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Regions of Medieval France (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. While there were kings who claimed to rule the western Frankish kingdom after the division of the Carolingian Empire in 843, there was no concept of “France” from the 10th to 12th century, outside of the royal domain (the so-called Île de France, framed by the Seine, Oise, and Marne rivers). See the bibliography Medieval France. Some scholars argue that older administrative divisions (pagi and counties) and political divisions (Austrasia, Neustria, Aquitaine) of the Carolingian Empire persisted in some places and helped define boundaries between areas, while others insist that the later 9th and 10th century witnessed the destruction of the Carolingian pattern of rule and its replacement by new local units of lordship. The most important new units were a variety of principalities. These principalities were ruled by virtually independent dukes and counts, and only slowly became incorporated in the realm by the Capetian kings of France, notably in the 12th and 13th century. Many scholars believe that this process of integration was incomplete at the end of the Middle Ages, even after the last independent principality, Brittany, was formally joined to the realm in 1532. Known as pays in French (meaning country or homeland, from Latin patria), these lordships were foci for rule, socioeconomic structures, and identity during the medieval period and afterwards. Now regions of modern France, they have served as useful (if sometimes controversial) units for historical studies because the continuity of regional “identity” is still an important political question today. Because studies of regions tend to be particular rather than general, there are no comprehensive reference works. On the other hand, local historical societies, research centers, and journals exist in such profusion as to defy any simple listing.
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  5. Scholarly Approaches
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  7. In the late 20th century, French historical scholarship on the Middle Ages was dominated by the Annales-school approach, including the training of medieval historians in France and beyond. One aspect of this influence was medievalists insisting that the “thèse d’État” (required for French doctoral students until 1982) be a historical monograph about a region of medieval France. These regional studies were thought to contribute to a collective history of medieval France and especially of the relation of natural resources and geography to human activities, or “la terre et les hommes.” The purposes and achievements of this scholarly program are lucidly explained by Bisson 2000, which traces its elaboration in the second half of the 20th century. Inspired by the early work on rural history by Bloch 1978 (originally published in 1931) and works by Annaliste pioneers such as Braudel 1995 (originally published in 1949), the real growth of studies about regions of medieval France followed the success of Duby 1982 on the Mâconnais region of Burgundy. Although northern regions were explored first, the work of Le Roy Ladurie 1974 (originally published in 1966) on peasant life in Languedoc foreshadowed a later shift to the south. Furthermore, the desire to link these regional examples to a “histoire totale” of medieval France (see Le Goff and Toubert 1977) often yielded multivolume works of erudition with extensive bibliographies, which offer starting points for future research on each region. Some of these studies took medieval principalities as their focus, such as Normandy, Anjou, or Toulouse, whereas others used artificial or postmedieval territorial divisions (Picardy, Languedoc) or particular centers (Narbonne, Vendôme) to circumscribe their study of medieval sources. Many of these studies assumed the formation of regional principalities in the post-Carolingian period, though more recent work has been critical of their coherence as units of rule or identity. The success of this French scholarship inspired both French and international scholars to produce similar studies for other regions within France and Mediterranean regions beyond France. The growth of political regionalism within modern France, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, stimulated further study of medieval regions and forced a reconsideration of the importance of the pays for medieval people and modern historians (see Bedos-Rezak 1993). Although earlier scholarship sometimes assumed continuity in regional identity from the early Middle Ages, such claims today would have to be proven on a case-by-case basis.
  8.  
  9. Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte. “French Medieval Regions: A Concept in History.” In Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques: Special Issue: Polity and Place: Regionalism in Medieval France. Edited by Brigitte Bedos-Rezak. Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 19.2 (Spring 1993): 152–166.
  10.  
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  12.  
  13. Reconsiders the value of regional studies, in particular the utility of “region” as a historical construct; introduction to a collection of essays that adopt a critical approach to defining medieval regions.
  14.  
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  16.  
  17. Bisson, Thomas N. “La terre et les hommes: A Programme Fulfilled?” French History 14 (2000): 322–345.
  18.  
  19. DOI: 10.1093/fh/14.3.322Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  20.  
  21. Analysis of Annaliste-inspired regional studies, including the evolution of the scholarly genre, evaluation of its achievements, and appendices of chronological development and bibliography to 2000. Includes opinions from six leading French practitioners about “la terre et les hommes.”
  22.  
  23. Find this resource:
  24.  
  25. Bloch, Marc. French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics. Translated by Janet Sondheimer. London: Routledge, 1978.
  26.  
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  28.  
  29. English translation of Les Caractères originaux de l’histoire rurale française, first published in 1931 and republished with supplementary material in 1955. Broadly explores the relationship of land and people from prehistory to the French Revolution.
  30.  
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  32.  
  33. Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. 2 vols. Translated by Siân Reynolds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
  34.  
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  36.  
  37. English translation of La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, first published in 1949. A sweeping study of the Mediterranean and inherently antiregional in perspective; its methodology of combining physical and human geography and emphasis on socioeconomic structures inspired the approach of many subsequent regional works.
  38.  
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  40.  
  41. Duby, Georges. La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise. Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1982.
  42.  
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  44.  
  45. First published in 1953 and reprinted in the author’s Qu’est-ce que la société féodale? in 2002, but never translated, this seminal regional study explored transformations of power and society (which the author later called “feudal revolution”) in the Mâconnais with emphasis on nobility, knighthood, peasant status, and agrarian life.
  46.  
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  48.  
  49. Le Goff, Jacques, and Pierre Toubert. “Une histoire totale du moyen âge est-elle possible?” In Tendances, perspectives et méthodes de l’histoire médiévale “Actes du 100e congrès des sociétés savante.” 31–44. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1977.
  50.  
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  52.  
  53. Considers critically the question of whether exploring the dense strata of local structures (only possible in regional slices) might collectively produce an histoire totale of medieval France.
  54.  
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  56.  
  57. Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. The Peasants of Languedoc. Translated by John Day. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974.
  58.  
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  60.  
  61. English translation of Les paysans de Languedoc, first published in 1966. Employing quantitative studies of economic phenomena together with theories of structural anthropology, argues for durability of material and mental structures of peasant life.
  62.  
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  64.  
  65. Anjou and Maine
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  67. The ancestral lands of the powerful Plantagenet dynasty in the 11th and 12th century, and the counts and political life of these regions have been studied with great scrutiny in works by both French scholars (for example, Guillot 1972, Lemesle 1999) and English-language scholars (for example, Bachrach 1993, Barton 2004). More typical French regional studies include Le Mené 1982 and Pichot 1995. Thompson 2002 offers a contrast by studying an interstitial lordship over larger “regions.”
  68.  
  69. Bachrach, Bernard S. Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040: A Political Biography of the Angevin Court. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  70.  
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  72.  
  73. Focused on the creation of an independent principality by one count; primarily interested in military affairs and politics. Stresses continuity from the Carolingian period over change.
  74.  
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  76.  
  77. Barton, Richard E. Lordship in the County of Maine, c. 890-1160. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004.
  78.  
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  80.  
  81. Focused on questions of lordship, power, and comital authority in Maine before the county was submerged in the larger Angevin holdings; considers “mutation féodale” and reaction against it in local context.
  82.  
  83. Find this resource:
  84.  
  85. Guillot, Olivier. Le comte d’Anjou et son entourage au XIe siècle. 2 vols. Paris: A. & J. Picard, 1972.
  86.  
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  88.  
  89. Largely political history of the counts of Anjou and their rise to prominence as a regional power.
  90.  
  91. Find this resource:
  92.  
  93. Le Mené, Michel. Les campagnes angevines à la fin du moyen âge (vers 1350–vers 1530): Étude économique. Nantes, France: Cid, 1982.
  94.  
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  96.  
  97. Explores rural economy and agrarian life in Anjou in the later Middle Ages; argues that despite the Black Death and Hundred Years’ War, social and economic structures persisted in the countryside relatively intact.
  98.  
  99. Find this resource:
  100.  
  101. Lemesle, Bruno. La société aristocratique dans le Haut-Maine (XIe–XIIe siècles). Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1999.
  102.  
  103. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  104.  
  105. Focused on the aristocracy of eastern Maine, especially kinship, vassalage, power, and patronage; follows Barthélemy 1993 (cited under Blois, Champagne, and Central France) in emphasizing continuity over change.
  106.  
  107. Find this resource:
  108.  
  109. Pichot, Daniel. Le Bas-Maine du Xe au XIIIe siècle: Étude d’une société. Laval, France: Société d’Archéologie et d’Histoire de la Mayenne, 1995.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. Study of western Maine, strongly influenced by the Annaliste “la terre et les hommes” approach, focused on geography, society, and economy, with less treatment of the aristocracy.
  114.  
  115. Find this resource:
  116.  
  117. Thompson, Kathleen. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 1000–1226. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2002.
  118.  
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  120.  
  121. Case study of how one aristocratic family in a border region assured their rise by negotiating the space between greater territorial principalities of Normandy, Anjou, and the Île de France.
  122.  
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  124.  
  125. Aquitaine
  126.  
  127. Persisting from Frankish times as a political entity of varying coherence, the size and diversity of the medieval duchy of Aquitaine in the central and later Middle Ages has made it a daunting “region” to study. The place of 12th-century Aquitaine within the larger Plantagenet holdings dominates political histories, especially by British scholars; see Gillingham 1999. Various studies examine the role of the dukes in political and aristocratic life, such as Debord 1984 and Martindale 1997. The continuing fascination with Eleanor of Aquitaine (b. 1124–d. 1204), has resulted in extensive scholarly work; see Turner 2009. Traditional regional studies following the Annaliste paradigm have focused on lordships within the larger Aquitaine, such as Poitou (Beech 1964), the Rouergue (Gournay 2004) and Auvergne (Fournier 1962, Lauranson-Rosaz 1987). See also Gascony.
  128.  
  129. Beech, George T. A Rural Society in Medieval France: The Gâtine of Poitou in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964.
  130.  
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  132.  
  133. Early study of the Gâtinais region of Poitou, a borderland between Aquitaine and Anjou; focus on rural society influenced more by Bloch 1978 than Duby 1982 (both cited under Scholarly Approaches).
  134.  
  135. Find this resource:
  136.  
  137. Debord, André. La société laïque dans les pays de la Charente: Xe–XIIe siècles. Paris: Picard, 1984.
  138.  
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  140.  
  141. On the Aquitaine region around the Charente River, focused on lay society and aristocratic life; explores the role of dukes as arbiters between lords.
  142.  
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  144.  
  145. Fournier, Gabriel. Le peuplement rural en basse Auvergne durant le haut moyen âge. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.
  146.  
  147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  148.  
  149. Study of the Auvergne region, emphasizing rural settlement patterns in the 10th century; heavily influenced by Bloch 1978 (cited under Scholarly Approaches).
  150.  
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  152.  
  153. Gillingham, John. Richard I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
  154.  
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  156.  
  157. Early chapters evoke Aquitaine in the 12th century; though the biography has extensive bibliography on the region.
  158.  
  159. Find this resource:
  160.  
  161. Gournay, Frédéric de. Le Rouergue au tournant de l’an mil: De l’ordre carolingien à l’ordre feudal, IXe–XIIe siècle. Rodez, France: Société des Lettres, Sciences et Arts de l’Aveyron, 2004.
  162.  
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  164.  
  165. Study of social and political history of Rouergue, emphasizing the “mutation féodale” around the year 1000.
  166.  
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  168.  
  169. Lauranson-Rosaz, Christian. L’Auvergne et ses marges (Velay, Gévaudan) du VIIIe au XIe siècle: La fin du monde antique? Le Puy-en-Velay, France: Les Cahiers de la Haute-Loire, 1987.
  170.  
  171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172.  
  173. Study of the Auvergne region, examining a possible feudal transformation (mutation féodale) of structures that had persisted since the late Antique period, with an emphasis on legal sources.
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177. Martindale, Jane. Status, Authority and Regional Power: Aquitaine and France, 9th to 12th Centuries. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1997.
  178.  
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  180.  
  181. Essays on power, lordship, and aristocratic life by a scholar whose career has been devoted to study of the Aquitaine.
  182.  
  183. Find this resource:
  184.  
  185. Turner, Ralph V. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
  186.  
  187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  188.  
  189. Narrative history of Eleanor’s life and rule; provides a point of entry to voluminous scholarship about her. Includes helpful bibliography.
  190.  
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  192.  
  193. Blois, Champagne, and Central France
  194.  
  195. The two medieval principalities of Blois and Champagne were often dynastically linked in the Middle Ages, even though they lay on opposite sides of Île de France. Early studies for these areas modified or challenged the model of transformation put forward by Georges Duby (see Duby 1982, cited under Scholarly Approaches). Devailly 1973 offers a different chronology of sociopolitical change; Chédeville 1973 emphasizes towns and the persistence of older Carolingian terminology; Evergates 1975 broadens the inquiry into social groups; Bur 1977 focuses on the role of the castle. More recent scholarship has provided perhaps the most thorough examination of medieval evidence for any region, including separate studies of the Vendômois (Barthélemy 1993), Blois (LoPrete 2007), and Champagne (Evergates 2007).
  196.  
  197. Barthélemy, Dominique. La société dans le comté de Vendôme de l’an mil au XIVe siècle. Paris: Fayard, 1993.
  198.  
  199. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  200.  
  201. Powerfully revisionist regional study, focused on the county of Vendôme, exploiting extensive monastic archival material from Marmoutier and other houses. Stresses continuity over change, especially in social structure, and inherently critiques scholars advocating transformation (mutation) in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Inspired a powerful reaction to traditional French scholarly models.
  202.  
  203. Find this resource:
  204.  
  205. Bur, Michel. La formation du comté de Champagne, v. 950–v. 1150. Nancy, France: Publications de l’Université de Nancy II, 1977.
  206.  
  207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  208.  
  209. Study of the early history of the county of Champagne; emphasizes the resilience of Carolingian structures of power, somewhat controversially, and the importance of the castle in the formation of the medieval principality.
  210.  
  211. Find this resource:
  212.  
  213. Chédeville, A. Chartres et ses campagnes, XIe–XIIIe siècles. Paris: Klincksieck, 1973.
  214.  
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  216.  
  217. Study of the Chartrain and early exemplar of regional studies inspired by Duby 1982 (cited under Scholarly Approaches); however, it emphasizes the role of towns in relation to the rural economy.
  218.  
  219. Find this resource:
  220.  
  221. Devailly, Guy. Le Berry du Xe siècle au milieu du XIIIe: Étude politique, religieuse, sociale et économique. Paris: Mouton, 1973.
  222.  
  223. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  224.  
  225. Sweeping treatment of many aspects of the region of Berry, which tracks social and political transformation in similar pattern to Duby 1982 (cited under Scholarly Approaches), though with a divergent chronology.
  226.  
  227. Find this resource:
  228.  
  229. Evergates, Theodore. Feudal Society in the Bailliage of Troyes under the Counts of Champagne, 1152–1284. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
  230.  
  231. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  232.  
  233. Study of region around the city of Troyes and its relation to Champagne at large, particularly useful for social history.
  234.  
  235. Find this resource:
  236.  
  237. Evergates, Theodore. The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1100–1300. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
  238.  
  239. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  240.  
  241. Close analysis of the aristocracy in Champagne, especially of comital power, fiefs, and family structure. Challenges traditional models of the aristocratic family and their perceived relation to the formation of regional principalities; highlights the importance of female rulers.
  242.  
  243. Find this resource:
  244.  
  245. LoPrete, Kimberly A. Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067–1137). Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts, 2007.
  246.  
  247. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  248.  
  249. Although framed as a biography of a leading countess, provides detailed examination of Blois, especially politics and aristocratic families; has appendices analyzing documents and extensive bibliography.
  250.  
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  252.  
  253. Britanny
  254.  
  255. Although Brittany was little treated before 1980, its distinctive culture and the popular interest in Breton regional identity stimulated a later surge in histories of the region (Chédeville and Guillotel 1984 and Chédeville and Tonnerre 1987). For historians, the distinctive terrain of the region and archeological sources have presented an interesting case for testing whether “la terre” and “les hommes” are related as closely as the early Annalistes believed (see Meuret 1993 and Tonnerre 1994). English-language studies (Everard 2000, Smith 1992) have largely eschewed the French regional-study model to examine Brittany in relation to extraterritorial powers, or to provide case studies of smaller subregions (Davies 1988). Gaillou and Jones 1991 provides an accessible English overview, though it assumes the identity of Bretons as a group.
  256.  
  257. Chédeville, André, and Herbert Guillotel. La Bretagne des saints et des rois, Ve–Xe siècle. Rennes, France: Ouest-France, 1984.
  258.  
  259. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  260.  
  261. Companion to Chédeville and Tonnerre 1987; provides sweeping coverage of political and religious history in early medieval Brittany; eschews the Annaliste regional-study model in favor of narrative history.
  262.  
  263. Find this resource:
  264.  
  265. Chédeville, André, and Noël-Yves Tonnerre. La Bretagne féodale: XIe–XIIIe siècle. Rennes, France: Ouest-France, 1987.
  266.  
  267. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  268.  
  269. Companion to Chédeville and Guillotel 1984; provides sweeping coverage of social and political history of high medieval Brittany; eschews the Annaliste regional-study model in favor of narrative history.
  270.  
  271. Find this resource:
  272.  
  273. Davies, Wendy. Small Worlds: The Village Community in Early Medieval Brittany. London: Duckworth, 1988.
  274.  
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  276.  
  277. Study of peasant communities in southeastern Brittany in the 9th century, with close reading of records of Redon Abbey.
  278.  
  279. Find this resource:
  280.  
  281. Everard, J. A. Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158–1203. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  282.  
  283. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  284.  
  285. Largely a political study; provides history of the region during a crucial period when the duchy was subordinated to Angevin and then Capetian rule.
  286.  
  287. Find this resource:
  288.  
  289. Galliou, Patrick, and Michael Jones. The Bretons. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991.
  290.  
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  292.  
  293. Useful overview in English, focused on questions of identity of the Breton people and, to a lesser extent, the region.
  294.  
  295. Find this resource:
  296.  
  297. Meuret, Jean-Claude. Peuplement, pouvoir et paysage sur la marche Anjou-Bretagne des origines au moyen âge. Laval, France: Société d’Archéologie et d’Histoire de la Mayenne, 1993.
  298.  
  299. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  300.  
  301. Study of borderlands of Anjou and Brittany and the difficulties of lords along the frontier of two powerful principalities. Examines patterns of settlement, employing archeological sources.
  302.  
  303. Find this resource:
  304.  
  305. Tonnerre, Noël-Yves. Naissance de la Bretagne: Géographie historique et structures sociales de la Bretagne méridionale (Nantais et Vannetais) de la fin du VIIIe à la fin du XIIe siècle. Angers, France: Presses de l’Université d’Angers, 1994.
  306.  
  307. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  308.  
  309. Study of the formation of Brittany as a region from Carolingian times to the 12th century, emphasizing the relationship of terrain, rural economy, and social structures in eastern Brittany.
  310.  
  311. Find this resource:
  312.  
  313. Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  314.  
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  316.  
  317. Examines the development of Brittany as a territorial principality in the 9th and 10th centuries, especially as a periphery in relation to the Carolingian center.
  318.  
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  320.  
  321. Burgundy
  322.  
  323. The area around Mâcon was the subject of Duby 1982, the seminal Annaliste regional study, and so the region has been a focus of intense scholarly debate for medievalists within France and outside (see the summary in Cheyette 2002). Historiographic debate has centered on whether the Mâconnais region provides evidence of a sudden mutation (transformation) in social, economic, and political structures around 1000 (Bois 1992), or if the surviving records should be read in other ways (Bouchard 1987, Rosenwein 1989). Scholarship on Burgundy in the later Middle Ages, tracing the rise of the county and duchy of Burgundy to European prominence and an independent power, has its own separate tradition; see, for example, Richard 1954, Vaughan 1975, and Schnerb 1999.
  324.  
  325. Bois, Guy. The Transformation of the Year One Thousand: The Village of Lournand from Antiquity to Feudalism. Translated by Jean Birrell. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992.
  326.  
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  328.  
  329. English translation of La mutation de l’an mil: Lournand, village mâconnais de l’antiquité au féodalisme (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Uses the charters of Cluny to explore the village of Lournand in Burgundy to reevaluate Duby 1982. Makes a controversial argument for a rapid transformation of economic, social, and power structures here in the generation around the year 1000, or “mutation de l’an mil,” which the author extrapolates to the larger French and even European context.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333. Bouchard, Constance. Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1180. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
  334.  
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  336.  
  337. Reexamines the relation between aristocracy and church in Burgundy during the period of transformation posited by Duby 1982; stresses family connections and ecclesiastical patronage in the region.
  338.  
  339. Find this resource:
  340.  
  341. Cheyette, F. L. “George Duby’s Mâconnais After Fifty Years: Reading It Then and Now.” Journal of Medieval History 28 (2002): 291–317.
  342.  
  343. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4181(02)00021-0Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  344.  
  345. Considers the historiographic and methodological impact of Duby 1982 on medieval history of France and considers whether its conclusions remain valid.
  346.  
  347. Find this resource:
  348.  
  349. Duby, Georges. La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise. Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1982.
  350.  
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  352.  
  353. Highlighting the importance of charters as sources (frequently preserved in the archives of Cluny) and densely descriptive of local structures, this work is often associated with Duby’s later arguments about seigneurie banale (banal lordship), the control of formerly regalian power by local castellans, and the feudal revolution of the late 10th and early 11th century. Inspired both imitation and critique of its methods and conclusions. Originally published in 1953 (Paris: Colin).
  354.  
  355. Find this resource:
  356.  
  357. Richard, Jean. Les ducs de Bourgogne et la formation du duché du XI au XIV siècle. Paris: Société Les Belles Lettres, 1954.
  358.  
  359. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  360.  
  361. Explores the rise of the dukes of Burgundy as a major political power between the kingdoms of France and Germany; stresses institutional history.
  362.  
  363. Find this resource:
  364.  
  365. Rosenwein, Barbara H. To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909–1049. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
  366.  
  367. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  368.  
  369. Explains Cluniac charters as part of a monastic gift-exchange nexus with the local aristocratic families, suggesting a circulation of land in return for spiritual benefits. Offers reading of sources and reorganization of space for exploitation in Burgundy challenging ideas of Duby 1982 and Bois 1992.
  370.  
  371. Find this resource:
  372.  
  373. Schnerb, Bertrand. L’état bourguignon: 1363–1477. Paris: Perrin, 1999.
  374.  
  375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  376.  
  377. Examines Burgundy as a state, with focus on foreign policy, court ceremony, and patronage.
  378.  
  379. Find this resource:
  380.  
  381. Vaughan, Richard. Valois Burgundy. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1975.
  382.  
  383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  384.  
  385. Accessible English overview of the political history of later medieval Burgundy and its dukes, the subjects of the author’s subsequent biographical works.
  386.  
  387. Find this resource:
  388.  
  389. Flanders
  390.  
  391. The medieval county of Flanders, though part of the kingdom of France until the later Middle Ages, was one of the earliest principalities to steer a separate course. A convenient English history of medieval Flanders as a whole is Nicholas 1992. Relations with Burgundy and the French kings in the later Middle Ages can be gleaned from Blockmans and Prevenier 1999. As the nucleus of the later Low Countries, much of the scholarship on medieval Flanders is shaped by the national historical traditions of Belgium and Holland. Consequently, studies of “Flanders” have been driven by their own imperatives, such as the classic works Ganshof 1949 and Dhondt 1944. The preponderance of scholarly work has been on the formation and growth of cities in Flanders. There are studies of various lordships within greater Flanders that may be read as regional studies, such as the influential work of Genicot 1943–1995. Restricted geographic focus has facilitated depth of detail in some works, such as Warlop 1975–1976. Some studies of the rural economy share characteristics of French Annaliste regional studies, such as Verhulst 1966 and Thoen 1988.
  392.  
  393. Blockmans, Wim, and Walter Prevenier. The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530. Translated by Elizabeth Fackelman. Translation revised and edited by Edward Peters. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
  394.  
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396.  
  397. English translation of In de ban van Bourgondië, originally published 1988. Provides a narrative overview of the later medieval Low Countries, their various lordships (including Flanders), and their relations to neighboring powers.
  398.  
  399. Find this resource:
  400.  
  401. Dhondt, Jan. Les origines de la Flandre et de l’Artois. Arras, France: Centre d’Études Régionales du Pas-de-Calais, 1944.
  402.  
  403. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  404.  
  405. By a scholar who subsequently pioneered the study of territorial principalities in France; strongly asserts a case for the separate identity of Flanders.
  406.  
  407. Find this resource:
  408.  
  409. Ganshof, François-L. La Flandre sous les premiers comtes. 3d ed. Brussels: Renaissance du Livre, 1949.
  410.  
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412.  
  413. Narrative of the rise of the medieval principality. Provides an entry to the author’s extensive scholarly work on early medieval Flanders, especially on lordship. Also published in Dutch and reissued with revisions several times.
  414.  
  415. Find this resource:
  416.  
  417. Genicot, Léopold. L’économie rurale namuroise au bas moyen âge (1199–1429). 4 vols. Recueil de Travaux d’Histoire et de Philologie, ser. 3, 17; ser 4, 20; ser. 6, 25, 49. Louvain, Belgium: Bibliothèque de l’Université, 1943–1995.
  418.  
  419. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  420.  
  421. Comprehensive study of power, society, and economy in the Namur region by a leading Belgian medievalist; the first volume (1943) inspired historians in the Low Countries to examine their regions before the rise of the Annaliste paradigm in France.
  422.  
  423. Find this resource:
  424.  
  425. Nicholas, David. Medieval Flanders. London: Longman, 1992.
  426.  
  427. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  428.  
  429. Concise overview of the development of the county of Flanders; stresses economic, political, social, and institutional history. Based on the author’s extensive work on cities.
  430.  
  431. Find this resource:
  432.  
  433. Thoen, Erik. Landbouwekonomie en bevolking in Vlaanderen gedurende de late Middeleeuwen en het begin van de Moderne Tijden: Testregio; De kasselrijen van Oudenaarde en Aalst (eind 13de–eerste helft 16de eeuw). 2 vols. Ghent, Belgium: Belgisch Centrum voor Landelijke Geschiedenis, 1988.
  434.  
  435. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  436.  
  437. Treats rural economy and social structures; stronger for the 13th and 14th centuries.
  438.  
  439. Find this resource:
  440.  
  441. Verhulst, Adriaan. Histoire du paysage rural en Flandre, de l’époque romaine au XVIIIe siècle. Brussels: Renaissance du Livre, 1966.
  442.  
  443. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  444.  
  445. French translation of Het landschap in Vlaanderen in historisch perspectief; treats rural economy and social structures; stronger for the period before 1100.
  446.  
  447. Find this resource:
  448.  
  449. Warlop, Ernest. The Flemish Nobility Before 1300. 4 vols. Translated by J. B. Ross and H. Vandermoore. Kortrijk, Belgium: G. Desmet-Huysman, 1975–1976.
  450.  
  451. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  452.  
  453. English translation of De Vlaamse adel voor 1300, originally published in 1968, including some revisions. Study of the nobility in the region, emphasizing social history and political relations, with detailed reconstruction of family groups.
  454.  
  455. Find this resource:
  456.  
  457. Gascony
  458.  
  459. Although sometimes studied in conjunction with Aquitaine, the recognition of the area southwest of the Garonne River to the Pyrennes (later Gascony) as a separate zone already had occurred during Carolingian times. Though this early period is relatively neglected, an overview is available (Zimmermann 2000). The best work on Gascony in the central Middle Ages is Bull 1993. Cursente 1998 offers a broad Annaliste-style treatment of the region for the period from 1000 to 1500. Because of a long period of English royal control, the later medieval duchy of Gascony has been studied extensively (see Gardelles 1972 and Cursente 1980). Higounet 1992 provides access to the work of a scholar who has devoted his entire career to the study of Bordeaux and surrounding territory.
  460.  
  461. Bull, Marcus. Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c. 970–c. 1130. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
  462.  
  463. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  464.  
  465. Although a topical work, valuable for its insights into the aristocracy in Gascony and the Limousin regions, with extensive bibliography.
  466.  
  467. Find this resource:
  468.  
  469. Cursente, Benoît. Les castelnaux de la Gascogne médiévale: Gascogne gersoise. Bourdeaux, France: Fédération Historique du Sud-Ouest, 1980.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. Study of the village of Gers, within the regional context of Gascony; compare with Gardelles 1972.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477. Cursente, Benoît. Des maisons et des hommes: La Gascogne médiévale (XIe–XVe siècle). Toulouse, France: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1998.
  478.  
  479. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  480.  
  481. Study of the social and economic history of Gacony, with particular emphasis on buildings and groupings of people around them, following in the tradition of Fossier 1987 (cited under Other Regions within France) andToubert 1993 (cited under Regions beyond France).
  482.  
  483. Find this resource:
  484.  
  485. Gardelles, Jacques. Les châteaux du moyen age dans la France du sud-ouest: La Gascogne anglaise de 1216 à 1327. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1972.
  486.  
  487. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  488.  
  489. Focused on castles and power relations; compare to Cursente 1980.
  490.  
  491. Find this resource:
  492.  
  493. Higounet, Charles. Villes, sociétés et economies médiévales: Recueil d’articles. Bourdeaux, France: Fédération Historique du Sud-Ouest, 1992.
  494.  
  495. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. Collection of articles by a noted scholar of bastides (fortified towns) in Gascony, Aquitaine, and Languedoc. Its bibliography provides a point of entry to the author’s voluminous work on later medieval Gascony, including regional studies of Comminges, Perigord, and Bordeaux.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501. Zimmermann, Michel. “Western Francia: The Southern Principalities.” In The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 3, c. 900–c. 1024. Edited by Timothy Reuter, 420–455. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  502.  
  503. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  504.  
  505. Brief overview of the formation of separate regions in the south; explains the rise of the distinction between Gascony and Aquitaine.
  506.  
  507. Find this resource:
  508.  
  509. Île de France (Parisian Region)
  510.  
  511. The area around Paris, called Île de France, has often been treated as if it were a royal principality rather than the center of governance of the realm. Yet there is no regional study of Île de France following the Annaliste pattern. Even so, there is considerable scholarship on the Parisian region. Emerging out of the remnants of Carolingian Neustria (Périn and Feffer 1989), the Capetian royal demesne around Paris was fairly restricted from the 10th century (Boussard 1997, originally published 1976) through the early 12th century (Bautier 1981), during which time the usage of the word “Francia” to denote a distinct region became more pronounced, especially by Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis (DuQuesnay Adams 1993). Under Philip Augustus (r. 1180–1223) Paris expanded (Gauthiez 1994), as did the royal demesne lands and royal jurisdiction over the “Regnum Francie,” though this area was still territorially restricted (Wood 1967) and not equated with the entire kingdom. Once circumscribed by royal administrative districts, the Île de France of the later Middle Ages seemed to offer historians more defined units for regional studies (Fourquin 1964, Guenée 1963). See also the bibliography Medieval France.
  512.  
  513. Bautier, Robert Henri. “Paris au temps d’Abélard.” In Abélard en son temps: Actes du colloque international organisé à l’occasion du 9e centenaire de la naissance de Pierre Abélard (14–19 mai 1979). Edited by Jean Jolivet. 21–77. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1981.
  514.  
  515. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  516.  
  517. Substantial article tracing many aspects of life in and around Paris in the early 12th century.
  518.  
  519. Find this resource:
  520.  
  521. Boussard, Jacques. De la fin du siège de 885–886 à la mort de Philippe Auguste, 2d ed. Nouvelle Histoire de Paris. Paris: Hachette, 1997.
  522.  
  523. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  524.  
  525. Volume in the Nouvelle Histoire de Paris series, especially valuable for the author’s treatment of the collapse of Neustria following the Viking invasions and the consequences for the Parisian region in the 10th century.
  526.  
  527. Find this resource:
  528.  
  529. DuQuesnay Adams, Jeremy. “The Regnum Francie of Suger of Saint-Denis: An Expansive Île-de-France.” Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 19 (1993): 167–188.
  530.  
  531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  532.  
  533. Close analysis of Suger’s use of regnum and Francie as designating regional identity rather than an administrative concept; compare to Wood 1967.
  534.  
  535. Find this resource:
  536.  
  537. Fourquin, Guy. Les campagnes de la region parisienne à la fin du Moyen Âge: Du milieu du XIIIe au debut du XIVe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.
  538.  
  539. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  540.  
  541. Although a study of rural society and economy in the Parisian region in the later Middle Ages, this book has substantial treatment of earlier times.
  542.  
  543. Find this resource:
  544.  
  545. Gauthiez, Bernard. “Paris, un Rouen capétien? (Développements comparés de Rouen et Paris sous les règnes de Henri II et Philippe-Auguste).” In Anglo-Norman Studies: Special Issue: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1993. 16 (1994): 117–136.
  546.  
  547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  548.  
  549. Discusses royal notions of capital formation in comparative context in the later 12th century.
  550.  
  551. Find this resource:
  552.  
  553. Guenée, Bernard. Tribunaux et gens de justice dans bailliage de Senlis à la fin du Moyen Âge (vers 1380–vers 1550). Paris: Belles Lettres, 1963.
  554.  
  555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. Although this author is more famous for his treatments of royal and state power in the later Middle Ages, this particular work exploits legal sources in the Senlis bailliage of Île de France and offers insight about an administrative “region.”
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561. Périn, Patrick and Laure-Charlotte Feffer, eds. La Neustrie: Les pays au nord de la Loire de 650 à 850: Colloque historique internationale. 2 vols. Sigmaringen, Germany: J. Thorbecke, 1989.
  562.  
  563. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  564.  
  565. Articles in various European languages assembled in conjunction with a major exhibition; includes studies about Paris and its surroundings.
  566.  
  567. Find this resource:
  568.  
  569. Wood, Charles T. “Regnum Francie: A Problem in Capetian Administrative Usage.” Traditio 23 (1967): 117–147.
  570.  
  571. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  572.  
  573. Argues that royal officials considered the “Regnum Francie” to be a restricted zone of jurisdiction from the time of Philip Augustus (r. 1180–1223) to Philip IV (r. 1285–1314).
  574.  
  575. Find this resource:
  576.  
  577. Languedoc
  578.  
  579. Although not a medieval principality, the area of southeastern France referred to as “Languedoc” (a name created by northern crusaders seeking to subordinate the area to their rule in the 13th century) has long been a subject of regional studies seeking comparisons between north and south. Paterson 1993 provides a point of entry to the “region” and its culture. French scholars have extrapolated studies of particular areas for their conclusions on the larger Languedoc (sometimes also called “Occitania”). Magnou-Nortier 1974 and Bourin-Derruau 1987 stress the continuities of village and rural life in eastern and western Languedoc, respectively. Débax 2003 and Duhamel-Amado 2001–2007 continue the Annaliste tradition of regional studies, especially the stress on power, social structures, and rural economy. Various important lordships have been the focus of regional, urban, or local studies. Particularly rich documentary sources have encouraged close study of the area around Narbonne (Caille 2005, Cheyette 2001). Reyerson and Drendel 1998 offers a large number of articles on specific towns or subregions.
  580.  
  581. Bourin-Derruau, Monique. Villages médiévaux en Bas-Languedoc: Genèse d’une sociabilité, Xe–XIVe siècle. 2 vols. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1987.
  582.  
  583. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  584.  
  585. Explores the formation of villages in lower Languedoc, especially as social units that provide a basis for local communities. Argues for continuities within village microcosms over long periods of time.
  586.  
  587. Find this resource:
  588.  
  589. Caille, Jacqueline. Medieval Narbonne: A City at the Heart of the Troubadour World. Edited by Kathryn L. Reyerson. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005.
  590.  
  591. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  592.  
  593. Collection of articles, corrected and updated, by a scholar whose career has been devoted to various aspects of the history of the city of Narbonne. Although not a unified study, has sweeping coverage of the town and surrounding area.
  594.  
  595. Find this resource:
  596.  
  597. Cheyette, Fredric L. Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  598.  
  599. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  600.  
  601. Although framed as a biography, examines the city of Narbonne and its region, especially issues of lordship, familial strategies of power, and urban identity in the 12th century.
  602.  
  603. Find this resource:
  604.  
  605. Débax, Hélène. La féodalité languedocienne: XIe–XIIe siècles; Serments, hommages, et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel. Toulouse, France: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2003.
  606.  
  607. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  608.  
  609. Uses the records of the Trencavel family, which ruled various lordships scattered across the Languedoc, including Béziers and Montpellier. Studies fiefs and services that comprised the “feudal” structures; heavily influenced by Bonnassie 1975–1976 (cited under Regions beyond France).
  610.  
  611. Find this resource:
  612.  
  613. Duhamel-Amado, Claudie. Genèse des lignages méridionaux. 2 vols. Toulouse, France: Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 2001–2007.
  614.  
  615. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  616.  
  617. Influenced by the Annaliste model following Duby 1982 (cited under Scholarly Approaches), explores aristocratic family and lineage, and their relation to rural economy and encastellation in the viscounties of Bèziers and Agde.
  618.  
  619. Find this resource:
  620.  
  621. Magnou-Nortier, Élisabeth. La société laïque et l’église dans le province ecclésiastique de Narbonne (zone cispyrénéenne) de la fin du VIIIe à la fin du XIe siècle. Toulouse, France: Association des Publications de l’Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1974.
  622.  
  623. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  624.  
  625. Stresses the continuity of daily life by emphasizing bonds in Occitan village communities over those of lordship; challenges models of abrupt transformation. Focuses on lay society and the church and argues for the disruptive effects of Gregorian reform; covers an area larger than its title suggests.
  626.  
  627. Find this resource:
  628.  
  629. Paterson, Linda M. The World of the Troubadours: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100–c. 1300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  630.  
  631. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  632.  
  633. Lucid overview of Occitania prior to and during the Albigensian Crusades; a synthesis of international scholarship on many aspects of power, society, economy, and culture.
  634.  
  635. Find this resource:
  636.  
  637. Reyerson, Kathryn, and John Drendel, eds. Urban and Rural Communities in Medieval France: Provence and Languedoc, 1000–1500. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1998.
  638.  
  639. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  640.  
  641. Collection of articles by French, American, and Canadian scholars about a wide variety of towns and lordships in the south of France, particularly strong for the later Middle Ages. Introduction addresses the problem of urban versus regional identity directly.
  642.  
  643. Find this resource:
  644.  
  645. Normandy
  646.  
  647. An early and powerful principality, Normandy has long been studied by French historians, though no overall “regional study” of the traditional type exists (despite Bois 1984), though there is voluminous work such as Musset, et al. 1988 and Arnoux 1992. The connection between Normandy and England has prompted British scholars to produce studies of the early duchy of Normandy as region (Bates 1982, Searle 1988), a tradition that diverges from Annaliste interests but provides ample and diverse English-language scholarship questioning how Normandy might be defined (Potts 1997, Power 2004).
  648.  
  649. Arnoux. Mathieu. “Classe agricole, pouvoir seigneurial et autorité ducale. L’évolution de la Normandie féodale d’après le témoignage des chroniqueurs (Xe–XIIe siècles).” Moyen Âge 98 (1992): 35–60.
  650.  
  651. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  652.  
  653. Addresses many of the themes engaged by traditional French regional studies in regard to Norman medieval chronicles; provides a point of entry to the author’s extensive work on rural economy and society in Normandy.
  654.  
  655. Find this resource:
  656.  
  657. Bates, David. Normandy Before 1066. London: Longman, 1982.
  658.  
  659. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  660.  
  661. Study of the rise of Norman dukes and their principality, with emphasis on politics and institutions; employs ducal charter evidence extensively. Compare with Searle 1988.
  662.  
  663. Find this resource:
  664.  
  665. Bois, Guy. The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, c. 1300–1550. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  666.  
  667. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  668.  
  669. English translation of Crise du féodalisme: Économie rurale et démographie en Normandie orientale du début du 14e siècle au milieu du 16e siècle, first published in 1976 (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques); stressing rural economy and demography, adopts a controversial approach to later medieval Normandy.
  670.  
  671. Find this resource:
  672.  
  673. Musset, Lucien, Jean-Michel Bouvris, and Véronique Gazeau. Aspects de la société et l’économie dans la Normandie médiévale, Xe–XIIIe siècles. Caen, France: Annales de Nomandie, 1988.
  674.  
  675. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  676.  
  677. Treats society and economy in Normandy in relation to the formation of the territorial principality. Provides a point of entry to the voluminous work of the main author on Normandy, especially ducal power and the Viking invasions.
  678.  
  679. Find this resource:
  680.  
  681. Potts, Cassandra. Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1997.
  682.  
  683. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  684.  
  685. Considers the importance of ecclesiastical structures, especially reformed monasticism, in establishing identity in Normandy, especially in the 10th and 11th centuries.
  686.  
  687. Find this resource:
  688.  
  689. Power, Daniel. The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  690.  
  691. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  692.  
  693. Examines borderlands in Normandy, especially the Vexin region and areas near Anjou, as sites of contestation between princes. Addresses politics, aristocratic family, ecclesiastical patronage, and the idea of the frontier itself.
  694.  
  695. Find this resource:
  696.  
  697. Searle, Eleanor. Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
  698.  
  699. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  700.  
  701. Focuses on aristocratic families and power relations as instrumental to lordship within and over Normandy, including studies of a variety of families below the level of the dukes. Compare with Bates 1982.
  702.  
  703. Find this resource:
  704.  
  705. Provence
  706.  
  707. Originating as a Frankish subkingdom in the early Middle Ages, Provence came to be controlled by the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries and then by a separate dynasty of kings (the Angevin cadet branch of the Capetians) in the 13th to 15th centuries; thus Provence only joined the realm of France formally in 1482. Work on the region in the Frankish period by French and German scholars can be approached in English through Geary 1985. A point of entry for the Angevin period is Dunbabin 1998. A regional study in the classic Annaliste sense is Poly 1976, which emphasizes the importance of the transformation of structures of lordship in Provence in the 10th and 11th centuries. Studies of various important towns within Provence in which they were the focus (rather than the whole region), include Hébert 1979, Drendel 1993, and Smail 2000. See also Reyerson and Drendel 1998 (cited under Languedoc).
  708.  
  709. Drendel, John. “The Institutions of Village Government in Later Medieval Provence and the Origins of the Council of Trets.” In Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques: Special Issue: Polity and Place: Regionalism in Medieval France. Edited by Brigitte Bedos-Rezak. Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 19.2 (Spring 1993): 249–266.
  710.  
  711. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  712.  
  713. Explores the village of Trets and how relations with the counts of Provence led to community identity in the later Middle Ages.
  714.  
  715. Find this resource:
  716.  
  717. Dunbabin, Jean. Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. London: Longman, 1998.
  718.  
  719. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  720.  
  721. On Charles (ruled Provence 1246–1285), who was also count of Anjou, younger brother of the French king Louis IX, and later king of both Sicily and Jerusalem.
  722.  
  723. Find this resource:
  724.  
  725. Geary, Patrick J. Aristocracy in Provence: The Rhône Basin at the Dawn of the Carolingian Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
  726.  
  727. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  728.  
  729. Although focused on the aristocracy, provided the basis for the author’s later explorations of the coherence of Frankish subkingdoms, including Provence.
  730.  
  731. Find this resource:
  732.  
  733. Hébert, Michel. Tarascon au XIVe siècle: Histoire d’une communauté urbaine provençale. Aix-en-Provence, France: Édisud, 1979.
  734.  
  735. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  736.  
  737. Study of Tarascon and the surrounding region; exemplifies the study of towns as pays or locus for identity.
  738.  
  739. Find this resource:
  740.  
  741. Poly, Jean-Pierre. La Provence et la société féodale (879–1166): Contribution a l’étude des structures dites féodales dans le Midi. Paris: Bordas, 1976.
  742.  
  743. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  744.  
  745. Observes a persistence of post-Carolingian public order until the proliferation of castles, knights, and banal lordship after 1100. Provided the basis for the author’s later extrapolation of a “mutation féodale” (feudal transformation) in France more generally.
  746.  
  747. Find this resource:
  748.  
  749. Smail, Daniel Lord. Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
  750.  
  751. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  752.  
  753. Study of notions of place, space, and identity (other than regionality) in Marseille based on notarial records of mid–14th century.
  754.  
  755. Find this resource:
  756.  
  757. Other Regions within France
  758.  
  759. Fossier 1987 (originally published 1968) is an early exemplar of the “terre et les hommes” approach, inspired directly by Duby 1982 (cited under Scholarly Approaches) on the Mâconnais, and helped shaped the course of regional studies as a whole. It addresses a large area, Picardy, but one that was not a medieval principality. Although originating in the Middle Kingdom between the eastern and western Frankish kingdoms after 843, Lorraine has often been treated as existing within France (Perrin 1935, Parisse 1982). Significant works influenced by the model of regional history have also treated ecclesiastical lordships (Guyotjeannin 1987), or those lying between larger territorial principalities (Sassier 1980). The problem of “regions” as categories for historical analysis has been highlighted by studies of important lordships that did not become principalities (Fossier 1989), or that were created as grants to royal family members (apanages ) in the later Middle Ages (Wood 1966, Small 1993).
  760.  
  761. Fossier, Robert. La terre et les hommes en Picardie jusqu’à la fin du XIIIe siècle. 2 vols. Amiens: CRDP d’Amiens, 1987.
  762.  
  763. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  764.  
  765. Explores social and economic relations over a broad area using statistics and close analysis of narrative sources and charters. Argues for a later transformation of power relations than does Duby 1982 (cited under Scholarly Approaches). Provided the basis for the author’s later arguments about encellulement, the restructuring of rural estates (villa) around castles, parish churches, cemeteries, and other physical structures—a northern parallel to incastellamento (encastellation) outlined by Toubert 1993 (cited under Regions beyond France).
  766.  
  767. Find this resource:
  768.  
  769. Fossier, Robert. “Le Vermandois au Xe siècle.” In Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offerts à Karl Ferdinand Werner à l’occasion de son 65e anniversaire par ses amis et collègues français. Edited by Karl F. Werner, 177–186. Maulévrier, France: Hérault-Editions, 1989.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Treats the important lordship of Vermandois, a nascent power in the 10th century, which did not ultimately become a territorial principality.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777. Guyotjeannin, Olivier. Episcopus et comes: Affirmation et déclin de la seigneurie épiscopale au nord du royaume de France (Beauvais-Noyon, Xe–début XIIIe siècle). Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1987.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. Thorough study of episcopal comital lordships of Beauvais and Noyon; argues for increasing dependence of regional ecclesiastical lordships on royal power.
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785. Parisse, Michel. Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale: Les familles nobles du XIe au XIIIe siècle. Nancy, France: Service des publications de l’Université de Nancy II, 1982.
  786.  
  787. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  788.  
  789. First published in 1975; treats the region of Lorraine. More narrowly focused on nobility and knighthood than typical Annaliste regional studies.
  790.  
  791. Find this resource:
  792.  
  793. Perrin, Charles-Edmond. Recherches sur la seigneurie rurale en Lorraine d’après les plus anciens censiers (IX–XII siècles). Paris: Belles Lettres, 1935.
  794.  
  795. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  796.  
  797. Pioneering study of Lorraine, inspired by Bloch’s 1931 study of rural history (Bloch 1978, (cited under Scholarly Approaches); heavy use of land surveys and legal sources to uncover patterns of exploitation and lordship (seigneurie).
  798.  
  799. Find this resource:
  800.  
  801. Sassier, Yves. Recherches sur le pouvoir comtal en Auxerrois du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle. Auxerre, France: Sociétés des Fouilles Archéologiques et des Monuments Historiques de l’Yonne, 1980.
  802.  
  803. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  804.  
  805. Study of the county of Auxerre, especially the count’s power and the formation of the lordship.
  806.  
  807. Find this resource:
  808.  
  809. Small, Carola M. “Artois in the Late Thirteenth Century: A Region Discovering Its Identity?” Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 19 (1993): 189–207.
  810.  
  811. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  812.  
  813. Examines the coherence of Artois, a lordship created by royal grant (apanage) in the early 13th century; questions regional constructs such as Picardy or Vermandois; compare with Fossier 1987 and Fossier 1989.
  814.  
  815. Find this resource:
  816.  
  817. Wood, Charles T. The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.
  818.  
  819. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  820.  
  821. Study of the Capetian practice of granting territorial principalities to younger sons of the royal house (apanages); compare with Small 1993.
  822.  
  823. Find this resource:
  824.  
  825. Regions beyond France
  826.  
  827. Regional studies of areas neighboring medieval France or beyond, either by French Annalistes, those trained by them, or non-French scholars inspired by them, frequently altered debates about the applicability of regional histories in larger contexts. Toubert 1993 1997, the monumental study of medieval Latium, employs Annales-school methods to forge a new understanding of social, political, and economic transformation in a Mediterranean context. Bonnassie 1975–1976 treats Catalonia and makes a forceful case for the applicability of an Annaliste-inspired model of feudal transformation for a region beyond France. These two works shaped subsequent studies of regions within Italy (Menant 1993, Martin 1993, Feller 1998) and in southwest France and Spain (Catafau 1998, To Figueras 1997, Larrea 1998), and also influenced many scholars writing on French regions.
  828.  
  829. Bonnassie, Pierre. La Catalogne du milieu du Xe à la fin du XIe siècle: Croissance et mutations d’une société. 2 vols. Toulouse, France: Association des publications de l’Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1975–1976.
  830.  
  831. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  832.  
  833. Although devoted to Catalonia, this study is one of the exemplars of Annaliste regional studies. Makes a powerful case for a shift in power and society in the period 950–1100, employing archival sources of unparalleled richness to explore a feudal transformation in the region.
  834.  
  835. Find this resource:
  836.  
  837. Catafau, Aymat. Les celleres et la naissance du village en Roussillon (X–XVe siècles). Canet, Spain: Llibres del Trabucaire, 1998.
  838.  
  839. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  840.  
  841. Study of the Roussillon region, narrowly focused on the rise of villages communities from ecclesiastical “cells” rather than society at large.
  842.  
  843. Find this resource:
  844.  
  845. Feller, Laurent. Les Abruzzes médiévales: Territoire, économie et société en Italie centrale du IXe au XIIe siècle. Paris: École Française de Rome, 1998.
  846.  
  847. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  848.  
  849. Study of the Abruzzi region of Italy, influenced by Toubert 1993.
  850.  
  851. Find this resource:
  852.  
  853. Larrea, Juan José. La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siècle: Peuplement et société. Brussels, Belgium: De Boeck Université, 1998.
  854.  
  855. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. Study of the kingdom of Navarre in Spain, influenced by Bonnassie 1975–1976.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861. Martin, Jean-Marie. La Pouille du VIe au XIIe siècle. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1993.
  862.  
  863. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  864.  
  865. Study of the Apulia region of Italy, influenced by Toubert 1993.
  866.  
  867. Find this resource:
  868.  
  869. Menant, François. Campagnes lombardes du moyen âge: L’économie et la société rurales dans la region de Bergame, de Crémone et de Brescia du Xe au XIIIe siècle. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1993.
  870.  
  871. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  872.  
  873. Study of the region of Lombardy in Italy, influenced by Toubert 1993.
  874.  
  875. Find this resource:
  876.  
  877. To Figueras, Lluís. Família i hereu a la Catalunya nord-oriental (segles X–XII). Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadía de Montserrat, 1997.
  878.  
  879. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  880.  
  881. Study of aristocratic family structure in northeast Catalonia, influenced by Bonnassie 1975–1976.
  882.  
  883. Find this resource:
  884.  
  885. Toubert, Pierre. Les structures du Latium médiévale: Le Latium méridional et la Sabine du IXe siècle à la fin du XIIe siècle. 2 vols. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1993.
  886.  
  887. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  888.  
  889. Study of medieval Latium employing the Annaliste concepts of structures, including agrarian structures of subsistence, exchange, family life, and power. Powerfully introduced the concept of incastellamento (encastellation), the restructuring of rural economy and society around castles or fortifications, which became a fundamental strand of interpretation for all of Europe.
  890.  
  891. Find this resource:
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