2020-04-07 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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word roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology) = form
multi (multicolored, multilayered, multilingual) = many (This is the Latin root.)
nat (native, innate, natal) = born
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism, Neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty, nova) = new
nov (November) = nine (sept = 7, oct = 8, dec = 10 - The year used to start with March.)
ob/op (obstruct, object, opposite) = in front of / against
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (This is the Latin root.)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = light/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic, paleozoic) = old
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (This is the Greek root.)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = suffer (Many words beginning with this root are related to disease.)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician, pedagogy) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love/attraction
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear/repulsion
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light (or photograph)
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (This is the Greek root.)
port (transport, portable) = move/carry
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first/fundamental
	(pre/prime/pro/proto/fore/first/front - all of these come from the same root)
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = fake/false
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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A surface that repels water is hydophobic, but hydrophobia is another name for rabies.
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Grimm’s Law describes a series of sound changes that happened in Germanic languages (including English), but didn’t happen in Greek or Latin:
pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Voiced stops lose voicing:
    b -> p
    d -> t
    g -> k
Stops become fricatives:
    p -> f (This is the most common or noticeable example, especially at beginnings of words.)
    t -> th
    k -> /x/ or h
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Remember: knowing what the roots mean only gets you partway to understanding the word

All three of these mean, basically, “say something before it happens”.
predict = the normal deductive reasoning we always use
foretell = magical or supernatural prediction, like a fortune teller might do
prophecy = divine or spiritual prediction, like a prophet or oracle receives from a god

supersonic = faster than the speed of sound
ultrasonic = higher frequency than we can hear
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https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ - Search for the frequency of words (and word forms) in English.
	ps* = all words beginning with ‘ps’
	*pseudo* = all words that have the root ‘pseudo’ in them
	*ization = all words that end with ‘ization’
	*ly_j* = all adjectives that end with ‘ly’
- In the list of results, you can click on a word to see it used in sentences.

https://www.wordandphrase.info/analyzeText.asp - Type a list of words on the left and click “search”. Then click on each word on the right to find a lot more information, including examples.
- Higher numbers mean less common words. (“podiatrist” is the 29,716th most common word)

https://books.google.com/ngrams - See the frequency of words and phrases in books throughout history.
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- paraphrase
- purpose
- vocabulary
- sentence insertion
- summary
- organize/categorize
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BREAK
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The Delta book calls sentence insertion questions “coherence” questions, because the wrong answer choices often break the coherence of the passage.
- interrupt the flow of ideas: The new sentence might introduce a new topic in a place where it doesn’t belong, or might explain specific examples before general introductions of those examples.
- interrupt the connection between a pronoun and a referent: If one sentence starts with “He”, the previous sentence must be about some specific man, so if the new sentence isn’t about the same man it can’t go between these two sentences
- interfere with transitions: If a sentence starts with “However”, it must contrast with the previous sentence. A new sentence that doesn’t contrast with the one starting with “However” can’t be inserted before it.
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p. 2 - Make sure you understand how all of these pronouns are used
whom = the object form of “who” (just like “him” is the object form of “he”)
whose = the possessive form of “who” (just like “his” is the possessive form of “he”)
both/either/neither/former/latter - All of these refer to exactly two things or groups of things.
	both = all of two
	either = one of two / any of two / “some” of two
	neither = none of two
	former = the first of two
	latter = the last of two
other: another/others/the other/the others
	Some of my friends are teachers.
		Another is a banker. = I also have a banker friend, and I’m not finished with all my friends.
		The other is a banker. = I only have one non-teacher friend, who is a banker.
		Others are programmers. = I also have some programmer friends, and I’m not finished.
		The others are programmers. = The rest of my friends are programmers.
		singular	plural
finished:	the other	the others
unfinished:	another	others
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p. 3 - Do you understand how to use these transitions?
	“We also need to understand imaginary numbers.” - This sentence must come after another sentence about something we need to understand.
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p. 4 - Take 3 minutes to answer the first 3 sentence insertion questions.
1 A
2 B
3 C (The comparatives “narrower” and “more beneficial” suggest that this sentence probably comes after another sentence about broader leaves.)
Take 7 minutes to answer questions 4-10 in this exercise (p. 4-6 of the pdf).
Compare your answers with your partners. Try to convine them if you disagree.
4 D - Something is due to the reed, and flutes have no reed, so it can’t be in the part of the paragraph that’s about flutes.
5 C
6 D
7 C - This is a general statement of the results of the study. The following sentence gives specific frequency and color details. However, if the additional sentence started with something like, “In other words,” it would have to go after the specific details.
8 A
9 D - The new sentence is specific, so it goes after the general statement.
10 B - The new sentence gives another example of the interdependence of oceanographic fields.
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Homework: Finish the handout - Read about fast food addiction and answer the insertion and reference questions about it