2020-11-17 BWH group 2

Three threatening thriving thralls threw thread through thresholds.
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When listening to linked speech with reductions of words and sounds, it’s important to use your understanding of grammar to identify which word(s) could go in a space where you can’t quite catch what the speaker said.

many __ them won’t even survive - “of” is the only word that would make sense in the gap, and it’s necessary there.
many of ‘em won’t even survive - The reductions of “him” and “them” can sound very similar, so you need to use context to know which one someone meant.

“Get rid of ‘im” and “Get rid of ‘em” sound identical. The vowel is reduced to /ə/.

extemporaneous = done without special preparation (unscripted)
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How often do you have trouble parsing what native speakers are saying to you?
(parsing = identifying what words they’re saying and how they relate; not necessarily understanding what they say completely)

Mairsy dotes and dosey dotes		Mares eat oats and does eat oats
And little lamsey divey.			And little lambs eat ivy.
A kiddley divey too--			A kid will eat ivy too--
Wouldn’t you?				Wouldn’t you?
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Phrasal Verbs

Many phrasal verbs have a different meaning depending on whether they have an object or not.

I’m going to take off. = leave
The plane will take off soon. = leave (the ground in the way that a plane does)
I’m going to take off my shoes. = remove

They were fighting but now they’ve made up. = reconciled (they’re good again)
He made up that story. = invented something false
England, Scotland, and Wales make up Great Britain. = constitute / are the parts that form
You’ll need to make up the test if you’re absent.
= You need to make up for your absence by taking the test later or doing another task. = compensate
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Note that the phrasal verb book I sent you doesn’t seem to include possibly sexual meanings of some phrasal verbs.
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The word after the main verb in a phrasal verb is called the particle. Particles look like prepositions but function differently in a sentence. (Some phrasal verbs can have a particle and a preposition.)

Put your jacket on. - “on” is a particle for “put on”
Put your jacket on the porch. - “on” is a preposition for “on the porch”
Put your jacket on on the porch. - the first “on” is the particle and the second is the preposition
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Transitive phrasal verbs (that go with objects) can be separable or inseparable:

separable = the object can go in the middle of the verb, separating the verb from the particle:
	Put your jacket on. = Put on your jacket.
- If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle.
	Put it on. (NOT “Put on it.”)

Three-word phrasals are generally inseparable (e.g. “put up with”).
There are a few like “get...back from” that some books consider phrasal verbs, but which I would call a two-part phrasal verb plus a preposition.

Some inseparable two-word phrasals include: check on, look after, hit on, tell on
	(You can check on something, but you can never check something on.)
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As with any optional choice in English, there are times when one option is clearly better because it avoids confusion and makes things easier to understand.

Turn the light in the garage over your dad’s workbench on.
Turn on the light in the garage over your dad’s workbench.
- The second one is better, because it’s immediately clear what action you want, instead of requiring the listener to combine the first and last words of the sentence to understand the verb.
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Something similar can happen with [verb] [noun] [adjective] structures, when the noun phrase is long:
The bad mechanic rendered the car inoperable. (WRONG: The mechanic rendered inoperable the car.)
The bad mechanic rendered the car that I dropped off at the garage last Friday after work inoperable.
-> The bad mechanic rendered inoperable the car that I dropped off…
	(Even though the short version sounds wrong if I move the adjective before the noun, it sounds better in the long version because you don’t have to wait until the end of the sentence to understand the action.)
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BREAK
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Vocabulary:
submerge = put something under water
texture (n) = the feel or appearance of a surface
textured = with a (noticeable) texture
worthy of = deserving of (valuable enough to deserve something)
	“It’s worthy of our protection.” = “It’s worth protecting.”
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https://www.ted.com/talks/jason_decaires_taylor_an_underwater_art_museum_teeming_with_life
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p. 117 vocabulary
1 steep learning curve = demanding learning process (when it’s difficult to learn as much as you need to know by the time you need to know it)
2 team up with = work together with (as on a team)
3 take up = begin to do as a hobby
4 blow my mind = amaze me
5 plug into = connect to (a source of something like energy or inspiration)
6 the havoc we’re wreaking = the problems we’re causing
	(But “havoc” is stronger than “problems” and “wreak” is much stronger than “cause”.)