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- This programme contains some strong language
- '400 years ago, this year, the world famous play-writer William Shakespeare stopped happening.
- 'I've been studying Shakespeare ever since I was asked to do this programme and it turns out
- 'he's more than just a bald man who could write with feathers.
- 'And the story of whether he was best at writing ever is more interesting than you'd imagine.'
- But why do we still talk about Shakespeare?
- We don't talk about Les Dennis any more,
- even though he's still alive and hasn't done anything wrong.
- Did Shakespeare write nothing but boring gibberish with no relevance
- to our modern world of Tinder and Peri-Peri Fries?
- Or does it just look, sound and feel that way?
- That's what I'm going on a journey to find out.
- About.
- 'Along the way, I'll probe Shakespeare's life,
- 'study his Complete Works
- 'and speak to Shakespearian experts and actors.'
- Do you just learn the famous bits,
- like "To be or not to be?"
- Or do you learn all the bits in-between, as well?
- I have to learn all the bits in between.
- Are you fucking joking?
- No, no, no.
- I mean, it's big and it takes a bit of time, but... Shut up.
- So join me, Philomena Cunk,
- as I go on a journey all the way into William Bartholomew Shakespeare,
- the man they call The King of the Bards.
- Deep below Stratford And Avon, in a secret location on Henley Street,
- is a treasure trove of Shakespearean proportions.
- That looks really old. It is.
- So, this book dates from 1600
- and it has the records that go back to 1558. Yeah.
- It's written on the front "Stratford-upon-Avon."
- It's a bit wonky, in't it?
- Like a... Suppose they didn't have rulers, did they?
- It's a very old book that's made from animal skin
- and then I'll just use the weights to keep... It's sort of like waxy A4 paper, in't it?
- It is a little bit waxy, yeah. That's the, the, erm...
- That's the juices of the animal... Coming out, yeah.
- And this is the page where we have Shakespeare's baptism recorded.
- And it's written in Latin, the inscription... What does that say?
- This baptism record is for William, the son of John Shakespeare.
- This is a bit like Who Do You Think You Are?, isn't it?
- It is in a way, yeah.
- If you're tracing your family history,
- these are the records that will give you the information you need.
- But he'd, sort of, call it, Who Dost Thou Thinkest Thou Art?
- He might, yes. And he'd go like that.
- He may well have done, yes. Flourish. Yeah.
- 'This is the actual house in which Shakespeare was born,
- 'here, on our Planet Earth.'
- As a baby, Shakespeare showed few signs of becoming
- the most significant figure in literary history,
- so nobody bothered noting down the details of his life.
- That's why we can't be sure about his date of birth
- and don't know anything about his childhood,
- except that he probably had one,
- otherwise he'd never have become a grown-up.
- 'The facts may be hazy, but we can probably guess that Shakespeare
- 'as a boy would have looked much like boys today,
- 'but bald and with a ruff instead of an Angry Birds T-shirt.'
- This is the actual school he probably went to.
- School in Shakespeare's day and age was vastly different to our own.
- In fact, it was far easier
- because you didn't have to study Shakespeare.
- 'At the age of 18,
- 'Shakespeare married his teenage sweetheart Anne Hathaway.
- 'But when did Shakespeare stop mooning about with his wife
- 'and start doing plays?'
- We don't exactly know,
- because what happened next were Shakespeare's lost years.
- 'We don't know what happened during the lost years.
- 'Shakespeare probably spent a lot of his time staring wistfully
- 'out of leaded windows and pretending to think,
- 'and then write things down with a feather pen.'
- But we do know he eventually came to London,
- just like his most famous character, Dick Whittington.
- 'Almost immediately, he began to make waves in the world of theatre.'
- It's hard to believe today,
- but back then people really did go to the theatre on purpose.
- And they went to see something called "plays".
- 'In plays, things happen in front of you, but at actual size.
- 'Unlike television, which is smaller,
- 'or cinema, which is bigger.'
- You'd think that would make plays the most realistic form
- of entertainment in existence,
- but instead they're nothing like real life, at all.
- And that's because everyone shouts.
- Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you,
- trippingly on the tongue.
- Not proper shouting, like when a bus won't let you on,
- or shouting because of an emotion.
- In plays, people shout no matter how they're feeling,
- because they put the seats too far away.
- 'There were many plays written in ancient times,
- 'but the plays Shakespeare wrote echoed through the ages
- 'and not just because they were shouted -
- 'but because they were good.'
- 'Now is the winter of our discontent
- 'made glorious summer by this sun of York.'
- We few,
- we happy few,
- we band of brothers.
- To be, or not to be:
- That is the question...
- Shakespeare actually invented seven different genres of play:
- 'tragedy,
- 'fantasy,
- 'romance,
- 'comedy,
- 'horror
- 'and historical.'
- And Shakespearean.
- Throughout this programme,
- I'm going to be taking a look at each genre in turn,
- in a sort of format point thing they're making me do.
- 'We'll start with horror.'
- 'Popular entertainment in Shakespeare's day was often unpleasant,
- 'involving public humiliation and mindless cruelty to animals,
- 'with no Ant and Dec to take the edge off it all.'
- This brutality was reflected
- in some of Shakespeare's most horriblest plays.
- 'For instance, his early work Tightarse And Ronicus
- 'is so jam-packed with violence and murder,
- 'it's basically a posh Friday the 13th.
- 'Here we see Titus himself slitting the throats of his enemy's sons,
- 'while his daughter collects their blood.
- 'All of it occurring in front of a horrified Harry Potter.'
- Graphic scenes like this were considered shocking
- even in Shakespeare's day,
- which is quite an achievement
- considering people used to shit out of their own windows back then.
- 'But shitting out the window wasn't all fun.
- 'It encouraged rats,
- 'who carried a devastating illness called the Bionic Plague.'
- The plague killed about 10,000 people in London
- and when they'd finished coughing, the survivors needed cheering up.
- 'And luckily, Shakespeare had just invented a new type of play
- 'called a comedy.
- 'Some of Shakespeare's most successful plays were comedies.
- 'Critics say his comedies aren't very funny,
- 'but to be fair that's only because
- 'jokes hadn't been invented back then.'
- Of course, if you go to watch a Shakespeare comedy today,
- you'll hear the audience laughing as though there are jokes in it,
- even though there definitely aren't.
- That's how clever Shakespeare is.
- 'Even at this early stage of his career,
- 'there was no doubt Shakespeare was the best at writing plays.'
- But there was enough doubt
- that he had to start his own theatre company to put them on.
- 'He also built the Globe Theatre from old bits of another theatre,
- 'inventing upcycling, and he probably made the word up as well.
- 'He was a better playwright than he was an architect.
- 'That's why he didn't put a roof on it.
- 'But, to be fair, Wimbledon didn't get a roof until a few years ago.'
- If you've never seen Shakespeare at The Globe,
- imagine a three-hour YouTube clip happening outdoors,
- a long way from you in a language you barely understand.
- And if I find it confusing, it must
- have blown the minds off some of Shakespeare's first audiences,
- who were only slightly more sophisticated than trees.
- 'They might have been thick,
- 'but Shakespeare's audiences had loads of fun,
- 'heckling the actors and cackling a lot in a sort of mad peasanty way.'
- CACKLES
- 'Like that.' RAUCOUS CACKLING
- 'And that.'
- 'To tell me more about Shakespeare's disgusting audiences,
- 'I spoke to this man.'
- Who are you and what's your game?
- I'm Iqbal Khan and I'm a theatre director.
- What was theatre like in Shakespeare's day?
- Were all the audiences really rowdy then, you know?
- Did they wear tunics and have mud on their faces?
- The audiences ranged from the ordinary common working people,
- who'd stand around the theatre here
- and then they'd range to the aristocrats,
- who would sit at the top of the theatre.
- Right, so some of them had to stand up. They didn't have chairs.
- No. No, they'd be standing.
- I've never had to stand for a whole Shakespeare.
- I don't think I could do it.
- I'd be livid if I didn't have a chair.
- I think audiences quite enjoy it. Particularly now...
- I don't think they do enjoy standing, do they?
- They actually enjoy the experience of standing.
- Who's told you that?
- Erm...
- 'Shakespeare's works are still performed now
- 'and not just in theatres.'
- There are countless different ways of interpreting Shakespeare's plays.
- There's properly - with all wooden furniture and beards and swords
- and people dressed up as sort of two-legged pageants.
- Or there's modern - where they speak in Shakespearean gobbledegook
- while dressed in contemporary clothing -
- a bit like Russell Brand.
- You decentious rogues,
- That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
- Make yourselves scabs?
- And there's startlingly avant garde productions,
- which look and sound like this.
- How now, spirit! Whither wander you?
- Over hill, over dale, Thorough bush, thorough brier,
- Over park, over pale,
- Thorough flood, thorough fire, I do wander everywhere.
- 'Incredibly, even today
- 'people actually go to see this sort of thing,'
- despite it being completely fucking unwatchable.
- SHRIEKS AND YELLS
- Speak again, thou run away, thou coward.
- What sort of people come to see Shakespeare today?
- Is it mainly people who wear glasses?
- Um...
- Yeah, I'm sure there are
- a few people that wear glasses that come to see it.
- Yeah, I think all kinds of people come to see it.
- But a lot of short-sighted people.
- Possibly? Not a lot though... Yeah, loads!
- Loads, I was looking around.
- Right, 80% of the audience were wearing glasses. I doubt that.
- Are you saying I'm a liar?
- No, I just said I doubt that 80% of the audience were wearing glasses.
- I think they were.
- Right.
- Maybe you need like a big bifocal lens in front of the stage.
- "Leave your glasses at home, come to the theatre."
- What about those people that aren't short-sighted?
- Oh, yeah, you'd need different lenses, don't you.
- Shakespeare's just as popular today as he's always been.
- There's even a Royal Shakespeare Company named after him,
- who insist on putting on his shows whether people want them or not.
- What is it about Shakespeare that makes them bother?
- 'Perhaps it's because he wrote about universal human needs,
- 'like wanting to murder a king, or have a romance.'
- We don't know much about how love and romance worked in olden times,
- because back then people didn't write blogs about their dating misadventures.
- But thanks to Shakespeare, what we do have is Romeo and Juliet,
- easily the finest romance of the pre-Dirty Dancing era.
- 'Romeo and Juliet is about
- 'these two rich, powerful families who hate each other.
- 'These two families are the Montagues - who sound quite posh -
- 'and the Capulets, who invented the headache tablet.
- 'They're perfectly happy having their feud until the touching moment
- 'Romeo, from one side, spots Juliet, from the other.
- 'It's love at first sight, but from a distance -'
- just like on Tinder.
- My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand
- To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.
- 'Soon Romeo and Juliet are in love,
- 'even though they come from two different families,'
- which is how we know it isn't set in Norfolk.
- O Romeo, Romeo!
- Wherefore art thou Romeo?
- 'To find out more about Romeo and Juliet,
- 'I went to talk to Shakespearean expert Stanley Wells.'
- Why do you think Romeo and Juliet is
- the most successful romcom of all time?
- Well, it's very beautiful, isn't it?
- The love story between Romeo and Juliet.
- It has some very beautiful poetry in it.
- People like a happy ending, don't they?
- Oh, they like a happy ending, yeah,
- but they don't get it, of course, here.
- What do you mean?
- Oh, you know, the ending -
- they die.
- You know, the lovers - Romeo and Juliet, I mean...
- They die at the end? Oh, yes.
- Juliet poisons herself, then Romeo comes in and he dies, too.
- So, we should put a spoiler there, should we?
- OK.
- But after that, their families are reconciled, so that's quite nice.
- I don't understand why the Montagons and the Caplets
- just won't let them muck about together.
- Well, they're not really adults, are they?
- I mean, Juliet's not yet 14.
- You know, her nurse says so in the play. What?
- She's only a young girl.
- She's 13 years old?! That's right, yes.
- I'm not surprised the families are trying to split them up then.
- I'd have rang the police.
- 'With the success of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare was on a roll.
- 'He had respect and prestige and he was coining it,
- 'if they had coins back then. I haven't checked.'
- As his reputation grew, Shakespeare became popular with royalty.
- So, he wrote stuff they'd enjoy
- in the hope of gaining power and influence,
- like Gary Barlow does now.
- Shakespeare's first royal fan was Queen Elizabeth One.
- The person, not the boat.
- 'Shakespeare wrote loads of plays about royals,
- 'known as his History plays.'
- It was his way of pleasing the king and queen
- by doing stuff about their families.
- A bit like when your mum buys the local paper
- because your brother's court appearance is in it.
- 'Perhaps Shakespeare's best history play is Richard Three,
- 'which is about this sort of Elephant Man king.
- He'd be done in computers now by Andy Serkis covered in balls,
- 'but in the original he was just a man with a pillow up his jumper.'
- It's quite modern because it's a lead part for a disabled actor,
- providing they don't mind being depicted as the most evil man ever.
- I am determin'ed to prove a villain.
- Richard Three is actually based on the real King Richard of Third,
- who was in the Wars of the Roses.
- A horse! A Horse! My kingdom for a horse!
- 'At the end he loses his horse and ends up wandering around a car park
- looking for it, where he eventually dies.'
- Because in those days you couldn't find your horse
- just by beeping your keys and making its arse light up.
- 'It's quite moving and human,
- 'because we've all worried we might die in a car park, if we, like,
- lose the ticket and can't get the barrier up and just die in there.
- Shakespeare makes you think about those things,
- and that's hard.
- When Queen Elizabeth died, James One took over.
- He was Scottish and dead into witches,
- which Shakespeare put straight into Macbeth.
- Like an arsekisser.
- 'Macbeth is a tale of paranoia and king-murder set in Scotland,
- 'probably for tax reasons.
- 'It's about a man called Macbeth,
- 'who's so famous he's only got one name.'
- Like Brangelina.
- 'Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth!'
- 'Macbeth also has a female sidekick called Lady Macbeth,
- 'who was very much the Ms. Pac-Man to Macbeth's Pac-Man.
- 'In a spooky encounter, Macbeth meets some witches,
- 'who tell him he's going to become king of Scotchland.'
- Which back then was apparently considered a good thing.
- 'The witches aren't in it as much as you'd expect,
- 'quite a lot of it's about ordinary murder.
- This is a sorry sight!
- It seems a shame to introduce witches in it
- and then make all the murders normal with just knives and swords.
- Maybe if Shakespeare had thought a bit harder
- he'd have put some magic murders in.
- Like a big magic hand coming out a toilet
- and pulling someone's arse inside out.
- 'Nevertheless, there's plenty of violence and bloodshed
- 'and an iconic scene in which Macbeth is startled at dinner
- 'by the unexpected appearance of Banquo's Ghost,
- 'played here for some reason by the letter H.'
- Which of you have done this?
- What, my good lord?
- Thou canst not say I did it: never shake
- Thy gory locks at me.
- 'By now, Shakespeare had built a considerable body of work,
- 'which is collected in something called the First Folio.'
- This is the actual book Shakespeare wrote with his bare hands,
- the only remaining copy of any of his plays.
- It's amazing to think that if anything happened to this,
- the entire works of Shakespeare would be lost forever.
- So, before I touch it, I need to put on special white gloves.
- Well, we don't actually need to wear white gloves, Philomena.
- The advice we have and the best practice we follow
- is not wear gloves, because you lose the sensitivity in your fingers
- and you're more likely to damage the book by wearing gloves than not.
- Well, they're here now. If you've got clean hands, take the gloves off, we don't need them at all.
- Well, I've brought them, so... It's very good of you to bring them, but we don't need them
- and we can't let you turn the pages of the book if you've got them on.
- Simon Schama gets to wear gloves. Well, he doesn't wear them here.
- Why not?
- Because when we're handling books and documents we don't need to wear gloves, at all.
- SHE SIGHS DEEPLY
- So what's the difference between a book and a folio?
- A folio's the name that's given to the paper that's in the book.
- It implies it's been folded once,
- which is where the name folio comes from.
- So, why don't we just call it a book?
- We can call it a book. That's absolutely fine. OK.
- You know when you read a word in a book
- and you sort of hear that word in your head? Mm-hm.
- How did they get the sounds into the ink to make it play in your head?
- Well, what they're doing is they've got all the words written down
- and spelled out and they put those letters into the printing process
- and then print them on the page.
- And then it's as you're reading it,
- you're making the sounds in your head.
- And you can hear them talking, can't you?
- Yeah, because you know what the words mean and how they sound,
- you can then play it back to yourself, if you like.
- Are these plays like computer code
- and the actors like characters in a computer game?
- I suppose that's one way of looking at it.
- The words are the lines
- - so they're telling the actors what they need to say -
- and then you'll find stage directions telling them what to do.
- So, in a way, they're like a set of instructions.
- So, in a way, Shakespeare invented computer games?
- I don't think he'd have seen it like that and that's not quite the case with what it is,
- but you can make a comparison or an analogy between the two.
- So, he invented computer games.
- No, not really, no.
- That's amazing.
- 'Most of Shakespeare's plays
- 'are about stuff that actually happened, like kings.'
- Or could happen, like a prince talking to a ghost.
- But some of his plays are more magical. They're fantasies.
- 'The Tempest is about this shipwreck,
- 'which happens at the beginning, not at the end like Titanic,'
- which is a brave move.
- 'The survivors get stuck on this island where this wizard lives
- 'with his daughter and these monsters.'
- What's interesting about The Tempest
- is that usually Shakespeare's stories sort of make sense,
- even though all the talking's in gibberish.
- But in The Tempest, the story doesn't make sense either.
- THUNDERCLAP
- You are three men of sin, whom Destiny,
- That hath to instrument this lower world
- And what is in't, the never- surfeited sea
- Hath caused to belch up you.
- It's like Shakespeare squared,
- which is probably why hardcore Shakespeare fans like it,
- because it shows they understand it, which they can't.
- 'The way Shakespeare's written makes it hard to wrap your head around,
- 'which is why it's taught in school when your brain's at its bendiest,
- 'by people like this man,
- 'the fictional English teacher from TV drama Educating Yorkshire.'
- When you teach a kid Shakespeare, do their heads grow physically bigger?
- No. They don't, no.
- How does iambic pente-meter work?
- I think you're talking about iambic pentameter,
- which is the way that, kind of... Iambic penta-meter.
- Pentameter, yeah. Penta-meter.
- Well, pentameter, so...
- It would be a line of prose that would have ten syllables
- with five particular stresses on.
- Not Pente-meter? No, not pente-meter.
- No, it's pentameter. Right.
- Someone told me... I was misinformed, it's fine.
- Who told you?
- See him, over there? Oh, right.
- Erm... No, it's pentameter, yeah. Iambic pentameter.
- Just to clarify.
- I wonder if all of Shakespeare's plays are suitable for kids.
- Because there's that one about the dairymaid, isn't there,
- with the special pump.
- I'm not aware that that's a Shakespeare play.
- She works on a farm. She's got a special pump.
- No, I don't think that's a Shakespeare play, at all.
- No, it doesn't sound very much like a Shakespeare play, at all. It's disgusting.
- 'Shakespeare once said, "Every dog will have his day."
- 'and with his own theatre and lots of plays,
- 'he was certainly having his.
- 'But soon that day would turn to night. A long, dark night.
- 'Like in Finland.'
- In 1596, Shakespeare's son Hamnet shuffled off this mortal coil,
- then he died.
- And a few years later, his father John kicked the bucket
- and also died.
- As Shakespeare's life went sad, so did his plays.
- If you were asked to pick what Shakespeare did best,
- most people would say tragedy,
- which is one of the few things he has in common with Steps.
- 'Shakespeare's tragedy plays are the most performed of all his works.
- 'None more so than Hamlet, with its famous speech about bees.
- To be, or not to be:
- that is the question.
- Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
- Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?
- To die: to sleep, no more.
- And by a sleep to say we end the heart-ache
- and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to,
- 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd.
- To die, to sleep.
- To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub.
- For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
- When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
- Must give us pause.
- What was all that about then?
- Alas, poor Yorick.
- 'Most people have heard of Hamlet, even if they haven't seen it
- 'because it sounds quite boring.'
- So, what's it about?
- Well, I have seen it and it's about four hours long.
- 'The main character, who is Hamlet, is visited by his father,
- 'who is a ghost.'
- Remember me.
- 'The ghost tells Hamlet to take revenge,'
- but Hamlet doesn't know what to do and that's why the play is so long.
- I do not know why, yet I live to say:
- this thing's to do.
- In something gritty like Taken,
- Liam Neeson knows exactly what to do.
- I will look for you, I will find you...
- ..and I will kill you.
- 'So you're - bang - straight down to action.
- 'Which makes the film really exciting and over quite quickly.'
- If Shakespeare had written Taken, it'd be four hours long
- and be mainly Liam Neeson fretting and pacing and talking to bones.
- That's the basic difference between Hamlet and Taken.
- Liam Neeson makes up his mind.
- I told you I would find you.
- 'Shakespeare never wrote anything even close to this
- 'white-knuckle knife fight in a kitchen.
- 'Instead, he wrote incredibly long speeches full of words.'
- How important are the words in a Shakespeare play?
- Like, could you do it without the words?
- Um...
- without the words, there isn't much left, to be honest.
- So I think probably that's the bedrock of what we do.
- 'And to be fair, Shakespeare was no ordinary word-monger.
- 'He didn't just use words, he invented them, too.'
- Shakespeare made up words, didn't he?
- He did that all the time. Mm-hm. He made up so many words.
- He made up about a thousand words that we still use today.
- Did he? Mm-hm.
- Right, I've got a list of words...
- OK. ..that he might or might not have made up. OK.
- And you tell me if Shakespeare made them up or not. OK.
- Cuckoo.
- No, I don't think so.
- Ukulele.
- No. Truffle-balling.
- No. Ceefax.
- No. Omnishambles.
- No.
- Nutribullet.
- No. Mix-tape.
- No. Spork.
- No. Roflcopter.
- No.
- Bumbaclart.
- No.
- Zhuzh.
- No.
- Potatoey.
- No.
- Bromance.
- No. Sushi.
- No.
- Tit-wank.
- No. Hobnob.
- Yes!
- Suppose it makes sense that he came up with hobnob, doesn't it?
- Because it's sort of the most old-fashioned of biscuits.
- It's got, like, bits of hay in it and stuff.
- It's like eating a thatched roof.
- 'By the end of his life, Shakespeare had reinvented theatre,
- 'created memorable characters, built a playhouse,
- 'invented a language and secured a legacy.
- 'But the Swan of Avon still had one last trick up his sleeve.
- 'Throughout this programme, we've seen how Shakespeare's genius spans
- 'seven different genres of play.'
- But all of these pale into insignificance against Shakespeare's
- most greatest work:
- Game of Thrones.
- Game of Thrones is a proper bloodthirsty, action-packed epic,
- which skilfully combines all the genres
- Shakespeare invented into one coherent work.
- It's got everything.
- It's got history, comedy,
- Shakespearean...
- Have you ever held a sword before? I was the best archer in our hamlet.
- ..tragedy.
- SHE SCREAMS
- Horror...
- ..fantasy.
- DRAGON ROARS
- And romance.
- SHE MOANS
- Game of Thrones also has one of Shakespeare's best kings in it,
- Queen Joffrey.
- Surely there are others out there
- who still dare to challenge my reign?
- Queen Joffrey, like all Shakespeare's queens,
- is played by a young boy in a dress.
- And they stuck with that when they adapted it for television.
- Game of Thrones remains the most popular
- of all of Shakespeare's plays
- and the only one to have been made into a television series,
- which proves it's the best.
- It's almost as if at the end of his life,
- Shakespeare finally worked out how to write something really good.
- 'His final masterpiece accomplished,
- 'Shakespeare's work on our planet was complete.
- 'He died on his birthday,
- 'which must have been depressing for his family,
- 'who would have had to
- 'finish his cake with tears in their little Shakespearean eyes.'
- We don't know what Shakespeare's last words were -
- probably made-up ones.
- Nobody wrote them down, so they couldn't have been all that.
- 'I used to think Shakespeare was stuffy and pointless and not for me,
- 'but exploring his world and works for the past half-hour
- 'has really brought him to life, so I'm gutted he's just died.
- 'He remains the best and only bard this country has ever produced.'
- Goodnight, sweet prince.
- I'm loving angels instead.
- MUSIC: Zadok the Priest by Handel
- # Zadok the priest
- # And Nathan the prophet
- # Anointed Solomon king. #
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