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- Hi,
- Below an explanation I posted to another group. Please comment
- and tell us other ways or tricks you used in order to learn
- how to pull larynx upwards and backwards by will.
- -----
- > I'm currently working with a speech therapist
- > I'm getting there but must say, with voice there are no shortcuts.
- Speech therapists are financially interested to assert that there are
- no shortcuts, and/or don't know a shortcut because it's not in their books.
- I know a shortcut, and explain it here in this message.
- To grasp it is much faster and cheaper (free :) than going to a
- speech therapist, but may require some effort to reread several times
- and understand every sentence.
- Melanie Anne Phillips is right that resonance is the most important
- (a man and a woman can sing the same note, i.e. with exactly same pitch,
- but you still can hear that one voice is masculine and another feminine).
- But Melanie doesn't explain correctly how she changes her resonance because
- she just changes it while not understanding how she does that.
- Adam's Apple is a projection of thyroid cartilage - the largest
- part of larynx (which sometimes is called "voice box").
- Anterior (frontal) ends of vocal folds/cords are attached to
- thyroid cartilage on the inside. Trachea (the tube from lungs to larynx)
- is flexible and extensible a little, like a vacuum cleaner hose.
- Pharynx (the tube from larynx to oral cavity) is soft and flexible.
- Larynx is suspended in the neck from horseshoe-like hyoid bone
- at the juncture of neck and head. Larynx and hyoid bone together
- are suspended with three groups of muscles: the first group of muscles
- pulls larynx downwards (towards clavicles); the second group of muscles
- pulls larynx upwards and forwards (towards chin tip); the third group
- of muscles pulls larynx upwards and backwards. Larynx can be shifted
- with these muscles in various directions. By will too.
- There is a common misconception among singers and their teachers
- about "head resonance" vs. "chest resonance". Indeed there is
- a very important (at least for us) distinction, but the resonance
- really is not in the chest cavity. Place your hand on your upper chest
- at the center, say "mmmm...". If you feel how your chest vibrates
- then it's because the first set of muscles (between larynx and clavicles)
- are strained, so taut muscles conduct vibration from vocal folds attached
- to the larynx to chest bones. It only seems that the chest resonates,
- really it just vibrates. The resonance important for us is in the
- vocal tract from vocal folds to lips. Chest vibration is a sign
- that you do it wrong regarding voice feminization because that
- first set of muscles besides conducting vibration also pulls larynx down
- lengthening the vocal tract. The resonance important for us depends
- on vocal tract length (longer tube resonates on lower frequencies,
- so the voice sounds masculine).
- For voice feminization you need to shorten your vocal tract
- by pulling your larynx upwards and backwards
- (the crucial bit about "and backwards" - thanks Rachael).
- As an useful side effect, that also hides Adam's Apple from sight.
- Understanding of this paragraph is optional:
- Frequency of vibration of vocal cords is called pitch, or
- fundamental frequency (F0), or glottal pulse rate (GPR).
- It's like vibration of a guitar string.
- Vocal tract length (VTL) determines frequencies of formants -
- resonances in vocal tract, like resonances in acoustic guitar body.
- Imagine that you change volume of guitar body - the guitar
- will sound different with the same notes played on the same strings.
- Don't confuse formants with harmonics / overtones.
- Human ear works like a spectrograph. Formants are peaks of
- spectral envelope on a spectrogram. Formants, GPR and VTL
- are terms of phonetics. Speech therapists traditionally don't study
- recent advances in phonetics concerning importance of
- VTL as well as GPR for male vs. female voice perception.
- So they lead the long (paid) way around
- with various exercises instead of the shortcut.
- Larynx is pulled upwards and backwards with three pairs of muscles.
- Their names in English: stylopharyngeus muscle
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylopharyngeus_muscle ,
- posterior belly of the digastric muscle
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digastric_muscle#Posterior_belly ,
- stylohyoid muscle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylohyoid_muscle .
- Study pictures on these pages.
- You need to understand where these muscles are.
- Then imagine where they are in your neck.
- Names of these muscles in French: muscle stylo-pharyngien,
- muscle digastrigue (ventre posterieur), muscle stylo-hyoidien.
- More pictures, some labeled in French:
- http://lena.kiev.ua/larynx39.jpg
- http://lena.kiev.ua/larynx32.jpg
- http://lena.kiev.ua/larynx33.jpg
- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray957.png
- Place your fingers of your throat lightly, swallow, feel how
- Adam's Apple goes up, then down. Swallow again, try to delay its descent.
- Try to feel inside your neck (not with fingers) the muscles
- which pull Adam's apple upwards during swallowing.
- Learn to pull your Adam's Apple upwards and backwards.
- Then learn to do that during speech. It's the shortcut.
- Besides delaying larynx descent after swallowing, another trick
- "to get it" is imagining that you direct sound of your voice
- through palate towards nose tip.
- One more way: those muscles are contracted while gargling
- (for much longer time than during swallowing).
- Pulling your Adam's Apple upwards and backwards
- makes the resonance of your voice female.
- But you'll notice that doing that also makes raising pitch easier.
- Dr. James Thomas' FemLar (feminization laryngoplasty) surgery
- nowadays consists from 1) cutting off
- a vertical strip at the center of thyroid cartilage and
- anterior parts of vocal folds, stitching the remnants together
- (that raises pitch and eliminates Adam's Apple),
- and 2) thyrohyoid elevation (don't confuse with cricothyroid approximation) -
- he ties thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone.
- The 1) was invented by a Thai surgeon Somyos Kunachak,
- but only Thomas does the 2) after Patty studied phonetics
- and explained about VTL on this group and to Thomas.
- After FemLar vocal folds are not as taut as after
- cricothyroid approximation (CTA), so they don't stretch
- and pitch doesn't lower back after few years.
- But the FemLar surgery besides leaving a scar is very risky:
- one cough during the first month can tear the stitch,
- a vocal fold comes loose and you lose the voice altogether;
- uneven length of cut folds can cause air leak between folds;
- voice becomes weaker and can become less intelligible.
- Thyrohyoid elevation pulls larynx up, but you can pull larynx further
- by will without surgery.
- Testosterone causes growth of vocal folds and thyroid cartilage,
- male vocal folds are longer and more massive. Less known fact is
- that male larynx descends further than female. I suspect that
- testosterone lengthens stylohyoid ligament. Besides,
- average male skull is larger than average female skull,
- so for female VTL you need to pull larynx (with Adam's Apple)
- (upwards and backwards) further than its usual female position.
- Lena
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