76. Strongest on the transition from last Carolingians to Capetians.
  77.  
  78. Find this resource:
  79.  
  80.  
  81. Reference Works
  82.  
  83. Those seeking quick descriptions of events, people, or movements in English should use Kibler and Zinn 1995 or Vauchez 2000. To understand how French scholars define their terms, use Favier 1993. Van Caenegem 1997 contains extensive treatments of France in various sections. A massive government project to digitize the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s holdings (including medieval manuscripts) can be accessed through the Gallica portal.
  84.  
  85. Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica: Bibliothèque numérique.
  86.  
  87. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  88.  
  89. A massive project to digitize the French national library, containing over one million items. The portal is constantly changing, but in contains various subject headings (including history), bibliographies, and the ability to search by specific terms. It is linked to the collection catalogues (including manuscripts) of the library but is strongest on secondary works.
  90.  
  91. Find this resource:
  92.  
  93.  
  94. Favier, Jean, ed. Dictionnaire de le France médiévale. Paris: Fayard, 1993.
  95.  
  96. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  97.  
  98. Useful for French scholarly terminology, key concepts, and categories.
  99.  
  100. Find this resource:
  101.  
  102.  
  103. Kibler, William W., and Grover A. Zinn, eds. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1995.
  104.  
  105. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  106.  
  107. Useful definitions and scholarly snapshots of important topics, though not always as French scholars might conceive of them.
  108.  
  109. Find this resource:
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Van Caenegem, Raoul C. Introduction aux sources de l’histoire médiévale. With François-Louis Ganshof. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1997.
  113.  
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115.  
  116. Explains source types, with detailed references about collections, archives, auxiliary disciplines, and bibliographies. Sections have subheadings for France. The earlier English version, Guide to Sources of Medieval History (1982), is outdated.
  117.  
  118. Find this resource:
  119.  
  120.  
  121. Vauchez, André, Barrie Dobson, and Michael Lapidge, eds. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. 2 vols. Translated by Adrian Walford. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000.
  122.  
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  124.  
  125. English translation with revisions of French and Italian editions, originally published in 1997. Provides solid coverage for medieval France.
  126.  
  127. Find this resource:
  128.  
  129.  
  130. Textbooks
  131.  
  132. There are fine textbooks in English for the 9th to 13th centuries, such as Dunbabin 2000, Hallam and Everard 2001, and Paterson 1993. The volumes in the Short Oxford History of France on the central and later Middle Ages (Bull 2002 and Potter 2003) contain topical chapters written by leading scholars. Coverage of earlier periods in English can be found in James 1982 and McKitterick 1983.
  133.  
  134. Bull, Marcus, ed. France in the Central Middle Ages: 900–1200. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  135.  
  136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  137.  
  138. Includes overviews of political culture, economy and society, and religion, with a separate chapter on the south. More focused on historiography than Potter 2003.
  139.  
  140. Find this resource:
  141.  
  142.  
  143. Dunbabin, Jean. France in the Making, 843–1180. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  144.  
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  146.  
  147. Particularly strong coverage of principalities and their interaction with the crown. With maps and useful bibliography, divided by regions.
  148.  
  149. Find this resource:
  150.  
  151.  
  152. Hallam, Elizabeth M., and Judith Everard. Capetian France, 987–1328. 2d ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2001.
  153.  
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155.  
  156. Provides a chronological narrative of the rise of the Capetians, with large number of maps and chapter bibliographies.
  157.  
  158. Find this resource:
  159.  
  160.  
  161. James, Edward. The Origins of France: From Clovis to the Capetians, 500–1000. New York: St. Martin’s, 1982.
  162.  
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  164.  
  165. Emphasizes the early Franks and the Merovingian period, before the advent of “France.”
  166.  
  167. Find this resource:
  168.  
  169.  
  170. McKitterick, Rosamund. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman, 1983.
  171.  
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  173.  
  174. Emphasizes Carolingian royal rule, administration, and ecclesiastical policy.
  175.  
  176. Find this resource:
  177.  
  178.  
  179. Paterson, Linda M. The World of the Troubadors: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100–c. 1300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  180.  
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  182.  
  183. Synthetic treatment of southern France, and a useful counterpoint to traditional works emphasizing royal power and the north.
  184.  
  185. Find this resource:
  186.  
  187.  
  188. Potter, David, ed. France in the Later Middle Ages: 1200–1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  189.  
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191.  
  192. Examines politics, society and economy, the nobility, and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War. More focused on events than Bull 2002.
  193.  
  194. Find this resource:
  195.  
  196.  
  197. Journals
  198.  
  199. There are no journals devoted to medieval France in English. English-language journals about the Middle Ages featuring articles or reviews on medieval France include Speculum, The Journal of Medieval History, Early Medieval Europe, and Viator. The fundamental importance of the Annales in shaping medieval French historiography insures its continued relevance. The most important French journals for medieval French history include Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes, Le Moyen Âge, and Cahiers de civilisation médiévale.
  200.  
  201. Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 1929–.
  202.  
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  204.  
  205. The leading journal in shaping the historiography of medieval France (see also the Annales School). Published from 1929 to the present, with a number of subtitle changes over the years.
  206.  
  207. Find this resource:
  208.  
  209.  
  210. Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes. 1839–.
  211.  
  212. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  213.  
  214. Focuses on source studies and methodology, with strong medieval coverage. Began publication in 1839.
  215.  
  216. Find this resource:
  217.  
  218.  
  219. Cahiers de civilisation médiévale: Xe–XIIe siècles. 1958–.
  220.  
  221. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  222.  
  223. This journal emphasizes the High Middle Ages, with a focus on France. Since 1969 it has published a separate annual bibliography, arranged thematically, which is now available online as Bibliographie de civilisation médiévale through Brepols.
  224.  
  225. Find this resource:
  226.  
  227.  
  228. Early Medieval Europe. 1992–.
  229.  
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  231.  
  232. A British journal covering early medieval history up to the 12th century.
  233.  
  234. Find this resource:
  235.  
  236.  
  237. Journal of Medieval History. 1975–.
  238.  
  239. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  240.  
  241. Covers all aspects of medieval history, with articles in various languages and frequent treatment of France. Published in the Netherlands.
  242.  
  243. Find this resource:
  244.  
  245.  
  246. Le Moyen Âge. 1888–.
  247.  
  248. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  249.  
  250. Devoted to history and philology, with a useful yearly bibliography.
  251.  
  252. Find this resource:
  253.  
  254.  
  255. Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies. 1926–.
  256.  
  257. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  258.  
  259. Interdisciplinary journal published by the Medieval Academy of America and has an extensive book review section.
  260.  
  261. Find this resource:
  262.  
  263.  
  264. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 1969–.
  265.  
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267.  
  268. Published by the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Contains longer scholarly articles than other journals.
  269.  
  270. Find this resource:
  271.  
  272.  
  273. Bibliographies
  274.  
  275. Many great bibliography projects for the Middle Ages (or for particular disciplines) provide coverage of medieval France. The International Medieval Bibliography is the best international resource. The Bibliographie Annuelle de l’histoire de France is a serial bibliography of historical scholarship on France, divided by period. Balard 1992 is dedicated to medieval France. Scholars seeking further guidance should use Van Caenegem and Ganshof 1997. Annual bibliographies are published in Cahiers de civilisation médiévale: Xe–XIIe siècles, Le Moyen Âge, and the Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique.
  276.  
  277. Balard, Michel. Bibliographie de l’histoire médiévale en France (1965–1990). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992.
  278.  
  279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280.  
  281. Retrospective bibliography of medieval French history, with primarily French works.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Bibliographie Annuelle de l’histoire de France. 1956–.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. Serial bibliography for entire history of France published quarterly by the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS); covers latest works on the medieval period. In process of being digitized as of 2010.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294.  
  295. Cahiers de civilisation médiévale: Xe–XIIe siècles. 1958–.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. This journal emphasizes the High Middle Ages, with a focus on France. Since 1969 it has published a separate annual bibliography, arranged thematically, which is now available online as Bibliographie de Civilisation Médiévale through Brepols.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303.  
  304. International Medieval Bibliography (IMB).
  305.  
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307.  
  308. An online bibliography covering all aspects of the Middle Ages, c. 400–1500, in Europe and beyond. Print version published by the Institute for Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds, and distributed by Brepols. Particularly strong on European scholarship; searchable by discipline, geographic area, period, and subject.
  309.  
  310. Find this resource:
  311.  
  312.  
  313. Le Moyen Âge. 1888–.
  314.  
  315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316.  
  317. Devoted to history and philology, with a useful yearly bibliography.
  318.  
  319. Find this resource:
  320.  
  321.  
  322. Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique-bibliographie.
  323.  
  324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  325.  
  326. The bibliography of the leading journal on church history, arranged by subject, period, and place, such that material pertinent to France can be quickly located. The bibliography now available online through Brepols.
  327.  
  328. Find this resource:
  329.  
  330.  
  331. Van Caenegem, Raoul C., with François-Louis Ganshof. Introduction aux sources de l’histoire médiévale. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1997.
  332.  
  333. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  334.  
  335. Although devoted to source criticism, this work contains an extensive section on scholarly bibliographies, including on France. The earlier English version, Guide to Sources of Medieval History (1982) is outdated.
  336.  
  337. Find this resource:
  338.  
  339.  
  340. Historiography
  341.  
  342. Trends in historical thinking within France have strongly shaped which topics have received scholarly attention, even by historians of medieval France who were trained elsewhere. The Annales school was dominant in the 1950s through the 1970s, especially for its focus on social and economic history, and it has continuing importance. Another crucial influence was the concept of “feudal society” formulated by Marc Bloch, a founder of the Annales, and subsequent debates about the applicability of feudal concepts to analyzing medieval society. Historical scholarship in the 1990s (with particular attention to France) can be surveyed in English using Little and Rosenwein 1998, while a concise analysis of trends in an American context is offered in Freedman and Spiegel 1998. Bentley 2002 has a thematic approach to medieval historiography. Those unfamiliar with the Middle Ages should read the thought-provoking Bull 2005.
  343.  
  344. Bentley, Michael. Companion to Historiography. London: Routledge, 2002.
  345.  
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  347.  
  348. Historiographic essays on topical themes, which for the medieval period cover various topics, including the “state”; the Third Crusade; family, gender, and sexuality; the nobility; the military; and popular religion. Contains numerous references to works on France.
  349.  
  350. Find this resource:
  351.  
  352.  
  353. Bull, Marcus. Thinking Medieval: An Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
  354.  
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  356.  
  357. An essay for students explaining how to think about the Middle Ages; contains French examples.
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361.  
  362. Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle Spiegel. “Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies.” American Historical Review 103 (1998): 677–704.
  363.  
  364. DOI: 10.2307/2650568Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  365.  
  366. Incisive article about then current trends in medieval history, providing a useful historical summary of medieval studies in North America.
  367.  
  368. Find this resource:
  369.  
  370.  
  371. Little, Lester, and Barbara Rosenwein, eds. Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
  372.  
  373. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  374.  
  375. A collection of historiographic essays by leading scholars, grouped by topic. Particularly helpful are English-language articles by leading German and French scholars.
  376.  
  377. Find this resource:
  378.  
  379.  
  380. Annales School
  381.  
  382. The early influence of the review journal Annales led to the formation of an entire school in the post-1945 era. An early focus on the material conditions of life, under the influence of Marxism, later led to an emphasis on quantitative and social science history. This Annales school paradigm was dominant from the 1950s to the 1970s, but it was transformed by a return to studying politics in the 1980s and was given new directions by the turn to the study of mentalités in the 1990s. Hérubel 1994 is a useful general bibliography. A narrative history of the Annales and its leading figures is offered by Burguière 2009. Schmitt and Iogna-Prat 2002 describe the increasing diversity of approaches up to the mid-1990s. Martin 1996–2001 organizes the massive scholarship on medieval mentalités. Although the Annales school was important historiographically, equally important was its effect on professional training, most notably the focus on regional studies of medieval France for doctoral students. See also the bibliography Regions of Medieval France.
  383.  
  384. Burguière, André. The Annales School: An Intellectual History. Translated by Jane Marie Todd. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  385.  
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  387.  
  388. An English translation of L’école des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle, originally published in 2006. Provides an insider’s history of the Annales school, and treats influential medievalists extensively.
  389.  
  390. Find this resource:
  391.  
  392.  
  393. Hérubel, Jean-Pierre V. M. Annales Historiography and Theory: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994.
  394.  
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396.  
  397. Annotated bibliography of more than five hundred works; explains their importance to English-language readers.
  398.  
  399. Find this resource:
  400.  
  401.  
  402. Martin, Hervé. Mentalités médiévales: XIe–XVe siècles. 2 vols. Paris: Presse universitiares de France, 1996–2001.
  403.  
  404. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  405.  
  406. An overview of medieval mentalités by thematic strands, with a bibliography of over thirteen hundred items.
  407.  
  408. Find this resource:
  409.  
  410.  
  411. Schmitt, Jean-Claude and Dominique Iogna-Prat. “Une historiographie au milieu de gué: Trente ans d’histoire médiévale en France.” In Les tendances actuelles de l’histoire du Moyen Âge en France et en Allemagne. Edited by Jean-Claude Schmitt and Otto Gerhard Oexle, 399–424. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002.
  412.  
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  414.  
  415. Overview of trends in French medieval history; followed by Oexle’s useful “response” (pp. 424–432) explaining German perspective on French developments.
  416.  
  417. Find this resource:
  418.  
  419.  
  420. Feudal Society (and Mutation de l’an mil, Mutation féodale)
  421.  
  422. The seminal importance of Bloch 1961 and the concept of “feudal society” for medieval French historians cannot be underestimated. Framed partially in response to a Marxist interest in the material conditions of society and economy under feudalism (seen at first as a stage in historical development), Bloch’s work also tapped emerging work in the social sciences. Although previous scholars had emphasized political and other aspects of feudalism, Bloch’s success meant that the continuing pursuit of notions of a feudal society in the later 20th century influenced several scholarly generations both in and outside of France. Most famously, Georges Duby posited a “feudal revolution” in the later 10th and early 11th centuries (Duby 1980). This wide-ranging idea, elaborated over many books, involved a number of factors: the rise of knights, changes in the aristocratic family, and, notably, the seizure of banal lordship by castellans from older authorities (for example, kings, territorial princes) who had insured public order in the post-Carolingian world. A subsequent group of French scholars in the 1980s argued for a sudden mutation de l’an mil (transformation of the year 1000), especially those influenced by neo-Marxist perspectives on society and economy. Perhaps the most radical expression of this view was Bois 1992. Others employed the related concept of mutation féodale (feudal transformation) over a longer period, notably Poly and Bournazel 1991. Many French works were also framed in terms of understanding the “feudal” origins of “l’état” (the state), especially as prehistory to the French Revolution, a preoccupation not usually shared by Anglophone scholarship. Although there was already skepticism about the coherence of the concept of “feudalism” in the Anglo-American world as early as Brown 1974, a more direct critique was leveled by Reynolds 1994. By the 1990s, French scholars began rejecting the idea of mutation, inspired by Barthélemy 2009. Barthélemy stressed continuity over change. Extensive international debate was inspired by Bisson 1994 and its responses, which provides the most direct access to the issues involved.
  423.  
  424. Barthélemy, Dominique. The Serf, The Knight, and the Historian. Translated by Graham Robert Edwards. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  425.  
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  427.  
  428. The English translation of La mutation de l’an mil a-t-elle eu lieu? Servage et chevalerie dans la France des Xe et XIe siècles, with substantial revisions (originally published in 1997). Stemming from a 1993 review in the Annales, Barthélemy critiques the idea of mutation de l’an mil, arguing that underlying social-economic-political arrangements were enduring and that ruptures perceived by historians resulted from terminological (rather than actual) shifts in 10th- and 11th-century sources.
  429.  
  430. Find this resource:
  431.  
  432.  
  433. Bisson, Thomas N. “The ‘Feudal Revolution.’” Past and Present 142 (1994): 6–42.
  434.  
  435. DOI: 10.1093/past/142.1.6Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  436.  
  437. Raises important questions about the transformation of power in medieval Europe. The work inspired debate in subsequent issues by Dominique Barthélemy and Stephen D. White (Past and Present 152 [1996]: 196–205 and 206–223, respectively) and by Timothy Reuter and Chris Wickham, as well as a reply by the author (Past and Present 155 [1997]: 177–195, 196–208, and 208–225, respectively).
  438.  
  439. Find this resource:
  440.  
  441.  
  442. Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. Translated by L. A. Manyon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
  443.  
  444. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  445.  
  446. English translation of La société féodale, originally published in 1939–1940. A touchstone study of “feudal” society, economy, and power relations, positing two feudal ages with a transition around 1050.
  447.  
  448. Find this resource:
  449.  
  450.  
  451. Bois, Guy. The Transformation of the Year One Thousand: The Village of Lournand from Antiquity to Feudalism. Translated by Jean Birrell. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. An English translation of La mutation de l’an mil, published in 1989. Argues for a rapid transformation of economic, social, and power structures in Lournand, Burgundy—a “mutation de l’an mil” which the author controversially extrapolated to French and even European contexts. Influenced by neo-Marxist perspectives.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459.  
  460. Brown, Elizabeth A. R. “The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe.” American Historical Review 79.4 (1974): 1063–1088.
  461.  
  462. DOI: 10.2307/1869563Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. Brown’s essay drew attention to problematic concept of “feudalism,” and was instrumental in raising the issue in Anglo-American scholarship.
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468.  
  469. Duby, Georges. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. English translation of Trois Ordres: ou, l’Imaginaire du feodalisme, originally published in 1978, in which Duby first described the “feudal revolution.” Not as detailed as his previous work on rural economy and society but innovative in its approach to culture and ideas.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477.  
  478. Poly, Jean-Pierre, and Eric Bournazel. The Feudal Transformation, 900–1200. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1991.
  479.  
  480. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. English translation of La mutation féodale, Xe–XIIe siècles, originally published in 1980. Applies insights derived from authors’ studies of the north (Bournazel) and south (Poly), to argue for a mutation féodale in the 10th to 12th centuries. Sweeping coverage of economy, society, power, and mental attitudes.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486.  
  487. Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. Argues that “fiefs” and “vassals” were postmedieval concepts, and challenges previous historians’ reading of medieval evidence. Treats French material in two chapters.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495.  
  496. Politics
  497.  
  498. While older scholarship confidently claimed that “France” existed in the 10th and 11th centuries, historians of the 19th century did indeed trace the origins of modern France to the Capetian dynasty in the 10th and 11th centuries. More recently, Brühl 1994 and Schneidmüller 2002 would question this origin story, doubting the coherence or identity of a France at all until the 13th century. Geary 2002, meanwhile, questions national origin myths for the early period. Historical geographies that attempt to map medieval France, such as Parisse 1994, suggest caution about attributing meaningful coherence to the area before the 11th century. Traditional political and institutional scholarship, such as Fawtier 1960, stressed the role of the Capetian kings, especially the importance of King Philip Augustus (r. 1180–1224) in beginning to realize the pretensions of the Capetian dynasty to rule the whole kingdom. The Annales school focused French historians’ attention on the relationship between crown and principalities, or on regional studies within the modern country, especially during the High Middle Ages (see the bibliography Regions of Medieval France). Only for the later Middle Ages do scholars speak with assurance about France as a nation (Beaune 1991).
  499.  
  500. Beaune, Colette. The Birth of an Ideology: Myths and Symbols of Nation in Late-Medieval France. Translated by Susan Ross Huston. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  501.  
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503.  
  504. English translation of Naissance de la nation France, originally published in 1985. Examines the rise of the French nation in symbols and myths, especially from 1200 to 1500.
  505.  
  506. Find this resource:
  507.  
  508.  
  509. Brühl, Carlrichard. Naissance de deux peoples: “Français” et “Allemands” IXe–XIe siècle. Translated by Gaston Ducht-Suchaux. Paris: Fayard, 1994.
  510.  
  511. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  512.  
  513. Abridged French translation of the German version, Deutschland-Frankreich: Die Geburt zweier Völker, originally published in 1990. Considers the origins of French and German peoples/realms, focusing on self-descriptive terminology, royal institutions, and territory formation.
  514.  
  515. Find this resource:
  516.  
  517.  
  518. Fawtier, Robert. The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, 987–1328. Translated by Lionel Butler and R. J. Adam. London: Macmillan, 1960.
  519.  
  520. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  521.  
  522. English translation of Capetiens et la France, originally published in 1942. Presents a strongly monarchist perspective about the creation of the realm.
  523.  
  524. Find this resource:
  525.  
  526.  
  527. Geary, Patrick. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
  528.  
  529. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  530.  
  531. Argues that origin myths of European nations, especially those stressing ethnicity in the early Middle Ages, are a product of 19th- and 20th-century nationalism.
  532.  
  533. Find this resource:
  534.  
  535.  
  536. Parisse, Michel, ed. Atlas de la France de l’an mil: État de nos connaissances. Paris: Picard, 1994.
  537.  
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539.  
  540. Has excellent maps, including military, political, religious, and economic centers.
  541.  
  542. Find this resource:
  543.  
  544.  
  545. Schneidmüller, Bernard. “Constructing Identities in Medieval France.” In France in the Central Middle Ages, 900–1200. Edited by Marcus Bull, 15–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  546.  
  547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  548.  
  549. Considers criteria for the existence of “France” in the medieval period, especially the question of French self-awareness. Provides a point of entry to author’s extensive work on the subject.
  550.  
  551. Find this resource:
  552.  
  553.  
  554. Governance and Administration
  555.  
  556. The kings of France, especially the Capetians (987–1328) have commonly been associated with the creation of “France” itself. Consequently, political narratives about kings and their reigns are easily discovered (see General Overviews and Textbooks). Some scholars are more confident of the association of the crown with nationhood than others, who would stress regionality and diversity in the central Middle Ages and point to the later Middle Ages (and after) as the time when French national identity was formed (see Politics). An early institutional approach can be found in Lot and Fawtier 1957. Classic French works on royal governance include Lemarignier 1965, Bournazel 1975, and Guénee 1985. Also important are scholarly biographies of Capetian rulers such as Louis VII, who ruled 1137–1180 (Sassier 1991) Philip Augustus, who ruled 1180–1223 (Baldwin 1986), and Philip IV, who ruled 1285–1314 (Strayer 1980, to which Dunbabin 1998 offers an interesting comparison).
  557.  
  558. Baldwin, John. W. The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
  559.  
  560. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  561.  
  562. A masterpiece of royal biography that is especially strong on governance, administration, and dynastic territorial strategies.
  563.  
  564. Find this resource:
  565.  
  566.  
  567. Bournazel, Eric. Le gouvernement capétian au XIIe siècle, 1108–1180: Structures sociales et mutations institutionelles. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1975.
  568.  
  569. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  570.  
  571. A study of Capetian institutions under Louis VI and VII.
  572.  
  573. Find this resource:
  574.  
  575.  
  576. Dunbabin, Jean. Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. London: Longman, 1998.
  577.  
  578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579.  
  580. A study of the younger brother of Louis IX, Charles, who was also Count of Anjou (1226–1285). Treats his meteoric rise to become Count of Provence, as well as king of Sicily and Jerusalem.
  581.  
  582. Find this resource:
  583.  
  584.  
  585. Guenée, Bernard. States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe. Translated by Julier Vale. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.
  586.  
  587. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  588.  
  589. English translation of Occident aux XIVe et XVe siècles, originally published in 1971. Examines royal governance in relation to state-building.
  590.  
  591. Find this resource:
  592.  
  593.  
  594. Lemarignier, Jean-François. Le gouvernement royal aux premiers temps Capétiens. 987–1180. Paris: Picard, 1965.
  595.  
  596. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  597.  
  598. Important study of early royal methods of rule, especially in relationship to the church Lemarignier demonstrates a striking use of charter evidence.
  599.  
  600. Find this resource:
  601.  
  602.  
  603. Lot, Ferdinand, and Robert Fawtier. Histoire des institutions françaises au Moyen Âge. Vol. 2, Institutions royales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1957.
  604.  
  605. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  606.  
  607. Although dated, this work provides a summary of older scholarship on royal administration, combined with the authors’ own considerable insights.
  608.  
  609. Find this resource:
  610.  
  611.  
  612. Sassier, Yves. Louis VII. Paris: Fayard, 1991.
  613.  
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615.  
  616. Argues that Louis VII was a more adept and diplomatic ruler than previously believed, stressing his use of the crusade and ecclesiastical protection to promote royal power.
  617.  
  618. Find this resource:
  619.  
  620.  
  621. Strayer, Joseph R. The Reign of Philip the Fair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.
  622.  
  623. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  624.  
  625. Provides an account of Philip’s reign, stressing legal, administrative, and diplomatic developments.
  626.  
  627. Find this resource:
  628.  
  629.  
  630. Royal Ideology and Authority
  631.  
  632. Although studies of royal governance flourished earlier, scholarship on royal ideology and authority also have a rich tradition. The classic study of Bloch 1973 (originally published in 1924) on royal healing powers is especially influential, though it must be read in light of revisionist approaches such as Barlow 1980 and Le Goff 1990. Scholars have examined many aspects of royal authority, including coronations (Jackson 1995–2000), rituals (Koziol 1992), and historical self-fashioning (Speigel 1997). Studies of particular rulers have also emphasized their (or their chroniclers’) use of symbolic or ideological aspects of power; see, for example, Le Goff 2009.
  633.  
  634. Barlow, Frank. “The King’s Evil.” English Historical Review 95 (1980): 3–27.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Critical of Bloch 1973 in considering the king’s healing powers.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Bloch, Marc. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France. Translated by J. E. Anderson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. English translation of Les rois thaumaturges, originally published in 1924 and reissued many times. A classic work about the supernatural powers of royalty, but use with caution.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Jackson, Richard A., ed. Ordines Coronationis Franciae. Vol. 2. Texts and Ordines for the Coronation of Frankish and French Kings and Queens in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
  653.  
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. An edition of coronation ceremonies from 800 to 1500, with introductions. Valuable for its treatment of both kings and queens. Includes bibliography.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Koziol, Geoffrey. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
  662.  
  663. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  664.  
  665. Examines rituals of supplication and devotion and how these demonstrated friendship, alliance, authority, and peace. Focuses on 10th and 11th centuries.
  666.  
  667. Find this resource:
  668.  
  669.  
  670. Le Goff, Jacques. “La genèse du miracle royale.” In Marc Bloch aujourd’hui: Historie comparée et science sociales. Edited by Hartmut Atsma and André Burguière, 147–156. Paris: EHESS, 1990.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. Assesses the impact of Bloch 1973 within France and, to a lesser extent, abroad.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678.  
  679. Le Goff, Jacques. Saint Louis. Translated by Gareth Evan Gollrad. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 2009.
  680.  
  681. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  682.  
  683. English translation of Saint-Louis, originally published in 1996. Unconventional in form, the work explains the king’s life, myth, reputation in contemporary sources, mentalité, and paradoxes of personality.
  684.  
  685. Find this resource:
  686.  
  687.  
  688. Spiegel, Gabrielle M. The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  689.  
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691.  
  692. A collection of Spiegel’s revised articles; including key treatments of Capetian royal ideology, notably “The Reditus Regni ad Stirpem Karoli Magni: A New Look” and “The Cult of Saint Denis and Capetian Kingship.”
  693.  
  694. Find this resource:
  695.  
  696.  
  697. The Principalities
  698.  
  699. Historians’ study of principalities as separate units of rule, culture, and society derives from Dhondt 1948. Lemarignier 1955 considers relations between king and princes in the 10th century, as Hallam 1980 does for the 11th, and Werner 1978 and Bisson 1978 do for the 12th. Historical models emphasizing the disruption of the principalities (see Feudal Society) have since redirected historians. The enduring influence of Dhondt’s work can be seen in numerous studies of particular principalities, and brief overviews can be found under Textbooks. See also the bibliography Regions of Medieval France.
  700.  
  701. Bisson, Thomas N. “The Problem of Feudal Monarchy: Aragon, Catalonia, and France.” Speculum 53.3 (1978): 460–478.
  702.  
  703. DOI: 10.2307/2855140Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  704.  
  705. Considers relations of crown and princes in comparative context, mostly from the 12th century.
  706.  
  707. Find this resource:
  708.  
  709.  
  710. Dhondt, Jan. Études sur la naissance des principautés territoriales en France (IXe–Xe siècles). Bruges, Belgium: De Tempel, 1948.
  711.  
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713.  
  714. A fundamental work on the disintegration of the Frankish empire and the rise of the territorial principality.
  715.  
  716. Find this resource:
  717.  
  718.  
  719. Hallam, Elizabeth. “The King and the Princes in Eleventh-Century France.” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 53.128 (1980): 143–156.
  720.  
  721. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  722.  
  723. Examines the use of princely titles and princes’ relationships with the king.
  724.  
  725. Find this resource:
  726.  
  727.  
  728. Lemarignier, Jean François. “Les fidèles du roi de France (936–987).” In Recueil des travaux offert à M. Clovis Brunel. Vol. 2. By Jean François Lemarignier, 138–166. Paris: École des Chartres, 1955.
  729.  
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731.  
  732. Explores links between the king and his entourage and relations with princes; serves as a good point of entry to author’s work on royal power.
  733.  
  734. Find this resource:
  735.  
  736.  
  737. Werner, Karl Ferdinand. “Kingdom and Principality in Twelfth-Century France.” In The Medieval Nobility: Studies on the Ruling Classes of France and Germany from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century. Edited and Translated by Timothy Reuter, 243–290. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1978.
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. Originally published in German in 1968. Summarizes a juridical view of principalities and provides access to author’s extensive work.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745.  
  746. Economy
  747.  
  748. Duby 1974 offers a classic overview of the economy at large but with France as a focus. A different approach can be found in the massive Fossier 1982, which also treats Europe but makes northern France its centerpiece. These works introduced important ideas, but they should be reconsidered in light of French work on the High Middle Ages (see Derville 1995 for an overview and Carpentier and Le Mené 1996 for greater detail). For the Carolingian period, Verhulst 2002 provides a concise overview in English, to be supplemented by Devroey 2003.
  749.  
  750. Carpentier, Elisabeth, and Michel Le Mené. La France du XIe au XVe siècle: Population, société, économie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 1996.
  751.  
  752. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  753.  
  754. Sweeping treatment of France’s economy, demography, and social structures during this period, using more quantitative and archeological data than Duby 1974.
  755.  
  756. Find this resource:
  757.  
  758.  
  759. Derville, Alain. L’économie française au moyen âge. Paris: Ophrys, 1995.
  760.  
  761. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  762.  
  763. Synthetic economic survey; stronger on northern France and High and later Middle Ages.
  764.  
  765. Find this resource:
  766.  
  767.  
  768. Devroey, Jean-Pierre. Économie rurale et société dans l’Europe franque (VIe–IXe siècles). Paris: Belin, 2003.
  769.  
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771.  
  772. Intended as the first of two volumes (see Devroey 2006, cited under Society); treats material life and means of exchange in the rural economy. Strongest on Carolingian period.
  773.  
  774. Find this resource:
  775.  
  776.  
  777. Duby, Georges. Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries. Translated by Howard B. Clarke. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. English translation of Guerriers et paysans, VII–XIIe siècle, originally published in 1973. Gives an overview of the European economy, based on author’s previous studies, highlighting growth and the redistribution of wealth. This is the most accessible one-volume treatment on the subject.
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785.  
  786. Fossier, Robert. Enfance de l’Europe: Xe–XIIe siècles; Aspects économiques et sociaux. 2 vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982.
  787.  
  788. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  789.  
  790. Focuses on relations between society and the rural economy; applies earlier findings for northern France to a broader context during the 10th through the 12th centuries.
  791.  
  792. Find this resource:
  793.  
  794.  
  795. Verhulst, Adriaan. The Carolingian Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  796.  
  797. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  798.  
  799. Basic overview of Carolingian economy; provides useful point of entry.
  800.  
  801. Find this resource:
  802.  
  803.  
  804. Rural Economy
  805.  
  806. Two pathbreaking classic works—Bloch 1966 (orig. 1931) and Duby 1968—applied the Annales school method of combining physical and human geography and inspired detailed treatments of the rural economy in subsequent regional studies (see the bibliography Regions of Medieval France). Current scholarship has significantly revised historical interpretations of the rural economy before 1000. For recent work on the French rural economy, see Durand and Leveau 2004 and Cursente 2007. The close connection between French monasteries and their rural estates can be explored in Bouchard 1991.
  807.  
  808. Bloch, Marc. French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics. Translated by Janet Sondheimer. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966.
  809.  
  810. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  811.  
  812. English translation of Les caractères originaux de l’histoire rurale française, first published in 1931. Explores relationship of land and people from prehistory to the French Revolution. A now-outdated classic but important as inspiration for later work.
  813.  
  814. Find this resource:
  815.  
  816.  
  817. Bouchard, Constance B. Holy Entrepreneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in the Twelfth-Century Burgundy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  818.  
  819. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  820.  
  821. Examines the role of Cistercians in transforming the rural economy and estate management.
  822.  
  823. Find this resource:
  824.  
  825.  
  826. Cursente, Benoît. “Recent Trends in the Rural History of Medieval France.” In The Rural History of Medieval European Societies: Trends and Perspectives. Edited by Isabel Alfonso, 57–91. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. A summary of European trends, especially in demography and geography.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834.  
  835. Duby, Georges. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. Translated by Cynthia Postan. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1968.
  836.  
  837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  838.  
  839. English translation of L’économie rurale et la vie campagnes dans l’occident médiévale; France, Angleterre, Empire, IX–XV siècles, originally published in 1962. Duby’s approach and methods inspired a generation, though his conclusions must be reconsidered in light of new sources that have become available.
  840.  
  841. Find this resource:
  842.  
  843.  
  844. Durand, Aline, and Philippe Leveau. “Farming in Mediterranean France and Rural Settlement in the Late Roman and Early Medieval Periods: The Contribution from Archaeology and Environmental Sciences in the Last Twenty Years (1980–2000).” In The Making of Feudal Agricultures? Edited by Miquel Barceló and François Sigaut, 177–253. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2004.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. Discusses landscape dynamics, farm production, and agrarian environment; although focused on the south of France, its observations apply broadly.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852.  
  853. Towns
  854.  
  855. The best English introduction to the history of medieval towns can be found in Nicholas 1997a and Nicholas 1997b. An older survey of cities in France is Duby 1980–1985. The vast majority of scholarship on particular cities is in French, but useful English studies include Reyerson 1985, Smail 1999, and Murray 2005. The development of Paris can be traced in Boussard 1976 and Cazelles 1972.
  856.  
  857. Boussard, Jacques. Nouvelle histoire de Paris, de la fin du siege de 885–886 à la mort de Philippe Auguste. Paris: Hachette, 1976.
  858.  
  859. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  860.  
  861. A history of Paris from Carolingian times to 1223.
  862.  
  863. Find this resource:
  864.  
  865.  
  866. Cazelles, Raymond. Nouvelle histoire de Paris, de la fin du règne de Philippe Auguste à la mort de Charles V, 1223–1380. Paris: Hachette, 1972.
  867.  
  868. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  869.  
  870. A history of Paris from 1223 to 1380.
  871.  
  872. Find this resource:
  873.  
  874.  
  875. Duby, Georges, ed. Histoire de la France urbaine. 5 vols. Paris: Seuil, 1980–1985.
  876.  
  877. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  878.  
  879. The first two volumes cover ancient times to the 9th century and Carolingians to the Renaissance, respectively.
  880.  
  881. Find this resource:
  882.  
  883.  
  884. Murray, James M. Bruges: Cradle of Capitalism. 1280–1390. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  885.  
  886. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  887.  
  888. Studies a key city in the network of exchange that spanned northern France and beyond.
  889.  
  890. Find this resource:
  891.  
  892.  
  893. Nicholas, David. The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century. London: Longman, 1997a.
  894.  
  895. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  896.  
  897. First of two volumes; with specific sections on France, including bibliography.
  898.  
  899. Find this resource:
  900.  
  901.  
  902. Nicholas, David. The Later Medieval City, 1300–1500. London: Longman, 1997b.
  903.  
  904. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  905.  
  906. Second of two volumes, with specific sections on France, including bibliography.
  907.  
  908. Find this resource:
  909.  
  910.  
  911. Reyerson, Kathryn L. Business, Banking, and Credit in Medieval Montpellier. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1985.
  912.  
  913. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  914.  
  915. Focuses on medieval Montpellier in the later Middle Ages.
  916.  
  917. Find this resource:
  918.  
  919.  
  920. Smail, Daniel Lord. Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  921.  
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923.  
  924. Examines notions of space and sense of place in Marseille.
  925.  
  926. Find this resource:
  927.  
  928.  
  929. Society
  930.  
  931. The profound influence of Bloch’s concept of feudal society meant regional studies explored social structures in many areas (see the bibliography Regions of Medieval France). Duby 1980 proposed a model of enduring influence. Still, French scholarship has since moved beyond such early works; see, for example, Derville 2000, Le Jan 2003, and Devroey 2006. The extensive scholarship for the early Middle Ages can be best accessed in English through Wickham 2009.
  932.  
  933. Derville, Alain. La société française au moyen âge. Villeneuve d’Ascq, France: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2000.
  934.  
  935. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  936.  
  937. Synthetic treatment of medieval social structures; stronger on northern France.
  938.  
  939. Find this resource:
  940.  
  941.  
  942. Devroey, Jean-Pierre. Puissant et misèrables: Système social et monde paysan dans l’Europe des Francs (VIe–IXe siècles). Brussels: Académie Royale, 2006.
  943.  
  944. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  945.  
  946. Based on his work about rural economy (see Devroey 2003, cited under Economy), the author explores the social world of the peasantry and lords. Strongest on the Carolingian period.
  947.  
  948. Find this resource:
  949.  
  950.  
  951. Duby, Georges. The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
  952.  
  953. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  954.  
  955. English translation of Trois Ordres: ou, l’Imaginaire du feodalisme, originally published in 1978. Groundbreaking study of mental structures and ideas of medieval people about society, focusing on the 10th–13th centuries.
  956.  
  957. Find this resource:
  958.  
  959.  
  960. Le Jan, Régine. La société du haut Moyen Âge: VIe–IXe siècle. Paris: Armand Colin, 2003.
  961.  
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963.  
  964. A sweeping treatment of early medieval “society,” emphasizing diversity in the post-Roman west, with a focus on Francia. Author is critical of the concept of “feudal society.”
  965.  
  966. Find this resource:
  967.  
  968.  
  969. Wickham, Chris. The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000. New York: Viking Penguin, 2009.
  970.  
  971. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  972.  
  973. Synthesis for the period 400 to 1000 that critiques previous scholarship. Provides bibliography for many regions, including West Francia and successor states.
  974.  
  975. Find this resource:
  976.  
  977.  
  978. Nobility and Knighthood
  979.  
  980. The formation of the aristocratic elite has been intensively studied ever since Bloch proposed the notion of feudal society, especially nobles, knights, and related ideals of chivalry. The essays in Duby 1977 address various aspects of nobility and knighthood. Crouch 2005 explores various national traditions of scholarship on the nobility. Flori 1986 and Barthélemy 2007 represent different streams of French scholarship on knights and chivalry. Reuter 2002 is definitive for the 12th century. Baldwin 2000 is a study of values as portrayed in vernacular literature.
  981.  
  982. Barthélemy, Dominique. La chevalerie: De la Germanie antique à la France du XIIe siècle. Paris: Fayard, 2007.
  983.  
  984. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  985.  
  986. An exploration of knights and chivalric ideals from an anthropological perspective; challenges Flori 1986.
  987.  
  988. Find this resource:
  989.  
  990.  
  991. Baldwin, John W. Aristocratic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190–1230. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  992.  
  993. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  994.  
  995. Insightful reflection on aristocratic values and the role of vernacular romances.
  996.  
  997. Find this resource:
  998.  
  999.  
  1000. Crouch, David. The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France, 900–1300. Harlow, UK: Pearson/Longman, 2005.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. Explores scholarship on noble conduct, lineage, class, and power. Good bibliography.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008.  
  1009. Duby, Georges. The Chivalrous Society. Translated by Cynthia Postan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
  1010.  
  1011. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1012.  
  1013. Collection of essays published separately in French, with important treatments of nobility, knighthood, and family structure.
  1014.  
  1015. Find this resource:
  1016.  
  1017.  
  1018. Flori, Jean. L’essor de la chevalerie: XIe–XIIe siècles. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1986.
  1019.  
  1020. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1021.  
  1022. Argues for innovation in chivalric ideals during 11th and 12th centuries; compare with Barthélemy 2007.
  1023.  
  1024. Find this resource:
  1025.  
  1026.  
  1027. Reuter, Timothy. “The Medieval Nobility in Twelfth-Century Historiography.” In Companion to Historiography. Edited by Michael Bentley, 177–202. London: Routledge, 2002.
  1028.  
  1029. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030.  
  1031. Clear historiographic essay; thorough bibliography with French items.
  1032.  
  1033. Find this resource:
  1034.  
  1035.  
  1036. Aristocratic Family
  1037.  
  1038. Much of the earliest work on aristocratic families was undertaken in Germany; Reuter 1978 provides translations of classic articles. More recent German work is exemplified by Althoff 2004. Earlier debates in France and the Anglo-American world can be understood through Bisson 1990; more recent scholarly interests in kinship are exemplified by Le Jan 1995, Keats-Rohan 1997, and Bouchard 2001.
  1039.  
  1040. Althoff, Gerd. Family, Friends and Followers: Political and Social Bonds in Medieval Europe. Translated by Christopher Carroll. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  1041.  
  1042. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1043.  
  1044. English translation of Verwandte, Freunde und Getreue, originally published in 1990. Considers varied associations—including kin, cooperative groups, and lordship—and their rituals.
  1045.  
  1046. Find this resource:
  1047.  
  1048.  
  1049. Bisson, Thomas N. “Nobility and Family in Medieval France: A Review Essay.” French Historical Studies 16.3 (1990): 597–613.
  1050.  
  1051. DOI: 10.2307/286489Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1052.  
  1053. Provides an overview of previous scholarship and discusses how the concept of nobility varied in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  1054.  
  1055. Find this resource:
  1056.  
  1057.  
  1058. Bouchard, Constance B. Those of My Blood: Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
  1059.  
  1060. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1061.  
  1062. Collected articles, with revisions, on topics relating to family structure.
  1063.  
  1064. Find this resource:
  1065.  
  1066.  
  1067. Keats-Rohan, Katherine S. B. Family Trees and the Roots of Politics: The Prosopography of Britain and France from the Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1997.
  1068.  
  1069. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1070.  
  1071. Collected essays; provides a point of entry to the massive body of prosopographical studies.
  1072.  
  1073. Find this resource:
  1074.  
  1075.  
  1076. Le Jan, Régine. Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIIe–Xe siècle): Essai d’anthropologie sociale. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1995.
  1077.  
  1078. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1079.  
  1080. Essential treatment of the aristocracy in the early period, stressing Francia.
  1081.  
  1082. Find this resource:
  1083.  
  1084.  
  1085. Reuter, Timothy. The Medieval Nobility: Studies on the Ruling Classes of France and Germany from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1978.
  1086.  
  1087. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1088.  
  1089. English translations of classic articles by German scholars on the nobility and family structure.
  1090.  
  1091. Find this resource:
  1092.  
  1093.  
  1094. Women
  1095.  
  1096. Georges Duby treated the experience of 12th-century French noblewomen in many works, most comprehensively in Duby 1997–1998. While pioneering the study of medieval aristocratic women, Duby clearly underestimated female rulers, and he frequently denied them effective agency. Anglophone scholarship has demonstrated that women rulers were present and effective in medieval France (see Evergates 1999, Cheyette 2001, and Nolan 2003). Nelson 2002 is best guide to recent scholarship. Baldwin 1994 explores discourses about sexuality and women.
  1097.  
  1098. Baldwin, John W. The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  1099.  
  1100. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1101.  
  1102. Nuanced treatment of learned and lay discourses about sexuality, revealing ideologies and attitudes about women.
  1103.  
  1104. Find this resource:
  1105.  
  1106.  
  1107. Cheyette, Fredric L. Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  1108.  
  1109. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1110.  
  1111. A study of Ermengard, countess of Narbonne, examining her power and social relations.
  1112.  
  1113. Find this resource:
  1114.  
  1115.  
  1116. Duby, Georges. Women of the Twelfth Century. 3 vols. Translated by Jean Birrell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997–1998.
  1117.  
  1118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1119.  
  1120. English translation of Dames du XIIe siècle, originally published in 1996. Volumes cover prominent women, remembering the dead, and women and the church, respectively. Considerably more nuanced than author’s earlier work, but still problematic about women as rulers. Compare with Evergates 1999.
  1121.  
  1122. Find this resource:
  1123.  
  1124.  
  1125. Evergates, Theodore, ed. Aristocratic Women in Medieval France. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
  1126.  
  1127. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1128.  
  1129. A collection of articles examining aristocratic women rulers in different regions, demonstrating that Duby 1997–1998 and Duby’s previous works on women overlooked importance evidence of female rulers in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  1130.  
  1131. Find this resource:
  1132.  
  1133.  
  1134. Nelson, Janet L. “Family, Gender, and Sexuality in the Middle Ages.” In Companion to Historiography. Edited by Michael Bentley, 153–176. London: Routledge, 2002.
  1135.  
  1136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1137.  
  1138. A clear historiographic essay, including a thorough bibliography. First published in 1997.
  1139.  
  1140. Find this resource:
  1141.  
  1142.  
  1143. Nolan, Kathleen, ed. Capetian Women. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  1144.  
  1145. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1146.  
  1147. Contains articles about women related to the ruling dynasty.
  1148.  
  1149. Find this resource:
  1150.  
  1151.  
  1152. Peasantry
  1153.  
  1154. The peasantry have been closely studied since the work of Bloch on the rural economy, particularly regarding the thorny issues of slavery and serfdom. These debates have often been framed in relation to Marxist or other social scientific views of how “serfdom” was a typical feature (or not) of an alleged “feudal” structure of society. Bonnassie 1991 provides a useful point of entry to older European debates, especially the historiography of the “peasantry” as historical actor. Recent debates concern the period before 1000; see Davies 1996 and Wickham 2003 on these. Freedman 1999 is a broad treatment for the High and later Middle Ages.
  1155.  
  1156. Bonnassie, Pierre. From Slavery to Feudalism in South-Western Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  1157.  
  1158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1159.  
  1160. Contains articles on Catalonia and France, focused on slavery and serfdom; strongest on High Middle Ages. Framed against previous Marxist assumptions.
  1161.  
  1162. Find this resource:
  1163.  
  1164.  
  1165. Davies, Wendy. “On Servile Status in the Early Middle Ages.” In Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage. Edited by Michael L. Bush, 225–246. London: Longman, 1996.
  1166.  
  1167. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1168.  
  1169. Overview of issues related to servile status in the Early Middle Ages.
  1170.  
  1171. Find this resource:
  1172.  
  1173.  
  1174. Freedman, Paul. Images of the Medieval Peasant. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
  1175.  
  1176. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1177.  
  1178. This is the best English-language treatment of European peasantry. Has a useful bibliography.
  1179.  
  1180. Find this resource:
  1181.  
  1182.  
  1183. Wickham, Chris. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  1184.  
  1185. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1186.  
  1187. Part three of this monumental work is devoted to “peasantries” in the Early Middle Ages, and to reassessing historical models about them.
  1188.  
  1189. Find this resource:
  1190.  
  1191.  
  1192. The Church
  1193.  
  1194. There is no single-volume treatment of the French church in English. Studies of the Western medieval church contain sections devoted to France, as do works listed under Textbooks and General Overviews. Two clear introductions are Hamilton 2003 and Lynch 1992. Volumes in the Oxford History of the Christian Church series offer more detailed coverage; for the Frankish period, see Wallace-Hadrill 1983; for the High Middle Ages, see Morris 1989; there is no volume for the later Middle Ages. The best scholarly reference work for the French church is Baudrillart 1912.
  1195.  
  1196. Baudrillart, Alfred, et al., eds. Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclèsiastiques. 29 vols. to date. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1912–.
  1197.  
  1198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1199.  
  1200. Ongoing project to create reference work for entire church, but especially strong on people, places, and institutions in medieval France. Available online, which requires subscription.
  1201.  
  1202. Find this resource:
  1203.  
  1204.  
  1205. Hamilton, Bernard. Religion in the Medieval West. 2d ed. London: Hodder-Arnold, 2003.
  1206.  
  1207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1208.  
  1209. Overview that is more concerned with culture than institutions.
  1210.  
  1211. Find this resource:
  1212.  
  1213.  
  1214. Lynch, Joseph. The Medieval Church: A Brief History. London: Longman, 1992.
  1215.  
  1216. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1217.  
  1218. Presents an overview of key events and institutions without neglecting cultural shifts.
  1219.  
  1220. Find this resource:
  1221.  
  1222.  
  1223. Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
  1224.  
  1225. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1226.  
  1227. Comprehensive treatment, tracing developments of the papacy and the church as a whole; particularly strong on institutions.
  1228.  
  1229. Find this resource:
  1230.  
  1231.  
  1232. Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Frankish Church. Oxford: Clarendon, 1983.
  1233.  
  1234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1235.  
  1236. Survey of Frankish church under Merovingians and Carolingians, 500–900.
  1237.  
  1238. Find this resource:
  1239.  
  1240.  
  1241. Monasticism
  1242.  
  1243. The profound influence of the monks of Cluny and Cîteaux throughout the French church has resulted in a massive outpouring of scholarship. For Cluny, two rather different points of entry are provided: Iogna-Prat 2002 and Pacaut 1986. For the Cistercians, see Newman 1996 and Leyser 1984; for the friars, Lawrence 1994. For female monasticism in France, consult Johnson 1994 and Venarde 1997.
  1244.  
  1245. Iogna-Prat, Dominique. Order and Exclusion: Cluny and Christendom Face Heresy, Judaism, and Islam, 1000–1150. Translated by Graham Robert Edwards. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.
  1246.  
  1247. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1248.  
  1249. English translation of Ordonner et exclure, originally published in 1998. Strongest on reform and theological influences.
  1250.  
  1251. Find this resource:
  1252.  
  1253.  
  1254. Johnson, Penelope D. Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  1255.  
  1256. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1257.  
  1258. Treats many aspects of female monasticism; useful point of entry for ideas and religious culture.
  1259.  
  1260. Find this resource:
  1261.  
  1262.  
  1263. Lawrence, C. H. The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society. London: Longman, 1994.
  1264.  
  1265. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1266.  
  1267. Overview of the mendicants; limited coverage of France.
  1268.  
  1269. Find this resource:
  1270.  
  1271.  
  1272. Leyser, Henrietta. Hermits and the New Monasticism: A Study of Religious Communities in Western Europe, 1000–1150. New York: St. Martin’s, 1984.
  1273.  
  1274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1275.  
  1276. Considers various reformed monastic traditions in the 11th and 12th centuries, including the Cistercians.
  1277.  
  1278. Find this resource:
  1279.  
  1280.  
  1281. Newman, Martha G. The Boundaries of Charity: Cistercian Culture and Ecclesiastical Reform, 1098–1180. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
  1282.  
  1283. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1284.  
  1285. Integrates political and economic history of the Cistercian order with the study of religious ideals.
  1286.  
  1287. Find this resource:
  1288.  
  1289.  
  1290. Pacaut, Marcel. L’Ordre de Cluny: 909–1789. Paris: Fayard, 1986.
  1291.  
  1292. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1293.  
  1294. Gives the history of the order throughout its existence, though strongest on 10th–12th centuries and institutional history.
  1295.  
  1296. Find this resource:
  1297.  
  1298.  
  1299. Venarde, Bruce L. Women’s Monasticism and Medieval Society: Nunneries in France and England. 890–1215. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
  1300.  
  1301. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1302.  
  1303. A study of female monasticism in France and England, especially from social, economic, and institutional perspectives.
  1304.  
  1305. Find this resource:
  1306.  
  1307.  
  1308. The Crusades and Heresy
  1309.  
  1310. Specializes studied of the Crusades and of heresy in France are numerous. A convenient introduction to the Crusades is Riley-Smith 2005. The French equivalent (in translation) is Richard 1999. The best treatment of French crusaders specifically is Bull 1993. For an introduction to the vast literature on heresy, see Lambert 2002. The connection of the Cathar heretics to the Albigensian Crusades in southern France can be traced in Lambert 1998 and Barber 2000, which offer different approaches.
  1311.  
  1312. Barber, Malcolm. The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages. New York: Pearson Education, 2000.
  1313.  
  1314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1315.  
  1316. Narrative treatment of Cathars and crusaders within southern France.
  1317.  
  1318. Find this resource:
  1319.  
  1320.  
  1321. Bull, Marcus. Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c. 970–c. 1130. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  1322.  
  1323. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1324.  
  1325. Influential treatment of southern French crusaders, and of wider importance than the title suggests. Good point of entry to English and French scholarship on crusaders.
  1326.  
  1327. Find this resource:
  1328.  
  1329.  
  1330. Lambert, Malcom. The Cathars. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998.
  1331.  
  1332. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1333.  
  1334. A volume in the Peoples of Europe series. Analyzes the Cathars as a group, with helpful bibliography.
  1335.  
  1336. Find this resource:
  1337.  
  1338.  
  1339. Lambert, Malcolm. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation. 3d ed. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.
  1340.  
  1341. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1342.  
  1343. Sweeping treatment of European heresy, with updated bibliography.
  1344.  
  1345. Find this resource:
  1346.  
  1347.  
  1348. Richard, Jean. The Crusades, c. 1071–c. 1291. Translated by Jean Birrell. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  1349.  
  1350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1351.  
  1352. English translation of Histoire des croisades, originally published in 1996; more emphasis on France than Riley-Smith 2005.
  1353.  
  1354. Find this resource:
  1355.  
  1356.  
  1357. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades: A History. 2d ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  1358.  
  1359. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1360.  
  1361. An introduction to the crusading movement by a leading English scholar, providing a concise narrative of events and suggestions for further reading.
  1362.  
  1363. Find this resource:
  1364.  
  1365.  
  1366. Religion, Society, and Culture
  1367.  
  1368. The distinction between the church and social and cultural aspects of religion has resulted in a plethora of works examining religious experience, such as Biller 2002. Extensive scholarship of the intellectual “Renaissance of the 12th century” is synthesized in Swanson 1999. Head 2000 provides a point of entry to the vast literature on saints. For the Peace and Truce of God, compare Head and Landes 1992 with Barthélemy 1999. Studies of French monasteries in relation to the world include Rosenwein 1989 and Little 1993.
  1369.  
  1370. Barthélemy, Dominique. L’an mil et la paix de Dieu: La France chrétienne de féodale, 980–1060. Paris: Fayard, 1999.
  1371.  
  1372. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1373.  
  1374. Presents a revisionist view of the Peace and Truce of God, reinterpreting the role of knights and violence.
  1375.  
  1376. Find this resource:
  1377.  
  1378.  
  1379. Biller, Peter. “Popular Religion in the Central and Later Middle Ages. In Companion to Historiography. Edited by Michael Bentley, 221–246 London: Routledge, 2002.
  1380.  
  1381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1382.  
  1383. A clear historiographic essay, with thorough bibliography.
  1384.  
  1385. Find this resource:
  1386.  
  1387.  
  1388. Head, Thomas. “Introduction.” In Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology. Edited by Thomas Head, xiii–xxxviii. New York: Garland, 2000.
  1389.  
  1390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1391.  
  1392. A concise overview of the vast scholarship on saints, with helpful bibliography.
  1393.  
  1394. Find this resource:
  1395.  
  1396.  
  1397. Head, Thomas, and Richard Landes, eds. The Peace of God: Social Violence and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
  1398.  
  1399. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1400.  
  1401. Collection of articles offering various interpretations of this crucial movement.
  1402.  
  1403. Find this resource:
  1404.  
  1405.  
  1406. Little, Lester K. Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
  1407.  
  1408. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1409.  
  1410. A study of curse formulas that also examines the relationship between monasteries and lay society in nuanced manner.
  1411.  
  1412. Find this resource:
  1413.  
  1414.  
  1415. Rosenwein, Barbara H. To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909–1049. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
  1416.  
  1417. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1418.  
  1419. Cluniac charters are explained as part of a monastic gift-exchange with the local aristocratic families, suggesting a circulation of land in return for spiritual benefits.
  1420.  
  1421. Find this resource:
  1422.  
  1423.  
  1424. Swanson, Robert N. The Twelfth-Century Renaissance. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1999.
  1425.  
  1426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1427.  
  1428. Overview, with some treatment of France.
  1429.  
  1430. Find this resource:
  1431.  
  1432.  
  1433. Archaeology
  1434.  
  1435. Archaeology has been a major transformative force for the study of medieval France (especially in the Early Middle Ages), providing a constant stream of new discoveries. See, for example, the frequently updated website of INRAP. Beginners should read the surveys for the early and late Middle Ages by Cattedu 2009 and Burnouf 2008. Since the 19th century, France has had active local societies devoted history and archaeology, which have published a profusion of journals. Today, the leading regional center is CRAHAM (Centre de Recherche Archéologie et Historiques Anciennes et Médiévales), which since 1971 has published an annual review of ongoing work, titled Archéologie médiévale. Archeologie du Midi Médiéval is a similar review that deals with southern France. Those seeking information about specific locales (Parisse 1994 provides clear guidance) can search INRAP by site name, or begin with closely related studies listed under Rural Economy and Towns. See also the bibliography Regions of Medieval France.
  1436.  
  1437. Archéologie médiévale. 1971–.
  1438.  
  1439. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1440.  
  1441. Published by CRAHAM, this annual review of archeological work in France contains lists of ongoing excavations and is especially strong on northern France. For scholars, it provides detailed information beyond INRAP. A general table of contents was published in 1999 in Volume 28.
  1442.  
  1443. Find this resource:
  1444.  
  1445.  
  1446. Archéologie du Midi Médiéval. 1983–.
  1447.  
  1448. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1449.  
  1450. Less comprehensive than Archéologie médiévale, but this annual review has more detailed coverage of the south of France. The Centre d’Archéologie Médiévale du Languedoc, which publishes the review, is more open to popular influences than the more academic CRAHAM.
  1451.  
  1452. Find this resource:
  1453.  
  1454.  
  1455. Burnouf, Joëlle. Archéologie médiévale en France: le second moyen âge, XIIe–XVIe siècle. Paris: La Decouverte, 2008.
  1456.  
  1457. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1458.  
  1459. Brief overview of the archaeology of medieval France, including a bibliography of recent work in France. Companion to Catteddu 2009.
  1460.  
  1461. Find this resource:
  1462.  
  1463.  
  1464. Cattedu, Isabelle. Archéologie médiévale en France: le premier moyen âge, Ve–XIe siècle. Paris: La Decouverte, 2009.
  1465.  
  1466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1467.  
  1468. Brief overview of the archaeology of medieval France, including a bibliography of recent work in France. Companion to Burnouf 2008.
  1469.  
  1470. Find this resource:
  1471.  
  1472.  
  1473. Centre de Recherche Archéologie et Historiques Anciennes et Médiévales (CRAHAM).
  1474.  
  1475. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1476.  
  1477. Founded in 1955 by Michel de Boüard at Caen University as a center for the study of medieval archaeology, CRAHAM has been a driving force in historical archaeology in France, including publishing, site investigations, and conferences. It is the leading “regional” research center under the umbrella of INRAP, and the center’s website contains links to bibliographies, archeological sites, and publications.
  1478.  
  1479. Find this resource:
  1480.  
  1481.  
  1482. Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP).
  1483.  
  1484. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1485.  
  1486. Created by the French government in 2002 to preserve archeological sites in France, INRAP coordinates research and access to all archeological projects in France. The institute’s portal provides access to current projects, ever-evolving research tools, and links to all the important regional and local associations, which conducted the bulk of archeological research in the 20th century.
  1487.  
  1488. Find this resource:
  1489.  
  1490.  
  1491. Parisse, Michel. Atlas de la France de l’an mil: État de nos connaissances. Paris: Picard, 1994.
  1492.  
  1493. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1494.  
  1495. Contains excellent maps including military, political, religious, and economic centers, and has useful indexes of Latin, French, and modern administrative place names for determining sites to look up using the INRAP search engine.
  1496.  
  1497. Find this resource:
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