\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{lipsum}% Just for this example
\usepackage{refcount,hyperref,graphicx}

\newcount\cnt
\let\oldref\ref

\AtBeginDocument{%
   \renewcommand\ref[1]{%
     \cnt=\value{page}%
     \advance\cnt by -2
     \ifnum\cnt > \getpagerefnumber{#1}
     \oldref{#1}~p.\,\pageref{#1}%
     \else
     \oldref{#1}%
     \fi
    }
  }

\begin{document}
\sloppy% Just for this example
\lipsum[1]

Figure~\ref{fig:example_image}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{example-image}%
  \caption{example-image}\label{fig:example_image}
\end{figure}

\lipsum[2-13]

\lipsum*[14]
Figure~\ref{fig:example_image}.

\end{document}