2019-04-30 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocabulary

Word Roots - With your partner, think of one or two words to explain each root.
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = image/symbol
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiopathic) = one’s own / unique
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in
	il before L
	im before M, P, B (imbalance, imbibe)
	ir before R
	in before everything else
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under
inter (interview, international, intercept) = between / among
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into/inside (The “tra” or “tro” morpheme was originally a comparative, which we also see in “extra”, “retro”, and “contra”.)
ject (interject, eject, inject) = throw/release
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = movement (The Latin spelling is “cine”.)
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = word/speak (This is the same root in “select”, “elect”, and “collect”, meaning to pick out or choose.)
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = big
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (also the unit prefix for 1,000,000)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis, metabolism) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (Metacognition is thinking about thought.)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe) = small/tiny (also the unit prefix for 1/1,000,000)
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = wrong/incorrect
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue) = one
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10^6 = 106 = “ten to the sixth”
10^321 = 10321 = “ten to the three hundred twenty-one” OR “...first”
10^100 = 10100 = googol
6.674x10-11 = “six point six seven four times ten to the minus eleven”
Prefixes for specific numbers:
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/greeklatinroots2/chapter/%C2%A7124-a-table-of-greek-and-latin-number-words/
1 - mono / uni
2 - bi / di
3 - tri
4 - tetra / quadr/quart
5 - penta / quint
6 - hex / sex
7 - hept / sept
8 - oct
9 - enne / nov/non
10 - deca / deci
100 - hect / cent
1000 - kilo / mill
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TOEFL = Test Of English as a Foreign Language
	$205, 4 parts, 4 hours, 120 total points, 30 points per section
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions per passage (15 points)
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets, each set = (3 listenings, 17 questions, 10 minutes to answer)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: 55-60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- purpose
- paraphrase
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summary
- organize/chart/table
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BREAK
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Vocabulary Questions
Oxford p. 2 - Steps to answer a vocabulary question.
- It’s possible to follow all of these steps and still get the wrong answer, because more than one answer choice might make sense in the passage, but only one actually has the same meaning as the highlighted word.
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Parts of Speech = word forms
Almost all vocabulary questions will ask about nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
p. 7 - With your partner, think of a couple more examples for each noun suffix.
1 teacher, driver, customer, educator, doctor, governor
2 patient, president, assistant, student
3 scientist, dentist, journalist, Buddhist, humanist
4 volunteer, millionaire, pioneer, privateer
5 sadness, madness, homelessness
6 reality, charity, celebrity, royalty, loyalty, civility
7 imprtance, assistance, patience
8 nation, operation, activation, reduction, information
9 government, development, compartment, retirement, entertainment
p. 8 - Do the same for adjectives, verbs, and adverbs
1 windy, cloudy, snowy, foggy, sunny, salty, sugary, watery, spicy, juicy, fatty, fluffy, wordy
2 additional, conditional, national, governmental, fundamental, superficial, political
3 ordinary, evolutionary, primary, necessary, comtemporary
4 basic, hydrophilic, electric
5 hospitalize, summarize, stabilize
6 intensify, identify, justify, mortify
7 shorten, lengthen, lighten, whiten, darken, brighten, flatten, redden, blacken, frighten
8 activate, operate, educate, congratulate, graduate
9 academically, electronically, basically
10 conditionally, individually, quickly, slowly, rapidly, badly, continuously
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noun+ly = adjective
adjective+ly = adverb
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exercise 1R6 - Identify the word forms in each sentence
1 adjective
2 verb
3 noun
4 adjective
5 noun
6 nouns
7 adverb
8 noun
9 noun
10 noun
11 verb
12 verb
13 noun
14 adjective
15 adjective
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p. 11-12 - Try to eliminate one or two wrong answers for each question.
1 a
2 c
3 d
4 c
5 b
6 b
7 b
8 d
9 d
10 a
11 b
12 d
13 b
14 d
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Homework: 1R11 (p. 13-15)