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Post Title 'ETM Assignment-1 Answers'
Compiled on 17-Sep-2017
Answers by user 'Adusumilli-Uday-Kumar'
Link will Expire on '3-OCT-2017'
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1. Define Management. Explain the functions of Management.
Ans.  Management can be defined as "The art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals."

The most widely accepted are functions of management given
by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling.

1. Planning
Deals with chalking out a future course of action and deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human and non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

2. Organizing
It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. Organizing as a process involves:
• Identification of activities.
• Classification of grouping of activities.
• Assignment of duties.
• Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
• Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.

3. Staffing
It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned. The main purpose of staffing is to put right man on right job. Staffing involves:
• Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).
• Recruitment, selection and placement.
• Training and development.
• Remuneration.
• Performance appraisal.
• Promotions and transfer.

4. Directing
Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of organizational goals. Direction has following elements:
• Supervision
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Communication
(i) Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors.
(ii) Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.
(iii) Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.
(iv) Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.

5. Controlling
The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually occur. Therefore controlling has following steps:
(i) Establishment of standard performance.
(ii) Measurement of actual performance.
(iii) Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.
(iv) Corrective action.

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2. Explain the Levels of Management.
Ans.  The three levels of management are as follows:

1. The Top Management
It consists of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the ultimate source of authority and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on planning and coordinating functions. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. It prepares strategic plans and policies for the enterprise.

2. Middle Level Management
The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. It also sends important reports and other important data to top level management.

3. Lower Level Management
Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities. They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the workers. They help to solve the grievances of the workers. They are the one's in direct contact with the workers.

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3. Explain the Taylor's Scientific Principles of Management.
Ans.  Frederick Winslow Taylor well-known as the founder of scientific management was the first to recognize and emphasis the need for adopting a scientific approach to the task of managing an enterprise. The scientific method consists essentially of:
(a) Observation
(b) Measurement
(c) Experimentation and
(d) Inference.

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4. What are the contributions of Henry Fayol? Explain.
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5. Explain the Hawthrone Experiment.
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6. Explain the Heirarchy of Plans.
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7. Explain the Steps in Planning.
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