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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
  2. <!--
  3. ################################################################################
  4. #
  5. # m2005-5's FLIGHT DYNAMIC MODEL DEFINITION : YASIM
  6. #
  7. ################################################################################
  8.  
  9. http://wiki.flightgear.org/YASim
  10.  
  11. changelog
  12. - 16/04/2012 Updated with Melchior's script
  13. - 25/04/2012 Updated by Buckaroo
  14. - 17/05/2015 Updated by Hardball
  15.  
  16.  
  17. Mirage 2000-5 BARANGER Emmanuel (2012)
  18.  
  19. Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000
  20. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNECMA_M53
  21.  
  22. Wingspan : 9.13 m (29 ft)
  23. Length : 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in)
  24. Height : 5.20 m (17 ft)
  25. Empty mass : 7500 kg (16350 lb)
  26. Engine : 1 SNECMA M53-P2 afterburning turbofan
  27. type : Afterburning single-shaft turbofan
  28. power cruise : 14300 lbf military thrust
  29. afterburner : 21384 lbf with afterburner
  30. weight : 1515 kg ( 3340 lb )
  31. Max speed : Mach 2.2 (2350 km/h, 1268 kts) at (39400 ft)
  32. Cruise speed : 956 km/h (516 kts)
  33.  
  34. '''' Buckaroo's note
  35. ' This FDM is mostly my wild guesses and approximations. I have no serious
  36. ' information or research on the Mirage 2000. My objective is to make a
  37. ' reasonable, fun to fly FDM using the basic parameters of commonly available
  38. ' information and Emmanuel's model.
  39. '
  40. ' Currently the model will not achieve the top speeds of Mach 2+ at 36000'
  41. ' without additional fuel. It somewhat exceeds the original FDM's estimated
  42. ' cruise of 512 KIAS at 20000' using 80% dry power.
  43. '
  44. ' The standard autopilot will hold at about 50% power at 20000'. Above that it
  45. ' starts porpoising. This is likely due to several factors. The flight neutral
  46. ' point is intentionally positioned to try to be at or slightly ahead of the CG,
  47. ' and the trimming stabilizer is positioned at the trailing edge of the wing,
  48. ' giving a short stabilizer moment arm. At higher speeds this will give the
  49. ' default autopilot fits. A custom AP can probably cope with this, but AP's
  50. ' aren't my thing.
  51. '
  52. ' If you import this FDM into Blender using Melchior's excellent importer
  53. ' script, you'll see a stabilizer and that the wing is shifted slightly forward
  54. ' compared to Emmanuel's model. These are intentional adjustments. See my notes
  55. ' below.
  56. '
  57. ' Takeoff :
  58. ' My takeoffs were practiced using 80% dry power (currently there's no option
  59. ' to disable afterburners). Rotate at 145-150. A little back elevator trim
  60. ' helps, about 10% or so.
  61. '
  62. ' Landing :
  63. ' Approach at 170 kts, land between 140-150. I don't recommend using the
  64. ' spoilers during final, but once down they help a lot to slow the aircraft.
  65. ' (I had to add some keyboard spoiler controls.)
  66. '
  67. ' Cruise :
  68. ' The plane is set to require near neutral elevator trim at cruise speeds, so
  69. ' much of the lower-speed flight may benefit from keeping a little elevator
  70. ' trim.
  71. '
  72. ' Afterburners :
  73. ' I think there's typically a switch to engage/disengage burners at some
  74. ' throttle position, but right now the burners are turned on when you reach
  75. ' 80% throttle and can't be disabled.
  76. '
  77. ' I have no idea what real V-speeds are in this bird, so this is all fantasy.
  78. '
  79. ' I added control settings for slats, disabled speedbrakes for the solver's
  80. ' approach solution, and enabled afterburners for the cruise (maximum level
  81. ' speed) settings.
  82. ' I also increased cruise speed to the maximum statistics given for the plane in
  83. ' level flight at 36000'. This speed is somewhat silly given fuel would be
  84. ' depleted very quickly, but it's a reference.
  85. ' The second reference is the original FDM cruise of 516 kts at 20000'.
  86. ' Currently the model exceeds the lower reference, but won't quite exceed
  87. ' Mach 2, so it's a compromise.
  88. -->
  89.  
  90. <airplane mass="16350"
  91. version="YASIM_VERSION_CURRENT">
  92. <!--
  93. ================================================================================
  94. APPROACH
  95. ================================================================================
  96. -->
  97. <approach speed="130" aoa="7" fuel="0.3">
  98. <control-setting axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/throttle" value="0.3" />
  99. <control-setting axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/reheat" value="0" />
  100. <control-setting axis="/controls/gear/gear-down" value="1" />
  101. <control-setting axis="/controls/flight/slats" value="0" />
  102. <control-setting axis="/controls/flight/speedbrake" value="0" />
  103. </approach>
  104.  
  105. <!--
  106. ================================================================================
  107. CRUISE
  108. ================================================================================
  109. -->
  110. <cruise speed="1350" alt="36000" fuel="0.5">
  111. <control-setting axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/throttle" value="1.0" />
  112. <control-setting axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/reheat" value="1" />
  113. <control-setting axis="/controls/gear/gear-down" value="0" />
  114. <control-setting axis="/controls/flight/slats" value="0" />
  115. <control-setting axis="/controls/flight/speedbrake" value="0" />
  116. </cruise>
  117.  
  118. <!--
  119. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  120. ' If the drag bodies were simplified, drag performance could be improved. But
  121. ' these are such nicely formed drag bodies that I just didn't have the heart to
  122. ' change them.
  123. -->
  124. <!--
  125. ================================================================================
  126. COCKPIT
  127. ================================================================================
  128. -->
  129. <cockpit x="2.544" y="0" z="0.079" />
  130.  
  131. <!--
  132. ================================================================================
  133. FUSELAGE
  134. ================================================================================
  135. -->
  136. <fuselage ax="6.769" ay=" 0.000" az="-1.053" bx=" 4.463" by="0.000" bz="-0.806" width="0.756" taper="0.08" midpoint="1.00" />
  137. <fuselage ax="4.463" ay=" 0.000" az="-0.806" bx="-7.086" by="0.000" bz="-0.511" width="1.500" taper="0.40" midpoint="0.40" />
  138. <fuselage ax="4.476" ay=" 0.000" az="-0.422" bx="-1.782" by="0.000" bz=" 0.162" width="0.800" taper="0.00" midpoint="0.20" />
  139. <fuselage ax="2.018" ay=" 0.580" az="-0.692" bx="-7.023" by="0.000" bz="-0.506" width="1.000" taper="0.50" midpoint="0.05" />
  140. <fuselage ax="2.018" ay="-0.580" az="-0.692" bx="-7.023" by="0.000" bz="-0.506" width="1.000" taper="0.50" midpoint="0.05" />
  141.  
  142. <!--
  143. ================================================================================
  144. SURFACES
  145. ================================================================================
  146. -->
  147. <!--
  148. ________________________________________________________________________________
  149. WINGS
  150. -->
  151. <!--
  152. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  153. ' Anhedral is usually used to counter excessive roll stability or dutch roll
  154. ' problems, and since the model doesn't exhibit those behaviors it's worth
  155. ' considering reducing the effective anhedral amount. Currently I left
  156. ' dihedral unchanged at -4.
  157. '
  158. ' I reduced stall AoA slightly from 20. Delta wings typical stall higher than
  159. ' high-aspect forms so I'd expect something in the 17-20 range, but I think
  160. ' YASim is too generous on stall AoA, possibly due to how "width" is
  161. ' implemented. So I reduced stall to 18 and changed slats to give an AoA bonus
  162. ' of +2 (the original was +20, a typo?), for a total stall with slats deployed
  163. ' of 20 degrees. It's hard to pull the model into these alpha realms anyway,
  164. ' at least with my current hstab settings. Not sure about the real plane.
  165. '
  166. ' Camber was increased to add more lift at low alphas, mainly to help rotation
  167. ' at takeoff. The airfoil appears to have a considerable camber anyway.
  168. ' I didn't try to find airfoil data; these military types are usually very
  169. ' proprietary and hard to find info.
  170. '
  171. ' I reduced aileron lift considerably. The original FDM was very snappy on
  172. ' rolls, and autopilot can't find solutions at modest to high speeds with such
  173. ' high values. I have no idea how the real aircraft handles, but it responds
  174. ' nicely at these settings.
  175. ' I also removed the src0="-0.5" src1="0.5" dst0="-0.9" dst1="0.9" as I didn't
  176. ' know what that was for and it simplified testing to remove it.
  177. '
  178. ' I added a control input for slats.
  179. ' The real aircraft has a neutral point very close or even slightly forward of
  180. ' the CG. I also believe YASim tends to calculate lift a little too far aft
  181. ' (33% MAC), so I moved the wing forward a little, 0.3 meters.
  182. ' The original position is x="-1.202". This is totally guesswork. Mostly my
  183. ' aim is to keep the CG about 0.2 meters ahead of the main wheels, and the
  184. ' center of lift slightly ahead of that.
  185. '
  186. ' Other values tweaked for solver results.
  187. ' Airbrakes (spoilers) may be a little too effective, but I didn't adjust
  188. ' them.
  189. -->
  190. <wing x="-0.9" y="0.247" z="-0.933"
  191. chord="7.823"
  192. length="5.5"
  193. taper="0.08"
  194. sweep="38"
  195. dihedral="-4"
  196. incidence="0"
  197. camber="0.03">
  198.  
  199. <stall aoa="20" width="8" peak="1.7" />
  200. <slat start="0.20" end="0.80" aoa="2" drag=" 2.0" />
  201. <flap0 start="0.59" end="0.90" lift="1.64" drag=" 1.2" />
  202. <spoiler start="0.59" end="0.90" lift="1" drag="39.9" />
  203.  
  204. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/SAS-roll" control="FLAP0" split="true" />
  205. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/aileron-trim" control="FLAP0" split="true" />
  206. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/flaps" control="SLAT" />
  207. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/spoilers" control="SPOILER" />
  208. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/slats" control="SLAT" />
  209.  
  210. <control-output control="FLAP0" side="left" prop="/surface-positions/left-aileron-pos-norm" />
  211. <control-output control="FLAP0" side="right" prop="/surface-positions/right-aileron-pos-norm" />
  212. <control-output control="SPOILER" prop="/surface-positions/spoiler-pos-norm" invert="true" />
  213. <control-output control="SLAT" prop="/surface-positions/slat-pos-norm" />
  214.  
  215. <control-speed control="FLAP0" transition-time="0.08" />
  216. <control-speed control="SPOILER" transition-time="1.5" />
  217. <control-speed control="SLAT" transition-time="2.6" />
  218. </wing>
  219.  
  220. <!--
  221. ________________________________________________________________________________
  222. HORIZONTAL STABILIZER
  223. -->
  224. <!--
  225. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  226. ' YASim wasn't designed for flying-wings/delta-wings and requires a horizontal
  227. ' stabilizer for trimming. The original hstab was essentially a duplicate of
  228. ' the main wing used for trim. While this can work, it doubles the wing, kinda
  229. ' like a biplane with one wing overlaid on the other, with duplicated drag and
  230. ' lift results. I believe the engine has to work much harder for the
  231. ' approach/cruise numbers, and YASim compensates by giving a large drag/lift
  232. ' spread, making the plane very slick. My alternative was to create a
  233. ' short-chord, high-aspect tail surface roughly
  234. '
  235. ' positioned along the wing trailing edge, with a critical AoA slightly higher
  236. ' than the wing. This method greatly reduces the drag/lift spread. It's very
  237. ' close to the wing though, so the stabilizer moment arm is pretty short and
  238. ' I'm guessing it may result in instability issues at some speeds/attitudes.
  239. '
  240. ' Current elevator lift settings won't quite allow a full power-off stall. Any
  241. ' more and the auto-pilot can't tune results at higher airspeeds. This could
  242. ' be refined after the plane gets its own custom auto-pilot or other automatic
  243. ' controllers. The current values gives pretty reasonable approaches with a
  244. ' little elevator trim. Since I don't know how the real plane responds, this
  245. ' seems OK for now.
  246. '
  247. ' The 'spoiler' here is likely for use with a parachute simulation. I didn't
  248. ' modify it.
  249. -->
  250. <hstab x="-5" y="0.5" z="-0.933"
  251. chord="1"
  252. length="4"
  253. taper="1"
  254. sweep="0"
  255. camber="0.07"
  256. dihedral="-4">
  257. <stall aoa="28" width="4" peak="1.5" />
  258. <flap0 start="0.28" end="0.90" lift="1.48" drag="1.35" />
  259. <spoiler start="0" end="0.9" lift="0" drag="200" />
  260.  
  261. <control-input axis="controls/flight/SAS-pitch" control="FLAP0" />
  262. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/elevator-trim" control="FLAP0" />
  263. <control-input axis="/sim/model/door-positions/parachute/position-norm" control="SPOILER" />
  264.  
  265. <control-output control="FLAP0" prop="/surface-positions/elevator-pos-norm" />
  266. <control-speed control="FLAP0" transition-time="0.08" />
  267.  
  268. </hstab>
  269.  
  270. <!--
  271. ________________________________________________________________________________
  272. VERTICAL STABILIZER
  273. -->
  274. <!--
  275. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  276. ' I reduced rudder effectiveness and made stall characteristics a bit less
  277. ' extreme.
  278. -->
  279. <vstab x="-4.646" y="0" z="0.151"
  280. chord="3.6"
  281. length="4.1"
  282. taper="0.22"
  283. sweep="38">
  284. <stall aoa="16" width="4" peak="1.5" />
  285. <flap0 start="0.06" end="0.67" lift="1.4" drag="1.3" />
  286.  
  287. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/SAS-yaw" control="FLAP0" invert="false" />
  288.  
  289. <control-output control="FLAP0" prop="/surface-positions/rudder-pos-norm" />
  290.  
  291. <control-speed control="FLAP0" transition-time="0.5" />
  292.  
  293. </vstab>
  294.  
  295. <!--
  296. ================================================================================
  297. ENGINES
  298. ================================================================================
  299. -->
  300. <!--
  301. ________________________________________________________________________________
  302. JET
  303. -->
  304. <!--
  305. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  306. ' The big addition here is exhaust-speed. The default value is 1555 kts.
  307. ' Assuming a max speed of 1350 at 36000' (which is likely under the most
  308. ' optimal conditions), by the time we approached that speed we'd only have
  309. ' (1 - 1350/1555) * max_thrust, or about 13%. Under those conditions it would
  310. ' take a long time to get to that altitude and speed, and the afterburners
  311. ' would probably drain the fuel tanks long before we got there.
  312. '
  313. ' Without radically and unreasonably changing other FDM values, the only
  314. ' number available to tune is exhaust-speed, so I had to increased this by
  315. ' 50%. I don't think YASim models this well, particularly with afterburners.
  316. ' Perhaps there should be a separate value to be applied when afterburners are
  317. ' engaged.
  318. '
  319. ' I moved the mass of the engine back from x="-1.2". The engines in these
  320. ' configurations tend to be much further back in the fuselage than appearances
  321. ' suggest. -3 is just a guess but pretty reasonable. Not a big deal, but
  322. ' affects the mass distribution and moment stuff.
  323. '
  324. ' I changed the action point to center it approximately about the thrust
  325. ' chamber, rather than aft of the aircraft and slightly high. There's a small
  326. ' cheat here: I lowered the action point from z="-0.534" to z="-0.634" so
  327. ' thrust is closer to the CG, reducing the early pitching moment on the
  328. ' takeoff roll so the plane will rotate around 150 kts. Otherwise rotation
  329. ' speeds are rather high at military power takeoff thrust or better.
  330. '
  331. '5H1N0's notes :
  332. 'I removed the cheat, beacause I very low speed it put a down moment
  333. 'which could be tricky at low alt.
  334. '
  335. '
  336. '
  337. ' 1123 K = 850'C
  338. -->
  339. <jet x="-3" y="0" z="-0.480"
  340. mass="3340"
  341. thrust="14500"
  342. afterburner="21400"
  343. egt="1123"
  344. epr="9.8"
  345. exhaust-speed="2333"
  346. spool-time="0.1"
  347. tsfc="0.3"
  348. n1-idle="47.0"
  349. n1-max="105"
  350. n2-idle="73"
  351. n2-max="110">
  352. <actionpt x="-6" y="0" z="-0.634" /> <!-- z="-0.534" to z="-0.634"-->
  353.  
  354. <control-input axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/throttle" control="THROTTLE" />
  355. <control-input axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/reheat" control="REHEAT"/>
  356. <!--<control-input axis="/controls/engines/engine[0]/throttle" control="REHEAT" src0="0.85" src1="1.0" dst0="0.0" dst1="1.0" />-->
  357.  
  358. <control-output control="REHEAT" prop="engines/engine[0]/afterburner" />
  359.  
  360. <control-speed control="THROTTLE" transition-time="2" />
  361. <control-speed control="REHEAT" transition-time="2" />
  362.  
  363. </jet>
  364.  
  365. <!--
  366. ________________________________________________________________________________
  367. THRUSTER
  368. -->
  369. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ guns recoil -->
  370. <!--
  371. '''' notes
  372. ' guns recoil in 5000 Lbf = 2.5Tf negative angle of the gun : -2'
  373. -->
  374. <thruster thrust="5000"
  375. x="1.212" y="-0.308" z="-1.183"
  376. vx="-0.999390827" vy="0" vz="0.03489949">
  377. <control-input axis="/controls/armament/Gun_trigger" control="THROTTLE" />
  378. </thruster>
  379.  
  380. <!--
  381. ================================================================================
  382. LANDING GEARS
  383. ================================================================================
  384. -->
  385. <!--
  386. ________________________________________________________________________________
  387. GEARS
  388. -->
  389. <!--
  390. '''' Buckaroo's notes
  391. '
  392. ' Based on the model, FDM compression values are two great. Maximum extension
  393. ' for each appears to be 0.2 meters at best. I didn't adjust these values
  394. ' since the animations are very nice and tied to these particular values.
  395. -->
  396. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ front gear -->
  397. <gear x="2.996" y="0" z="-2.592"
  398. retract-time="7"
  399. compression="0.4"
  400. spring="1.4"
  401. damp="2.6"
  402. sfric="0.8"
  403. dfric="0.7">
  404.  
  405. <control-input axis="/controls/flight/SAS-gear" control="STEER" src0="-1.0" src1="1.0" dst0="-0.25" dst1="0.25" />
  406. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/gear-down" control="EXTEND" />
  407.  
  408. <control-output control="EXTEND" prop="/gear/gear[0]/position-norm" />
  409. <control-output control="STEER" prop="/surface-positions/nose-wheel-pos-norm" />
  410.  
  411. <control-speed control="EXTEND" transition-time="7" />
  412. </gear>
  413.  
  414. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ left main gear -->
  415. <gear x="-1.948" y="1.673" z="-2.595"
  416. retract-time="7"
  417. compression="0.6"
  418. spring="1.0"
  419. damp="1.8">
  420.  
  421. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/brake-left" control="BRAKE" />
  422. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/brake-parking" control="BRAKE" />
  423. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/gear-down" control="EXTEND" />
  424.  
  425. <control-speed control="EXTEND" transition-time="7" />
  426.  
  427. <control-output control="EXTEND" prop="/gear/gear[1]/position-norm" />
  428. </gear>
  429.  
  430. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ right main gear -->
  431. <gear x="-1.948" y="-1.673" z="-2.595"
  432. retract-time="7"
  433. compression="0.6"
  434. spring="1.0"
  435. damp="1.8">
  436.  
  437. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/brake-right" control="BRAKE" />
  438. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/brake-parking" control="BRAKE" />
  439. <control-input axis="/controls/gear/gear-down" control="EXTEND" />
  440.  
  441. <control-speed control="EXTEND" transition-time="7" />
  442.  
  443. <control-output control="EXTEND" prop="/gear/gear[2]/position-norm" />
  444. </gear>
  445.  
  446. <!--
  447. ================================================================================
  448. FUEL
  449. ================================================================================
  450. -->
  451. <!--
  452. ________________________________________________________________________________
  453. TANK
  454. -->
  455. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ right wing internal tanks -->
  456. <tank x="-1.600" y=" 1.667" z="-1.032" jet="true" capacity="3546.144" />
  457.  
  458. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ left wing internal tanks -->
  459. <tank x="-1.600" y="-1.667" z="-1.032" jet="true" capacity="3546.144" />
  460.  
  461. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ left dropable tank -->
  462. <tank x="-1.047" y=" 2.359" z="-1.556" jet="true" capacity="0" />
  463.  
  464. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ center dropable tank -->
  465. <tank x="-1.082" y=" 0.000" z="-1.656" jet="true" capacity="0" />
  466.  
  467. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ right dropable tank -->
  468. <tank x="-1.047" y="-2.359" z="-1.556" jet="true" capacity="0" />
  469.  
  470. <!--
  471. ================================================================================
  472. MASS DISTRIBUTION
  473. ================================================================================
  474. -->
  475. <!--
  476. ________________________________________________________________________________
  477. BALLAST
  478. -->
  479. <!--
  480. '''' Buckaroo's notes :
  481. ' Modest changes to keep the CG around -1.8. x="3.5" y="0" z="-1"
  482. -->
  483. <ballast x="3.2" y="0" z="-1" mass="1700" />
  484.  
  485. <!--
  486. ________________________________________________________________________________
  487. WEIGHT
  488. -->
  489. <!--
  490. '''' Helijah's notes [28-04-2012]
  491. ' Added weapons system
  492. -->
  493.  
  494. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ external loads -->
  495. <weight x="-1.900" y=" 1.800" z=" 0.250" size="0.25" mass-prop="sim/weight[0]/weight-lb" />
  496. <weight x="-2.373" y=" 3.278" z="-1.494" size="0.45" mass-prop="sim/weight[1]/weight-lb" />
  497.  
  498. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ droptank -->
  499. <weight x="-1.047" y=" 2.359" z="-1.556" size="0.70" mass-prop="sim/weight[2]/weight-lb" />
  500.  
  501. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ center -->
  502. <weight x="-1.082" y=" 0.000" z="-1.656" size="0.60" mass-prop="sim/weight[3]/weight-lb" />
  503.  
  504. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ droptank -->
  505. <weight x="-1.047" y="-2.359" z="-1.556" size="0.70" mass-prop="sim/weight[4]/weight-lb" />
  506.  
  507. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ external loads -->
  508. <weight x="-2.373" y="-3.278" z="-1.494" size="0.45" mass-prop="sim/weight[5]/weight-lb" />
  509.  
  510. <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ external loads -->
  511. <weight x="-1.900" y="-1.800" z=" 0.250" size="0.25" mass-prop="sim/weight[6]/weight-lb" />
  512.  
  513. </airplane>
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