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New Zealand (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Military conflict has had a defining effect in New Zealand’s history and in shaping the nation. Before the arrival of European settlers to New Zealand in significant numbers, intertribal warfare between the Māori inhabitants was endemic and often brutal. The arrival of Europeans with advanced weaponry gave these tribal clashes an even deadlier edge as Māori eagerly sought access to these weapons, especially muskets. This initiated a period in New Zealand’s history known as the Musket Wars, which occurred in the first four decades of the 19th century. The end of the Musket Wars in 1839 did not usher in a period of lasting peace in New Zealand. From 1843 until 1872, a series of violent clashes occurred between some Māori tribes of the North Island and the British imperial and colonial settlers, often supported by Māori allies who were the traditional enemies of those tribes warring against the settlers. These were the New Zealand Wars, also referred to as the Māori Wars, the Anglo-Māori Wars, or the Land Wars. New Zealand’s next significant military conflict was not until 1899. With the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War in October of that year, New Zealand eagerly offered volunteers. This would be the first time New Zealand troops fought in an overseas conflict, and it precipitated a trend that continues well into the 21st century. New Zealand, despite its small size and great distance from the sites of conflict, has chosen to become involved in the global wars of the last 110 years. Through its historical connections to Britain, but also aware of its own security needs, New Zealand took a full and active role in both world wars of the 20th century. Through its alliance with the United States in 1951, its remaining links with Britain, regional and national security concerns, and the desire to be seen as an active, engaged world citizen, New Zealand took an active part in the limited wars associated with the Cold War. This led to deployments to Malaya, Borneo, Korea, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Vietnam War, and with the ending of the US alliance, New Zealand has been involved in several peacekeeping operations, usually in association with the United Nations. New Zealand military personnel have been deployed to such diverse places as Bosnia, Somalia, East Timor, and the Solomons. As part of the war on terror, New Zealand sent military personnel to Afghanistan to the province of Bamiyan where they stayed for more than a decade. Despite its nation-shaping effect, New Zealand military history remains a much-neglected subject of research and study in the country’s universities.
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. As of the early 21st century, a scholarly, general overview of New Zealand’s military history is not yet available, and this is a serious omission from its military literature. King 1981 on New Zealanders at war is probably the closest, but its coverage is relatively light. King’s general history of New Zealand (King 2003) has some good, solid chapters on the New Zealand Wars and New Zealand’s military engagements of the 20th century. James Belich’s two-volume history also offers coverage of New Zealand’s military involvements (Belich 1996, Belich 2001). Two outstanding general reference works are the Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History (McGibbon 2000) and the online Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (Jock Phillips is the general editor). The coverage and use of various sources in McLean, et al. 2009 provides a comprehensive guide to New Zealand war writing. McGibbon 1990, Clarke 2005, and Rabel 2009 provide useful overviews focusing primarily on the 20th century.
  8.  
  9. Belich, James. Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders; From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Auckland, New Zealand: Allen Lane, 1996.
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  11. This is the first volume of a highly regarded general history of New Zealand. It offers a scholarly treatment of both the Musket Wars and the New Zealand Wars of the 19th century.
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  13. Belich, James. Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders from the 1880s to the Year 2000. Auckland, New Zealand: Allen Lane, 2001.
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  15. New Zealand’s involvement in wars far away from its own shores and the impact that they had on the country is a major theme of Belich’s second volume of his general history.
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  17. Clarke, Stephen. “‘Hear Our Voices’: New Zealand in the Twentieth Century; A Small Power Ally.” In Entangling Alliances: Coalition Warfare in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey, 194–221. Canberra: Australian History Military Publications, 2005.
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  19. A survey of New Zealand’s military alliances in the 20th century and the struggle for the views of such a small nation to be heard.
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  21. King, Michael. New Zealanders at War. Auckland, New Zealand: Heinemann, 1981.
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  23. A compression of New Zealand’s military history into a lavishly illustrated single volume containing over 400 images. Its coverage is impressive but relatively light in some areas.
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  25. King, Michael. The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2003.
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  27. Regarded by many historians and writers as the best general history of New Zealand produced in the last twenty years. The Musket Wars, New Zealand Wars, and the two world wars of the 20th century receive considerable coverage.
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  29. McGibbon, Ian. “The Australia–New Zealand Defence Relationships since 1901.” Revue International d’Histoire Militaire: Edition Australienne 72 (1990): 123–145.
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  31. A survey of often problematic, sometimes divergent defense relations of two very close neighbors from 1901 to 1990.
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  33. McGibbon, Ian, ed. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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  35. This book is an important general reference. It offers the most comprehensive guide to New Zealand’s military history yet published.
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  37. McLean, Gavin, and Ian McGibbon with Kynan Gentry, eds. The Penguin Book of New Zealanders at War. Rosedale, New Zealand: Penguin, 2009.
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  39. A useful anthology of New Zealanders writing about their war experiences, this book covers the period from the New Zealand Wars of the 1840s up to the New Zealand deployments to Afghanistan. It uses the letters, diaries, and memoirs of those who were there to tell a compelling story. An overview of published works in New Zealand on war and a select bibliography are useful additions.
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  41. Rabel, Roberto. “New Zealand’s Wars.” In The New Oxford History of New Zealand. Edited by Giselle Byrnes, 245–267. South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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  43. This chapter is a scholarly overview of New Zealand’s war experience from 1843 until the mid-1980s. The chapter is marred somewhat by the tone it adopts toward its subject and military historians and by its determination to prove that war has nothing to do with national identity.
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  45. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Culture and Heritage.
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  47. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand is a comprehensive online guide to New Zealand history, culture, economy, demography, and society. A key theme is New Zealand’s military history, especially linking the war experiences to social change in New Zealand.
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  49. Māori Warfare and the Musket Wars
  50.  
  51. Few good, scholarly accounts of Māori warfare are available, primarily because Māori practiced an oral tradition for recording and remembering events. The Musket Wars, despite being the most violent and destructive of wars on New Zealand soil, have not received the scholarly attention they deserve. Māori tribes, usually under the leadership of a charismatic, ambitious chief, armed themselves with this new technology and went to war seeking revenge (utu), the chance to devour the flesh of their enemies, and enhance their tribal standing (mana). The Musket Wars were the most intense, destructive, and widespread conflict to occur in New Zealand. It was also the most costly. Exact casualty figures cannot be determined but are likely to be around 25,000. One estimate has the mortality rate as high as 80,000. Māori population numbers would not reach pre–Musket War levels until 1960. There are, however, some notable exceptions. The reprint of Best 2001 provides considerable insight into Māori military tactics, a warrior culture, and the spiritual aspects of warfare to one Māori tribe. Ballara 2003 is the most scholarly volume on the Musket Wars, although Crosby 1999 and Wright 2011 provide thorough and accessible coverage. Moon 2006 and Moon 2008 focus on particular parts of the Musket Wars.
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  53. Ballara, Angela. Taua: “Musket Wars,” “Land Wars” or Tikanga? Warfare in Māori Society in the Early Nineteenth Century. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2003.
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  55. Taua (meaning war party) was the first major study of Māori warfare and the Musket Wars to appear for decades. A scholarly, detailed publication, this book offered new interpretations of Māori warfare and challenged the concept of the “Musket Wars.” Ballara argues convincingly that warfare was so endemic to Māori society that destructive new military technologies should not be the key focus of the conflicts of this period.
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  57. Best, Elsdon. Notes on the Art of War. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2001.
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  59. Best was an ethnographer sent by the New Zealand Government in 1895 to study and observe a remote Māori tribe. Best’s articles on warfare were originally published in the Journal of the Polynesian Society in the early 20th century and have been collected and republished in this book.
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  61. Crosby, Ron. The Musket Wars: A History of Inter-Iwi Conflict 1806–45. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 1999.
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  63. A well-researched and readable account of the brutal and unrelenting conflict that spread through most of New Zealand in the first four decades of the 19th century.
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  65. Moon, Paul. Fatal Frontiers: A New History of New Zealand in the Decade before the Treaty. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2006.
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  67. An examination of New Zealand in the 1830s focusing on the decade before the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi—a critical yet controversial event in New Zealand’s history. Moon focuses on the French and British claims to New Zealand but also devotes considerable time to the final clashes of the Musket Wars.
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  69. Moon, Paul. This Horrid Practice: The Myth and Reality of Traditional Māori Cannibalism. Rosedale, New Zealand: Penguin, 2008.
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  71. Captain James Cook wrote the words “this horrid practice” in a journal entry he made in January 1770, referring to Māori acts of cannibalism he had witnessed. Moon’s book was the first published academic survey of Māori cannibalism, and it caused considerable controversy when it appeared.
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  73. Wright, Matthew. Guns and Utu. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2011.
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  75. Wright examines the period from 1820 to 1840 in New Zealand to offer a fresh and different interpretation of the Musket Wars.
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  77. The New Zealand Wars
  78.  
  79. The New Zealand Wars refer to a series of conflicts that occurred in New Zealand from 1843 to 1872. They remain a crucial event in New Zealand’s history with redress for the harsh punishment of some Māori tribes continuing. Although it is possible to recognize about twenty separate wars occurring during these years, the wars fall into three main phases. These are the limited and localized fighting of the 1840s, the Taranaki and Waikato tribes’ clash against the British Empire from 1860 to 1864, and the sporadic, but widespread, fighting of the final years from 1864 to 1872. Despite demonstrating considerable tactical skill and courage during the wars, the warring Māori tribes were all eventually defeated and punished through a process of land confiscation. Some 2,400 militia soldiers from the Australian colonies crossed the Tasman Sea to fight in these wars, making the New Zealand Wars one of their first overseas conflicts. Neglected for many years as a topic for research, the New Zealand Wars have seen a recent resurgence in both academic and popular interest. Cowan 1922–1923 provides the solid foundation for any study of the New Zealand Wars. Although Belich 1986 is a watershed publication on the conflict, valuable contributions were made much earlier than this. These include Barthorp 1979, Sinclair 1957, and Wards 1968. Gates 2001 provides a convincing counter to many of Belich’s arguments. Recent publications have a regional focus, particularly in the still-contested Taranaki, and Day 2010 and Keenan 2009 fit this category. Binney 1995 analyzed a period of the war through a sympathetic portrayal of an outstanding Māori guerrilla commander. Green 2010 places the various battles in geographical context.
  80.  
  81. Barthorp, Michael. To Face the Daring Māoris. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1979.
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  83. An account of the 1845–1846 Northern War from the records of the British soldiers who took part.
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  85. Belich, James. The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 1986.
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  87. A revisionist history of the New Zealand Wars, which did much to stimulate recent interest in the subject. Belich argues, often without convincing evidence, that Māori were the strategic and military equals of their British opponents. His claim that Māori invented trench warfare has been solidly refuted. Belich’s book, however, remains an important contribution to the subject.
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  89. Binney, Judith. Redemption Songs: A Life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki. Auckland, New Zealand: Bridget Williams, 1995.
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  91. A sympathetic portrayal of the Māori guerrilla leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki. This award-winning, revisionist book is an important work. Te Kooti has often been portrayed as a brutal killer and a religious fanatic. Drawing on a wide range of sources, Binney demonstrated how inaccurate these portrayals were.
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  93. Cowan, James. The New Zealand Wars and the Pioneering Period. 2 vols. Wellington, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1922–1923.
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  95. These two volumes were a major contribution to the subject and the standard reference for more than fifty years. They still provide a valuable foundation for researchers today. Cowan, a fluent Māori speaker, walked over all the main battlefields and spoke with many veterans of the conflict. It was a pioneering use of oral history. Cowan presents a romantic view of the New Zealand Wars, and his history is strong on description, but weaker on analysis.
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  97. Day, Kelvin, ed. Contested Ground: The Taranaki Wars, 1860–1881 = Te Whenua I Tohea. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia, 2010.
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  99. With chapters written by leading historians, this lavish, beautifully presented book makes a major contribution to the history of the New Zealand Wars. Its focus, though, is on the Taranaki Wars of 1860–1881.
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  101. Gates, John M. “James Belich and the Māori Pa: Revisionist History Revised.” War & Society 19.2 (October 2001): 47–68.
  102. DOI: 10.1179/072924701791201503Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. Gates’s article provides a convincing rebuttal of many of Belich’s controversial assertions, particularly the claim relating to trench warfare.
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  105. Green, David. Battlefields of the New Zealand Wars. Northshore, New Zealand: Penguin, 2010.
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  107. A useful guidebook to the battles of the New Zealand Wars containing excellent maps, photographs, and a succinct summary of each military action.
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  109. Keenan, Danny. Wars without End. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2009.
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  111. This Māori perspective is the first by a senior Māori historian on the New Zealand Wars. For some Māori, land confiscation is an unresolved and enduring source of conflict so that, for them, the New Zealand Wars continue.
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  113. Sinclair, Keith. The Origins of the Māori Wars. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 1957.
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  115. This important work was the first to examine in detail the causes of the New Zealand Wars. Sinclair challenged the idea that New Zealand was a model of successful racial harmony and integration. Land ownership was a major factor for ongoing conflict.
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  117. Wards, Ian. The Shadow of the Land: A Study of British Policy and Racial Conflict in New Zealand, 1832–1852. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Internal Affairs, 1968.
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  119. Ian Wards offered a new and controversial assessment of the Treaty of Waitangi and the conflict that followed its signing.
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  121. The Boer War
  122.  
  123. Very little has been written about New Zealand’s military history in the period from 1870 to 1901. Although New Zealand enthusiastically joined the British Empire in its war against the Boer settlers of South Africa in 1899, sending some 6,500 men to fight there, the country remained reluctant to write about it. It was not until Hall 1949 that a slim official history was produced, being tacked on to the mammoth official history of New Zealand in the Second World War. Several well-researched accounts of New Zealand’s efforts in the Boer War did not appear until the end of the 20th century. The account by Stowers 1992 of the first New Zealanders to serve in the Boer War was followed a decade later by Stowers 2002, an account of the last contingent sent. Crawford and Ellis 1999 remains the most comprehensive account of New Zealand’s involvement. Crawford and McGibbon 2003 provides a broader coverage of the conflict in this edited book including comparisons with Australia and Canada. The Boer War remains New Zealand’s least-recorded conflict.
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  125. Crawford, John, and Ellen Ellis. To Fight for the Empire: An Illustrated History of New Zealand and the South African War, 1899–1902. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 1999.
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  127. Written to coincide with the centenary of the conflict, this lavishly illustrated book provides considerable insight into the war itself and the motives of the colonial New Zealanders so keen to fight in a war in a strange land so far away.
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  129. Crawford, John, and Ian McGibbon, eds. One Flag, One Queen, One Tongue: New Zealand, the British Empire, and the South African War. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2003.
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  131. A collection of edited conference papers, most focusing on New Zealand’s part in the South African War. Some chapters look at the role of Australia (chapter 10) and Canada (chapter 11). Chapter 5 by historian Thomas Pakenham provides an overview of the critical role played by colonial forces in combating the Boer’s irregular style of warfare.
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  133. Hall, D. O. W. The New Zealanders in South Africa, 1899–1902. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, 1949.
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  135. After forty-seven years of lobbying and the loss of two previous finished manuscripts, an official history of New Zealand’s involvement in the Boer War was finally produced. At just ninety-seven pages, the book offers only a cursory overview, although the maps, photographs, and Roll of Honour are useful.
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  137. Stowers, Richard. Kiwi versus Boer: The First New Zealand Mounted Rifles in the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902. Hamilton, New Zealand: Richard Stowers, 1992.
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  139. Stowers’s account was the first on New Zealand’s involvement in this conflict since the publication of Hall’s official history (Hall 1949). Although self-published, it contains much useful information including biographical notes, statistics, and useful sources.
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  141. Stowers, Richard. Rough Riders at War. Hamilton, New Zealand: Richard Stowers, 2002.
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  143. Whereas Kiwi versus Boer (Stowers 1992) featured just the first contingent to serve in the war, Rough Riders deals with the last (the 10th Contingent).
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  145. The First World War
  146.  
  147. The First World War is New Zealand’s costliest war. Of 250,000 men of military age, just over 100,000 served overseas, and almost 60,000 became casualties. Unlike Australia, where the First World War is probably the most written-about subject in its military history, New Zealand’s war writing has been sporadic and its quality patchy. New Zealand still does not have an official history of the war, and the various campaigns in which the nation fought have seldom been the subject of rigorous, scholarly study. This is changing as the centenary of the First World War approaches. A multivolume thematic history, Centenary History of New Zealand and the First World War, is in production through a partnering arrangement with the New Zealand Defence Force, the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services’ Association, and Massey University. Fenton, et al. 2013 is among the first volumes of the Centenary History to appear.
  148.  
  149. General Works
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  151. There is no one-volume history of New Zealand and the First World War that offers a comprehensive, robust, and inclusive account of this conflict. Harper 2008 attempts this primarily through the use of over 800 photographs, but the text provides an overview only. Fenton, et al. 2013 is one of the first volumes of the multivolume thematic history mentioned above. It is a lavishly illustrated, well-written, comprehensive overview. As such, the topics covered in it are sketched out rather than developed in depth. Pugsley 2004 is a comparative study that examines several themes in depth, whereas Rogers 2003 concentrates on the experience of New Zealand nurses in the war.
  152.  
  153. Fenton, Damien, with Caroline Lord, Gavin McLean, and Tim Shoebridge. New Zealand and the First World War: 1914–1919. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2013.
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  155. The second published volume of the Centenary History of New Zealand and First World War series, this book provides a general overview of New Zealand’s role in the war and its impact on the country.
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  157. Harper, Glyn. Images of War: World War One; A Photographic Record of New Zealanders at War. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2008.
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  159. The history of New Zealand’s involvement in the First World War told through more than 800 images.
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  161. McGibbon, Ian. The Path to Gallipoli: Defending New Zealand, 1840–1915. Wellington, New Zealand: GP, 1991.
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  163. The only scholarly account of New Zealand’s defense policy, military preparations, and war effort to cover such a broad period of time. The dates in the title are deceptive, and the book more truly covers the years from 1854 to 1918. An important book that makes a major contribution to New Zealand’s military history of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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  165. Pugsley, Christopher. The Anzac Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2004.
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  167. Compares and contrasts the experiences of Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian soldiers during the First World War. It also focuses on the commanders, particularly Generals Russell, Monash, and Currie.
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  169. Rogers, Anna. While You’re Away: New Zealand Nurses at War 1899–1948. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2003.
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  171. A scholarly, readable account of New Zealand nurses and their war experiences. About half of this book covers what occurred during the First World War.
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  173. Semiofficial Publications
  174.  
  175. New Zealand did not appoint an official historian of the war so does not have an official history or a historian of the caliber of the Australian official historian Charles Bean. Instead, four volumes in a Popular History series were completed under the direction of the New Zealand Army (Waite 1919, Stewart 1921, Powles 1922, and Drew 1923). The authors of these volumes were officers who had served in the field during the war. Confusingly, the “popular” histories were described as the “official history” on their pages. They are probably best described as “semiofficial” histories. Corps, formation, and unit histories were commissioned by these organizations, but these were also overseen by the New Zealand Army, which appointed a committee of senior officers with the power to alter, revise, or completely rewrite texts. Not surprisingly, the quality of these formation, corps, and unit histories varies considerably.
  176.  
  177. Drew, Lieutenant H. T. B., ed. The War Effort of New Zealand: A Popular History of Minor Campaigns in which New Zealanders Took Part; Services Not Fully Dealt with in the Campaign Volumes; The Work at the Bases. Official History of New Zealand’s Effort in the Great War 4. Wellington, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1923.
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  179. Drew, a journalist who served with a Canterbury Battalion, edited this volume. It covers such diverse topics as the Senussi Campaign, New Zealand nurses, Dental and Veterinary Corps, repatriation, and the work of patriotic societies.
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  181. Powles, Lt. Colonel C. Guy. The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History of New Zealand’s Effort in the Great War 3. Wellington, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1922.
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  183. Written by regular soldier Lieutenant Colonel C. Guy Powles. Based on a manuscript prepared by Major A. H. Wilkie, it has the same positive qualities as Waite 1919 on Gallipoli. This book remained the standard work on this subject until Terry Kinloch’s Devils on Horses (Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2007).
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  185. Stewart, Colonel Hugh. The New Zealand Division 1916–1919: A Popular History Based on Official Records. Wellington, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1921.
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  187. Stewart, who had commanded a New Zealand infantry battalion in France during the war, was chosen to write the history of the New Zealand Division on the Western Front from 1916 to 1919. He produced a long book, over 600 pages of often-inaccessible and bombastic prose. Despite its stylistic limitations, Stewart’s book remains the standard source for New Zealanders on the Western Front.
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  189. Waite, Major Fred. The New Zealanders at Gallipoli. Official History of New Zealand’s Effort in the Great War 1. Wellington, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1919.
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  191. Waite served at Gallipoli as adjutant of the divisional engineers. He not only prepared the Gallipoli volume but also oversaw production of the other three volumes. While written as a stirring account, Waite’s New Zealanders at Gallipoli is well written with many insights into what occurred during the campaign. It remained the standard reference work until Christopher Pugsley’s Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story was published in 1984 (Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder and Stoughton).
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  193. Other Semiofficial Publications
  194.  
  195. Other semiofficial histories were produced covering units, formations, and corps. These included histories of the Rifle Brigade, the artillery, medical services, and the Machine Gun Corps (Austin 1924, Byrne 1922, Carbery 1924, and Luxford 1923). Cowan 1926 provides an account of the Māori and Pacific Islanders’ war effort. Studholme 1928 offers a comprehensive set of facts and statistics associated with New Zealand’s war effort.
  196.  
  197. Austin, Lt. Colonel W. S. The Official History of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade. Wellington, New Zealand: L. T. Watkins, 1924.
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  199. A well-written, lavishly illustrated account of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade on the Western Front. The book also contains excellent (if fragile) foldout maps.
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  201. Byrne, Lieutenant J. R. New Zealand Artillery in the Field, 1914–18. Auckland, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1922.
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  203. A standard account of the New Zealand artillery and its role in the First World War.
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  205. Carbery, Lt. Colonel A. D. The New Zealand Medical Service in the Great War 1914–1918. Auckland, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1924.
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  207. An outstanding account of the medical challenges facing the New Zealand medical services during the war. This book is strong on operations and tactics of the New Zealand Division; its statistics, especially regarding casualties, are the most reliable of all the official publications.
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  209. Cowan, James. The Māoris in the Great War. Auckland, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1926.
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  211. An account of the Māori war effort. The book also examines the experiences of soldiers from the Pacific Islands.
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  213. Luxford, J. H. With the Machine Gunners in France and Palestine. Auckland, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1923.
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  215. A compelling account of the New Zealand Machine Gun Corps during the First World War. It contains much useful technical information.
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  217. Studholme, Lt. Colonel John. New Zealand Expeditionary Force Record of Personal Services during the War of Officers, Nurses, and First-Class Warrant Officers; and other Facts Relating to the N.Z.E.F. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer, 1928.
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  219. An eclectic source of information on officers, noncommissioned officers (NCOs), statistics, and general useful information. Recently reprinted (Perth, Australia: J. Burridge, 1986), this book is an invaluable source.
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  221. Campaigns and Battles
  222.  
  223. This section lists the few analytical, scholarly accounts of New Zealand’s part in military operations of the war.
  224.  
  225. Gallipoli
  226.  
  227. New Zealand’s military history has had a very close association with that of Australia since 1915 when both countries were involved in the Gallipoli campaign. Gallipoli continues to cast a long shadow in both nations, as does the concept of the ethos of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) that arose from this campaign. James 1989, while dated, remains one of the most readable and scholarly accounts written on Gallipoli. Pugsley 1990 is also somewhat dated now but remains the classic account of the New Zealanders at Gallipoli. Kinloch 2005 looks at the Gallipoli campaign through the experiences of the New Zealand Mounted Riflemen who served there. Carlyon 2001 on Gallipoli is a thorough analysis and became a bestseller in Australia. It has been criticized by academic historians for its populist style. Ekins 2013 offers a fresh analysis of the August offensive and is a solid reminder that the campaign continued well after the landing on 25 April 1915. Stanley 2005 focuses on the Anzac soldiers serving at Quinns Post, whereas Prior 2010 provides a succinct account of the whole campaign with the aim of exposing many enduring myths about Gallipoli. Shadbolt 1988 concentrates on the experience of twelve New Zealand Gallipoli veterans, whereas Harper 2011 uses the letters of nearly 200 New Zealanders to tell the story of the campaign.
  228.  
  229. Carlyon, Les. Gallipoli. Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, 2001.
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  231. Written by an Australian journalist, this book combines a gift for storytelling with careful scholarship. Although the Gallipoli campaign will always remain contested ground, this book is as close to the definitive account as is ever likely to be achieved.
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  233. Ekins, Ashley, ed. Gallipoli: A Ridge Too Far. Wollombi, Australia: Exisle, 2013.
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  235. A collection of published conference papers by leading military historians focusing on the August offensive at Gallipoli.
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  237. Harper, Glyn, ed. Letters from Gallipoli: New Zealand Soldiers Write Home. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2011.
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  239. Explores the New Zealand experience of the Gallipoli campaign through the letters of the soldiers who were there.
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  241. James, Robert Rhodes. Gallipoli. London: Papermac, 1989.
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  243. First published in 1965 to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Gallipoli landing, James’s account was widely hailed as a masterpiece of military history. It remains one of the best accounts of Gallipoli written.
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  245. Kinloch, Terry. Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand’s Mounted Riflemen. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2005.
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  247. A well-written and scholarly account of the Gallipoli campaign with a particular focus on the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade.
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  249. Prior, Robin. Gallipoli: The End of the Myth. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
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  251. A detailed, thorough analysis of the Gallipoli campaign that, as its title states, aims to demolish many of the myths about Gallipoli.
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  253. Pugsley, Christopher. Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story. Auckland, New Zealand: Sceptre, 1990.
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  255. This book was a major evaluation of some of the most pivotal events in New Zealand’s military history and remains the seminal work on New Zealand’s part in the Gallipoli campaign. Originally published in 1984, with a new edition as recent as 2014.
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  257. Shadbolt, Maurice. Voices of Gallipoli. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988.
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  259. Features the recollections of twelve New Zealand Gallipoli veterans. It is, to use the words of the author, “a smash and grab raid on history” (p. 11), literally snatching stories from the grave.
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  261. Stanley, Peter. Quinn’s Post: Anzac, Gallipoli. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2005.
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  263. An account of what Australian and New Zealand soldiers had to endure at Quinn’s Post, the most dangerous position on the Gallipoli peninsula, which was only a few yards away from the Turkish trenches.
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  265. The Western Front
  266.  
  267. The Western Front remains a much-neglected area of study, despite being where New Zealand made its greatest military contribution to the war effort, Harper 2007 analyzes three critical battles on the Western Front, whereas Macdonald 2005 and Macdonald 2013 provide a comprehensive, scholarly account of the New Zealanders in the battles of the Somme (1916) and Third Ypres (1917). Pugsley 1991 focuses on the military discipline of the New Zealanders but also provides much detail and analysis of their time on the Western Front. Gray 2010 relies on secondary sources but provides a detailed guide to New Zealand battlefields on the Western Front. Ekins 2010 takes an international approach to the events of 1918.
  268.  
  269. Ekins, Ashley, ed. 1918 Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History. Wollombi, Australia: Exisle, 2010.
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  271. A collection of published conference papers written by some leading military historians of the First World War. It deals with the events of 1918 from many national viewpoints and covers the war at sea and in the air.
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  273. Gray, John H. From the Uttermost Ends of the Earth: The New Zealand Division on the Western Front 1916–1918; A History and Guide to Its Battlefields. Christchurch, New Zealand: Willson Scott, 2010.
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  275. A lavishly illustrated, beautifully produced book of the New Zealanders’ activities on the Western Front. Containing considerable history, Gray’s book remains primarily a guide to the New Zealand battlefields on the Western Front.
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  277. Harper, Glyn. Dark Journey: Three Key New Zealand Battles of the Western Front. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2007.
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  279. A detailed and comprehensive account of New Zealand’s role in the battles of Passchendaele, Second Somme, and Bapaume.
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  281. Macdonald, Andrew. On My Way to the Somme: New Zealanders and the Bloody Offensive of 1916. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2005.
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  283. A compelling, scholarly account of the New Zealander’s most costly battle of the war.
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  285. Macdonald, Andrew. Passchendaele: The Anatomy of a Tragedy. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2013.
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  287. Macdonald provides the most detailed, analytical account of the New Zealanders at Passchendaele yet written. His wide use of German sources makes this book particularly valuable.
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  289. Pugsley, Christopher. On the Fringe of Hell: New Zealanders and Military Discipline in the First World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991.
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  291. A detailed, readable account of New Zealand soldiers in the First World War. Pugsley focuses on military discipline to show why it was crucial to establish the high reputation of the New Zealanders during the war. The execution of five New Zealand soldiers by the military authorities is covered in considerable detail.
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  293. Sinai-Palestine
  294.  
  295. Kinloch 2007 provides the only work on the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade since Powles’ semi-official history (Powles 1922, cited under First World War: Semiofficial Publications.
  296.  
  297. Kinloch, Terry. Devils on Horses: In the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2007.
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  299. Kinloch continues the story of the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade in this book. It covers the New Zealanders’ efforts in the much-neglected Sinai-Palestine campaign.
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  301. Personal Accounts
  302.  
  303. Many personal accounts of individuals, of all ranks, have now been published. These vary in quality, but some rise above the “I was there, and this is what I saw” genre. They offer considerable insight and can be quite revealing about what happened and why. Those listed here fall into this category. The authors of Aitken 1963, Malthus 1965, and Malthus 2002 were serving soldiers who wrote of their experiences. Martin 2011 was by a medical officer who wrote of his experience while serving in the British Expeditionary Force in France and Belgium in 1914. Lee 1963 and Lee 1976 also served on the Western Front but recorded his military experiences in fictionalized form. Hyde 1936 and Marriott 2005 wrote about New Zealand soldiers, the former based on oral interviews, the latter based on the soldier’s diary and subsequent writings. Burton 1935 served on Gallipoli and the Western Front but wrote a general history of the New Zealand Division, often based on these experiences. His classic account remains the most complete history written after the semi-official histories. Baxter 1983, an account of the author’s wartime persecution, is regarded as a New Zealand classic.
  304.  
  305. Aitken, Alexander. Gallipoli to the Somme: Recollections of a New Zealand Infantryman. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
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  307. This book has been regarded by many as a significant contribution to the literature of the First World War. The introduction by Sir Bernard Ferguson is also worth reading.
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  309. Baxter, Archibald. We Will Not Cease. Whatamongo Bay, New Zealand: Cape Catley, 1983.
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  311. This harrowing account of one of New Zealand’s most prominent conscientious objectors is highly regarded. New Zealand was the only combatant nation to send objectors of conscience to the Western Front. This book records that, often brutal, experience.
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  313. Burton, O. E. The Silent Division: The New Zealanders at the Front, 1914–1919. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1935.
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  315. This book remains the classic account of the New Zealand Division’s story during the First World War. Written by a master storyteller who lived through most of the events described, Burton’s book is a major achievement. The section on Christian Pacifism in the Appendix (pp. 318–326) detracts a little from the overall story but is also indicative of the strong pacifist sentiments in New Zealand during the 1930s. It has recently been published in a new edition (Christchurch, New Zealand: John Douglas, 2014).
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  317. Hyde, Robin. Passport to Hell. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1936.
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  319. Regarded as a New Zealand classic, this is the story of James Douglas Stark (Starkie). Stark was a New Zealand soldier constantly in trouble with the military authorities, but who also would have received several military decorations for bravery had he not been so badly behaved. This book has been acclaimed as a pioneering work of oral history.
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  321. Lee, John A. Civilian into Soldier. London: May Fair, 1963.
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  323. An autobiographical novel written by a private soldier who later became a well-known member of Parliament. The novel is regarded as a New Zealand classic with graphic descriptions of what it was like to be a private soldier on the Western Front.
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  325. Lee, John A. Soldier. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1976.
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  327. This powerful autobiographical novel focuses on the events of 1918. Written in the first person, it covers a broad sweep including being on leave in London, the German Spring Offensive, posttraumatic stress, medical treatment, and repatriation. The manuscript was completed in 1918 but not published for nearly sixty years.
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  329. Malthus, Cecil. Anzac: A Retrospect. Christchurch: Whitcomb and Tombs, 1965.
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  331. Written to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Gallipoli landings, this book is a valuable account of the Gallipoli campaign. Based on letters Malthus wrote to his wife, the book has a vivid and immediate quality that others lack. Malthus was also deeply reflective of his experiences.
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  333. Malthus, Cecil. Armentières and the Somme. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2002.
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  335. This book was the companion volume to Anzac: A Retrospect. It covers Malthus’s time in France and was published more than thirty years after his death.
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  337. Marriott, Allan. Mud Beneath My Boots. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2005.
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  339. The story of Marriott’s uncle, Len Coley, told as much as possible through Len’s words. Len Coley was fortunate in that he was able to revisit to the New Zealand battlefields in 1930, and the book begins with that journey.
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  341. Martin, Arthur Anderson. A Surgeon in Khaki. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.
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  343. In August 1914, Arthur Martin was attending a medical conference in the United Kingdom. He immediately joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. This book, published posthumously, is invaluable for its commentary on the state of British Army medicine in 1914–1915. Originally published in 1915.
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  345. Published Diaries and Letters
  346.  
  347. The last decade has seen many New Zealand soldiers’ letters and diaries published. Crawford 2005 and Crawford 2008 published the diaries and letters of two New Zealand senior officers. Carkeek 2003 and Ingram 2006 are the diaries of ordinary soldiers. Carkeek, a Māori soldier, served on Gallipoli and the Western Front. Ingram arrived on the Western Front in mid-1917, and his diary has one of the best accounts of the Passchendaele debacle. Phillips, et al. 1988 features letters and diaries from several New Zealand soldiers, whereas Scott 2009 is a collection with a distinctive regional focus. Earlier accounts based on letters and diaries include Cunningham 1937 and Fenwick 2000.
  348.  
  349. Carkeek, Rikihana. Home Little Māori Home: A Memoir of the Māori Contingent, 1914–16. Wellington, New Zealand: Tōtika, 2003.
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  351. One of the few published diaries of a member of the Māori Contingent. Carkeek served with the Māori Contingent at Gallipoli and in France. The diary covers from October 1914 to November 1916.
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  353. Crawford, John, ed. No Better Death: The Great War Diaries and Letters of William G. Malone. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2005.
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  355. The letters and diaries of Lieutenant Colonel George Malone, the first commanding officer of the Wellington Battalion. Malone was killed at Chunuk Bair in August 1915.
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  357. Crawford, John, ed. The Devil’s Own War: The First World War Diary of Brigadier-General Herbert Hart. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2008.
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  359. The diary of a senior New Zealand officer of the First World War. Hart survived the war, keeping a detailed diary throughout the war years.
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  361. Cunningham, G. H. Mac’s Memoirs: The Flying Life of Squadron-Leader McGregor. Dunedin, New Zealand: A .H. & A. W. Reed, 1937.
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  363. One of the few published accounts of a New Zealand air ace. Squadron Leader Malcolm Charles McGregor, DFC and Bar, was a significant figure in New Zealand’s aviation history. He was killed in an aircraft accident at Wellington in February 1936, and this book is based on some of his records.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Fenwick, Percival. Gallipoli Diary. Auckland, New Zealand: David Ling, 2000.
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  367. The diary of a New Zealand Medical Corps doctor kept during the first two months of the Gallipoli campaign.
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  369. Ingram, Monty. In Flanders Fields: The World War One Diary of Private Monty Ingram. Auckland, New Zealand: David Ling, 2006.
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  371. This is one of the most vivid and revealing published diaries by a New Zealand soldier of the First World War.
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  373. Phillips, Jock, Nicholas Boyack, and E. P. Malone, eds. The Great Adventure: New Zealand Soldiers Describe the First World War. Wellington, New Zealand: Allen & Unwin, 1988.
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  375. The diaries and letters of eight New Zealand soldiers provide considerable insight into what they experienced during the First World War. Sadly, half of the soldiers did not survive the war.
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  377. Scott, Keith Douglas. Before Anzac, Beyond Armistice: The Central Otago Soldiers of World War One and the Home They Left Behind. Auckland, New Zealand: Activity Press, 2009.
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  379. A poignant, moving account of soldiers from one region of New Zealand. Scott uses extracts from their letters and diaries to show what happened to them and the impact on their local communities.
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  381. Personalities and Military Leaders
  382.  
  383. There are very few biographies of New Zealand military commanders and even fewer of New Zealand political leaders of the time. Watson 2010 and Watson and Paterson 2011 prove a much-needed reassessment of William Massey, the much-maligned New Zealand prime minister during the war years. Analysis of New Zealand senior military commanders is provided by Harper 2003, Richardson 2003a, Richardson 2003b, Smith 2008, and Vennell 2011. Only one New Zealand Victoria Cross recipient has a substantial biography (Gasson 1966), although Gray 2007 provides a short account of another. All those who received a Victoria Cross in the First World War receive some coverage in Harper and Richardson 2006. Tolerton 1992 is one of the few books on a New Zealand woman and her role in the First World War.
  384.  
  385. Gasson, James. Travis, V. C. Man in No Man’s Land. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1966.
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  387. The only full-length biography of a New Zealand Victoria Cross winner of the First World War contains much of value about conditions on the Western Front and the New Zealand soldiers who fought there.
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  389. Gray, J. H. Quid non pro patria: The Short, Distinguished Military Life of Henry James Nicholas V. C., M. M. Christchurch: Christchurch City Council and Royal New Zealand Returned and Services’ Association, 2007.
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  391. A short account of Henry Nicholas, a recipient of the Victoria Cross in the First World War.
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  393. Harper, Glyn. “Major General Sir Andrew Russell: Divisional Commander on the Western Front.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 54–68. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  395. A brief analysis of the command qualities and leadership style of Major General Sir Andrew Russell.
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  397. Harper, Glyn, and Colin Richardson. In the Face of the Enemy: The Complete History of New Zealand and the Victoria Cross. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2006.
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  399. This book looks at all New Zealand Victoria Cross recipients with chapter 4 to 9 looking at the New Zealanders who received the Victoria Cross in the First World War.
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  401. Richardson, Colin. “General Sir Alexander John Godley: The Last Imperial Commander.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 39–53. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003a.
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  403. A clear analysis of the command qualities and leadership style of General Godley.
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  405. Richardson, Colin. “Major General Sir Edward Clervaux Chaytor: New Zealand’s Anzac Commander.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 69–84. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003b.
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  407. A clear analysis of the command qualities and leadership style of General Chaytor.
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  409. Smith, Michael. Fiery Ted: Anzac Commander. Christchurch, New Zealand: Michael Smith, 2008.
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  411. A detailed biography of Major General Sir Edward Chaytor, an important New Zealand military commander of the First World War and the only New Zealander to command a composite Anzac Division. This book, though difficult to read at times, is an important study.
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  413. Tolerton, Jane. Ettie: A Life of Ettie Rout. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 1992.
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  415. A study of Ettie Rout, New Zealand’s pioneering safe-sex campaigner of the First World War. Rout was referred to as “the guardian angel of the Anzacs” (p. 172). This book shows why such high praise was so thoroughly deserved.
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  417. Vennell, Jock. The Forgotten General: New Zealand’s World War One Commander, Major General Sir Andrew Russell. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2011.
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  419. The first biography of Andrew Russell, the only military commander of the New Zealand Division on the Western Front. The book paints a rather uncritical portrait, but Russell’s command qualities receive considerable attention.
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  421. Watson, James. W. F. Massey. London: Haus, 2010.
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  423. Watson’s succinct, scholarly overview of Massey’s life and times concentrates on his role at the Paris peace conference. Massey’s legacy is also explored. An important book that challenges the myths and stereotypes around an influential New Zealand prime minister.
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  425. Watson, James, and Lachy Paterson, eds. A Great New Zealand Prime Minister? Reappraising William Ferguson Massey. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 2011.
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  427. William Ferguson Massey was New Zealand’s prime minister from 1914 to 1918. Often portrayed as a well-meaning buffoon and a narrow, bigoted tyrant, this collection of conference essays challenges these stereotypes.
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  429. Home Front and Legacy of the War
  430.  
  431. The home front and the legacy of the war is a much-neglected area of research. Even as the centenary of the First World War approaches, there is still no scholarly, inclusive, and detailed study of the New Zealand home front during the war years. Baker 1988 provided an important study on the impact of conscription to New Zealand in August 1916. Maclean and Phillips 1990 on war memorials made little impact when it first appeared but is now much sought after as interest in memorialization of the war has surged in recent years. Much of the scholarly work on the home front during the First World War has emerged in the last decade. Crawford and McGibbon 2007 contains several chapters on the First World War. Hucker 2009 examined the reaction of New Zealanders to the outbreak of the war in 1914, whereas Gould 2009 examined how Māori returned soldiers were part of the wider land settlement scheme. Francis 2012 is a comprehensive account of how enemy aliens were treated during the war. Eldred-Grigg 2010 is a flawed account of New Zealand society during the war but still contains much of value. Callister 2008 examined how photography both reflected and had an impact on the New Zealand war experience.
  432.  
  433. Baker, Paul. King and Country Call: New Zealanders, Conscription, and the Great War. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 1988.
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  435. An important, groundbreaking study on the introduction of conscription in New Zealand in August 1916 and the effects it had on the nation and those who resisted it.
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  437. Callister, Sandy. The Face of War: New Zealand’s Great War Photography. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2008.
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  439. Callister analyzes how photography during the war years was used to capture, narrate, and memorialize the experiences of New Zealanders wherever they happened to be.
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  441. Crawford, John, and Ian McGibbon, eds. New Zealand’s Great War: New Zealand, the Allies, and the First World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2007.
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  443. This book is a collection of edited conference papers. Part 4 of the book contains eight chapters dealing with aspects of the home front.
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  445. Eldred-Grigg, Stevan. The Great Wrong War: New Zealand Society in WWI. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House, 2010.
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  447. A left-wing polemic account of New Zealand in the First World War that makes some preposterous claims; one being that Imperial Germany was the most democratic nation in the world in 1914. If these polemic arguments are kept in check, there is much of value in this book. It is well written, contains many previously unpublished images, and reveals much new information about New Zealand and the First World War.
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  449. Francis, Andrew. ‘To Be Truly British We Must Be Anti-German’: New Zealand, Enemy Aliens, and the Great War Experience, 1914–1919. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 2012.
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  451. This book is a study of the treatment of German-speaking settlers in New Zealand during the First World War. It wears its doctoral origins a little heavily but covers its subject well, making useful comparisons with what was occurring elsewhere in the British Empire.
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  453. Gould, Ashley. “From Taiaha to Ko: Repatriation and Land Settlement for Maori Soldiers in New Zealand.” War & Society 28.2 (October 2009): 49–83.
  454. DOI: 10.1179/072924709793054679Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Gould’s article examines Māori participation in the land settlement schemes for returned soldiers. It challenges the view that Māori were deliberately excluded from the scheme.
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  457. Hucker, Graham. “‘The Great Wave of Enthusiasm’: New Zealand Reactions to the First World War in August 1914—A Reassessment.” New Zealand Journal of History 43 (2009): 59–71.
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  459. Hucker’s article used a regional analysis to challenge the view that the outbreak of the First World War was greeted “with enthusiasm” by all parts of New Zealand society.
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  461. Maclean, Chris, and Jock Phillips. The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials. Wellington, New Zealand: GP, 1990.
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  463. While dealing with New Zealand war memorials in general, the bulk of this book deals with the memorials erected to commemorate the First World War. It shows how deeply the war impacted communities all over New Zealand.
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  465. The Second World War
  466.  
  467. The Second World War is the most well-recorded conflict in New Zealand’s military history. This reflects both how important this war was to New Zealand and awareness of the lost opportunities to record the previous conflict. For these reasons, the official history of New Zealand in the Second World War, at some forty-eight volumes, remains the largest publicly funded history series ever undertaken by New Zealand. New Zealand made a wholehearted contribution to the war effort from early on. The Second World War remains New Zealand’s greatest national effort to date. Just over 140,000 men and women served overseas with most of them—some 104,000—serving in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. The home front, for the first time, was mobilized for war as the country devoted between 30 to 50 percent of national income to the war effort. At its peak in June 1942, 154,549 men and women had undergone military mobilization on the home front, and an additional 100,000 men were serving in the Home Guard. In total, 194,000 men, 67 percent of those aged 18 to 45, and 10,000 women served in the armed forces. Of these, 11,625 were killed in action, the highest per capita rate in the British Commonwealth.
  468.  
  469. The Official History
  470.  
  471. The campaign volumes and several others provide a solid foundation from which to launch further studies. These took years to produce, involved extensive research and consultation, and are thoroughly readable. The criticisms of New Zealand commanders tend to be somewhat muted though. The campaign volumes were all published by the War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington. The histories all have the designator: “Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45.” The campaign volumes are organized here in order of the events they cover.
  472.  
  473. 2nd New Zealand Division/2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force
  474.  
  475. The campaigns of the 2nd New Zealand Division received extensive coverage in the official history. In all, there are nine volumes that detail this division’s war experience. The first campaign of the 2nd New Zealand Division was Greece and Crete in 1941. Each has a separate volume (McClymont 1959 and Davin 1953). Four volumes cover the 2nd New Zealand Division’s campaign in North Africa (Murphy 1961, Scoullar 1955, Walker 1967, and Stevens 1962), and two volumes record the Italian campaign (Phillips 1957 and Kay 1967). In addition, `the volume by Stevens 1958 examines problems and issues that arose for the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force during the war years.
  476.  
  477. Davin, D. M. Crete. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1953.
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  479. The author served with the New Zealand Division in the Second World War as an intelligence officer. Davin was also an accomplished writer with several novels and short stories published. This volume is highly regarded for its prose style and for its detailed analysis of the Crete campaign.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Kay, R. Italy. Vol. 2, From Cassino to Trieste. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1967.
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  483. The second volume of the Italian campaign concludes the campaigns of the 2nd New Zealand Division in the Second World War.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. McClymont, W. G. To Greece. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1959.
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  487. This volume deals with the raising and training of the New Zealand Division and its first operational deployment, the Greek campaign of April 1941.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Murphy, W. E. The Relief of Tobruk. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1961.
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  491. The first volume of the North African campaign analyzes Operation Crusader in November and December 1941. A highly complex battle, Murphy’s volume has been praised for its detail and lucidity.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Phillips, N. C. Italy. Vol. 1, The Sangro to Cassino. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1957.
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  495. The first volume of the Italian campaign covers the months from October 1943 to the end of October 1944. Its main focus is on the New Zealanders at Monte Cassino.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Scoullar, J. L. Battle for Egypt: The Summer of 1942. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1955.
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  499. Scoullar’s volume of the North African campaign analyzes the first six months of 1942. It examines several costly military disasters in which the 2nd New Zealand Division suffered heavy casualties.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Stevens, W. G. Problems of 2 NZEF. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1958.
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  503. A surprisingly candid account of the problems faced in maintaining such a large military force overseas. It was written by the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2 NZEF) senior administration officer.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Stevens, W. G. Bardia to Enfidaville. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1962.
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  507. Stevens’s volume covers the months from November 1942 to May 1943. It is the last volume of the North African campaign.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Walker, Ronald. Alam Halfa and Alamein. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1967.
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  511. Walker’s volume is a lucid and detailed account of the turning point of Alam Halfa and the second battle of El Alamein.
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  513. 3rd New Zealand Division
  514.  
  515. New Zealand raised a two-brigade division that saw limited action in the South Pacific theatre of war in 1942–1943. One volume of the official history (Gillespie 1952) examines its contribution to the war effort.
  516.  
  517. Gillespie, O. A. The Pacific. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1952.
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  519. The one volume of the Pacific war contains three chapters (chapter 4 to 6) on the 3rd New Zealand Division’s operations. Other chapters cover little-known aspects of New Zealand’s war effort in the Pacific including garrison duty on several Pacific islands (chapter 2 and 11), the work of the coast watchers (chapter 8), and training for guerrilla-type operations (chapter 10).
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  521. Air Force/Navy Volumes
  522.  
  523. A criticism made of the New Zealand official history is that it does not give enough coverage to the thousands of service personnel with the air forces or the navy. The navy is the least covered service with just one volume (Watson 1956). The air force fares better with a volume on the Royal New Zealand Air Force (Ross 1955) and three volumes on New Zealanders serving with the Royal Air Force (Thompson 1953–1959).
  524.  
  525. Ross, J. M. S. Royal New Zealand Air Force. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1955.
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  527. This volume covers the development of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) from the 1920s on. Its focus is on the role the RNZAF played in providing trained personnel for the Royal Air Force (RAF), whereas the latter part of the volume details the RNZAF’s own combat operations against the Japanese in the Pacific theatre of war.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Thompson, H. L. New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Vols. 1–3. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1953–1959.
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  531. Nearly 11,000 New Zealanders served with the RAF during the war, most as aircrew. More than 3,000 of them were killed in action. Wing Commander H. L. Thompson’s three volumes detail these men’s activities in all the theatres of war in which they fought.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Watson, S. D. The Royal New Zealand Navy. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956.
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  535. This is the only volume of the official history covering the activities of the Royal New Zealand Navy in the Second World War.
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  537. Other Official Histories
  538.  
  539. There are several other volumes of the official history that are especially significant. These include New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs 1949–1963, Baker 1965, Mason 1954, Stout 1954, Stout 1956, Stout 1958, Taylor 1986, and Wood 1958. These volumes focus on the home front experience, war medicine, and prisoners of war. From 1949 to 1967, twenty-one unit histories were produced. In addition, twenty-four booklets, dealing with such diverse topics as women at war, prisoner of war escapes, special forces, and troopships were published from 1948 to 1954. These booklets, labeled “Episodes and Studies,” were first published individually but were later grouped into two separate volumes.
  540.  
  541. Baker, J. V. T. War Economy. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1965.
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  543. This volume examines how the New Zealand government funded its massive war effort. Its central theme is the decision to avoid overseas borrowing and pay for the war, as much as possible, from its own internal resources.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Mason, W. Wynne. Prisoners of War. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954.
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  547. New Zealand was the only combatant nation to include the prisoner of war experience as part of its official history. With more than 9,000 service personnel captured or interned, a volume on this subject is an important part of New Zealand’s war history.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs, War History Branch. Documents Relating to New Zealand’s Participation in the Second World War, 1939–45. Vols. 1–3. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1949–1963.
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  551. In order to have some volumes of the official history published earlier, three volumes of documents were published. The documents chosen were aimed to be complementary and support the campaign and political volumes of the official history. To protect cipher security, documents in the earlier volumes were paraphrased.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Stout, T. Duncan M. War Surgery and Medicine. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954.
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  555. This book records the work done and significant advances in clinical medicine and surgery of the New Zealand Medical Corps during the Second World War.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Stout, T. Duncan M. New Zealand Medical Services in Middle East and Italy. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956.
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  559. This volume examines the New Zealand medical services in North African and Italian campaigns.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Stout, T. Duncan M. Medical Services in New Zealand and the Pacific: In Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force and with Prisoners of War. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1958.
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  563. This volume examines the New Zealand medical services in the Pacific theatre of war.
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  565. Taylor, Nancy M. The New Zealand People at War: The Home Front. Vols. 1–2. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1986.
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  567. The last two volumes of the official history were published forty years after the war ended. Taylor’s two volumes focused on how the war affected New Zealand civilians and how these people contributed significantly to New Zealand’s war effort.
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  569. Wood, F. L. W. The New Zealand People at War: Political and External Affairs. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1958.
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  571. This volume is a study of New Zealand during the war years. Its focus is New Zealand’s external relations and with domestic trends that influenced external policy from 1939 to 1945.
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  573. Campaigns and Battles
  574.  
  575. McGibbon 2004 provides the most scholarly and comprehensive overview of New Zealand in the Second World War. Crawford 2002 also covers the conflict in depth, but the qualities of the contributions vary. Begg and Liddle 2000 uses oral history to provide an overview of the New Zealand war experience. Haworth 2007 uses the works of war artists to do this, too. McIntyre 1988 examines how New Zealand prepared for the Second World War, or rather did not prepare for it, and how well these preparations played out in the war.
  576.  
  577. Begg, Richard Campbell, and Peter Liddle, eds. For Five Shillings a Day: Experiencing War, 1939–45. London: HarperCollins, 2000.
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  579. Told through the recollections of fifty-three men and one woman. It covers the history of the Second World War and many theatres of conflict as seen from individual perspectives of those who took part.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Crawford, John, ed. Kia Kah: New Zealand in the Second World War. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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  583. An edited collection of conference papers that covers all aspects of New Zealand in the Second World War.
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  585. Haworth, Jennifer. The Art of War: New Zealand War Artists in the Field. Christchurch, New Zealand: Wily, 2007.
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  587. A survey of the work of six New Zealand war artists during the Second World War. The book features more than 130 reproductions of their paintings and drawings.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. McGibbon, Ian. New Zealand and the Second World War: The People, the Battles and the Legacy. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder Moa Beckett, 2004.
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  591. A comprehensive and detailed analysis of New Zealand and the Second World War. It covers all the campaigns, the strategy, war on the home front, and the war’s enduring legacy.
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  593. McIntyre, W. David. New Zealand Prepares for War. Christchurch, New Zealand: University of Canterbury Press, 1988.
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  595. A detailed analysis of how New Zealand prepared for war in the 1920s and 1930s. McIntyre also analyzes how well these preparations stood the test of war.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Naval Warfare
  598.  
  599. New Zealand’s naval efforts in the Second World War still receive little attention. Harker 1971 and Harker 1980 are the exceptions, and Atkinson 2009 examined the role played by the much-neglected merchant seamen.
  600.  
  601. Atkinson, Neill, ed. Hell or High Water: New Zealand Merchant Seafarers Remember the War. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2009.
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  603. Part of a comprehensive oral history of New Zealanders in the Second World War, this volume concentrates on the much-neglected merchant navy contribution.
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  605. Harker, Jack S. Well Done Leander. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins, 1971.
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  607. The account of the New Zealand cruiser Leander during the Second World War.
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  609. Harker, Jack S. HMNZS Achilles. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins, 1980.
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  611. The account of the New Zealand cruiser Achilles during the Second World War.
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  613. Land Warfare
  614.  
  615. The efforts of the 2nd New Zealand Division in North Africa and Italy have received considerable attention from historians. The battles of North Africa have received fresh perspectives from Edwards 2012 and Holland 2005. The battle of Cassino remains controversial, and publications by Williams 2002 and Harper and Tonkin-Covell 2013 have analyzed New Zealand’s role in this part of the Italian campaign. The much-neglected Pacific campaign has received scholarly attention recently from Hutching 2001, Newell 2012, and Petty 2008. The oral histories in Hutching 2001 have focused on the land campaigns of Crete, Italy, North Africa, and the Pacific. Crete is covered by the outstanding account of the campaign in Beevor 1991 and by Simpson 1981. Parr 2006 is an oral history focusing on New Zealanders who took part in Operation Overlord in June 1944.
  616.  
  617. Beevor, Antony. Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. London: John Murray, 1991.
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  619. Published to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, Beevor’s account of the battle of Crete remains one of the best to date. The battle for the island in May–June 1941 is well covered, but Beevor also records the history of the island under German occupation.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Edwards, Jill, ed. El Alamein and the Struggle for North Africa: International Perspectives from the Twenty-First Century. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 2012.
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  623. Edited conference papers from an international symposium on the battle of El Alamein. Chapter 4 deals specifically with New Zealand’s contribution to the battle.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Harper, Glyn, and John Tonkin-Covell. The Battles of Monte Cassino: The Campaign and Its Controversies. Auckland, New Zealand: Allen & Unwin, 2013.
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  627. A reappraisal of the four battles of Monte Cassino and New Zealand’s part in them. Rather than being a strict campaign narrative, this book explores key themes emerging from the battles.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Holland, James. Together We Stand: Turning the Tide in the West; North Africa 1942–1943. London: HarperCollins, 2005.
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  631. A detailed and wide-ranging account of the war in North Africa at the turn of the tide.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Hutching, Megan, ed. “A Unique Sort of Battle”: New Zealanders Remember Crete. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2001.
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  635. The first in a series that used the oral testimony of those who were there to capture key parts of New Zealand’s experience in the Second World War. Other volumes in the series focusing on land warfare include A Fair Sort of Battering: New Zealanders Remember the Italian Campaign (Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2004), The Desert Road: New Zealanders Remember the North African Campaign (Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2005), and Against the Rising Sun: New Zealanders Remember the Pacific. (Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2006).
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Newell, Reg. Operation Goodtime and the Battle of the Treasury Islands, 1943: The World War II Invasion by United States and New Zealand Forces. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012.
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  639. An account of the New Zealand amphibious operation against the Japanese-held Treasury Islands on 27 October 1943. New Zealand provided the ground forces; the United States, air, naval, and logistical support. The first complete published account of this operation.
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  641. Parr, Alison, ed. The Big Show: New Zealanders, D-Day and the War in Europe. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2006.
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  643. Nearly 10,000 New Zealanders took part in Operation Overlord, the cross-channel invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe on 6 June 1944. Parr’s oral history, using the testimony of twelve New Zealand veterans, tells this dramatic story in the words of its participants.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Petty, Bruce M., ed. New Zealand in the Pacific War: Personal Accounts of World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008.
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  647. A comprehensive oral history of New Zealand and the Pacific War. This book features recollections of New Zealand and US service members, New Zealanders on the home front, as well as the descendants of those who took part. This latter group are the children born to US servicemen and their New Zealand wives.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Simpson, Tony. Operation Mercury: The Battle for Crete, 1941. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder and Stoughton, 1981.
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  651. A well-researched and detailed account of the battle for Crete. The author interviewed many Crete veterans and used their testimony throughout the book.
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  653. Williams, Tony. Cassino: New Zealand Soldiers in the Battle for Italy. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2002.
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  655. An account of the battle of Cassino primarily from a New Zealand perspective. The book addresses some of the big issues around the battle but is careful to avoid criticizing New Zealand commanders too strongly.
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  657. The Air War
  658.  
  659. As with books on New Zealand’s naval efforts in the war, New Zealanders fighting in the air war have received scant coverage compared with those on the land campaigns. Lambert’s history of New Zealanders in Bomber Command (Lambert 2005) and in Fighter Command (Lambert 2011) is a welcome corrective to this. Claasen 2012 examines the contribution of Australian and New Zealand pilots in the Battle of Britain. New Zealanders serving in the air war in the Pacific theatre remain a neglected area of study.
  660.  
  661. Claasen, Adam. Dogfight: The Battle of Britain. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2012.
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  663. Pilots from New Zealand and Australia were the second-largest foreign contingent of “the few” in the Battle of Britain. This is an analysis of the part they played.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Lambert, Max. Night after Night: New Zealanders in Bomber Command. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2005.
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  667. A detailed analysis of the part New Zealanders played in Bomber Command. This book explains why such heavy losses—over 55,000 in Bomber Command alone—were incurred as well as analyzes the part that the bombing offensive played in winning the war.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Lambert, Max. Day after Day: New Zealanders in Fighter Command. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2011.
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  671. Lacking the verve and impact of Night after Night, Lambert’s second book is still a solid account of New Zealanders serving in Fighter Command.
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  673. Personal Accounts
  674.  
  675. As with the First World War, many personal accounts by New Zealand participants offer considerable insight and analysis into what occurred. Those listed in the following subsections are considered to be in this category.
  676.  
  677. Prisoner of War Experience
  678.  
  679. More than 9,000 New Zealand military personnel became prisoners of war, and many wrote of this experience. Thomas 1951 is an account of the author’s captivity and became a bestseller that was reprinted several times, whereas Henderson 1945 remains one of New Zealand’s best-selling war books. Most New Zealand prisoners of war, like Armstrong 1947?, were captured during the North African campaign. This included the two most senior officers to become prisoners: Clifton 1952 and Hargest 1946. Clifton survived the war; Hargest successfully escaped captivity to be killed in Normandy in August 1944.
  680.  
  681. Armstrong, C. N. Life without Ladies. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1947?.
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  683. Armstrong served as an officer in the 22nd Battalion in Greece, Crete, and North Africa where he was captured by the Germans. After several attempts, Armstrong escaped and was able to cross into Sweden concealed in a consignment of coal. An account of his time in captivity.
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  685. Clifton, George. The Happy Hunted. London: Cassell, 1952.
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  687. Although half of this book deals with the author’s capture and repeated escape attempts, more than 200 pages record a senior officer’s involvement in the Greek and North African campaigns.
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  689. Hargest, James. Farewell Campo 12. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1946.
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  691. Brigadier James Hargest’s account of his capture in North Africa and his successful escape across the Pyrenees into Spain.
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  693. Henderson, Jim. Gunner Inglorious. Wellington, New Zealand: H. H. Tombs, 1945.
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  695. Written in only three weeks, this is a moving and descriptive account of one man’s war service. Henderson was badly wounded during the war and had a leg amputated while in captivity. One of New Zealand’s best-selling war books.
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  697. Thomas, W. B. Dare to Be Free. London: Allan Wingate, 1951.
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  699. W. B. (“Sandy”) Thomas was badly wounded and captured during the battle for Crete. This book, regarded as a military classic, recounts his escape attempts and time on the run in German-occupied Greece.
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  701. On Operations
  702.  
  703. Far more New Zealanders wrote of their service in the Second World War than in any other New Zealand conflict. These included accounts by senior officers, such as Burrows 1974 and Kippenberger 1949, or by ordinary soldiers, such as Blythe 1989 and Slatter 1995. Cox 1947 offered a perceptive analysis of the final part of the Italian campaign, whereas McIntyre 1981 provided the unique perspective of an official war artist. Only one New Zealand Victoria Cross holder, Keith Elliott, wrote of his war experience (Elliott and Adshead 1967). Deere 1959 wrote of the author’s time as a fighter pilot in the United Kingdom and Europe, whereas Gardiner 1981 provided a colorful account of the author’s service in North Africa.
  704.  
  705. Blythe, John. Soldiering On: A Soldier’s War in North Africa and Italy. Auckland, New Zealand: Century Hutchison, 1989.
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  707. The account of a signaler’s war service in North Africa and Italy.
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  709. Burrows, J. T. Pathway among Men. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1974.
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  711. Burrows was a well-known infantry soldier of the Second World War, reaching the rank of brigadier. He was also a teacher and skilled sportsman playing for the New Zealand All Blacks. This book records all these experiences.
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  713. Cox, Geoffrey. The Road to Trieste. London: Heinemann, 1947.
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  715. An account of the 2nd New Zealand Division’s final campaign of the war written by a journalist who took part as a senior intelligence officer.
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  717. Deere, Alan C. Nine Lives. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1959.
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  719. An account of the war service of one of New Zealand’s most distinguished fighter pilots. This book is regarded as a classic account of one man’s war in fighter command, especially during the Battle of Britain in 1940.
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  721. Elliott, Keith, and Rona Adshead. From Cowshed to Dogcollar. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed, 1967.
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  723. This book is the only autobiography written by a New Zealand Victoria Cross recipient. The “dogcollar” in the title refers to Elliott’s work as an Anglican minister after the war.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Gardiner, Noel (“Wig”). Freyberg’s Circus: Reminiscences of a Kiwi Soldier in the North African Campaign of World War II. Auckland, New Zealand: Ray Richards, 1981.
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  727. A reflective and analytical account of the author’s war service in North Africa.
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  729. Kippenberger, Howard. Infantry Brigadier. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
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  731. Perhaps the most influential war memoir written by a New Zealander. A well-written, analytical account of Kippenberger’s war service in Greece, Crete, North Africa, and Italy. Used by the Israeli Staff College as a set text for many years.
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  733. McIntyre, Peter. Peter McIntyre, War Artist. Wellington, New Zealand: Reed, 1981.
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  735. The official New Zealand war artist’s account of his war service makes compelling reading. Containing forty-four color paintings and seventy-five pencil sketches, this book visually records the experience of New Zealand soldiers in various campaigns and is an important historical source.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Slatter, Gordon. One More River: The Final Campaign of the Second New Zealand Division in Italy. Auckland, New Zealand: David Ling, 1995.
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  739. A young infantryman’s account of a much-neglected campaign in New Zealand’s military history.
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  741. Land Commanders
  742.  
  743. New Zealand land commanders of the Second World War have received extensive coverage. Of these, Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, who commanded both the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2 NZEF) and the 2nd New Zealand Division, has been analyzed as a corps commander by Barber and Tonkin-Covell 1990 and as a national contingent commander by Wright 2005 and Tonkin-Covell 2003. The definitive biography of Freyberg remains to be done, however. Howard Kippenberger is the subject of two extensive studies by Harper 1997 and McLean 2008. Some senior officers have received scant attention from historians. These include Major General Barrowclough and Major General Gentry. Crawford 2003 is the most detailed study of Barrowclough available, whereas Mathieson 1996 is an edited collection of Gentry’s letters which reveal much about the man. New Zealand battalion commanders are also a neglected area of study, and McElwain 2003 is the only analysis done to date on these commanders. Soutar 2003 analyzes the performance of the Māori officer who rose to command the 28 Māori Battalion.
  744.  
  745. Barber, Laurie, and John Tonkin-Covell. Freyberg: Churchill’s Salamander. Auckland, New Zealand: Century Hutchinson, 1990.
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  747. A study of Freyberg’s performance during the time he served as a corps commander in Crete, North Africa, and during the battles of Monte Cassino.
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  749. Crawford, John. “Major General Sir Harold Barrowclough: Leadership and Command in Two World Wars.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 144–163. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  751. An overview of New Zealand’s most significant land force commander in the Pacific theatre of war.
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  753. Harper, Glyn. Kippenberger: An Inspired New Zealand Commander. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 1997.
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  755. An analysis of the command skills of one of New Zealand’s most successful and well-known military commanders of the Second World War.
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  757. Mathieson, Sally, ed. Bill Gentry’s War, 1939–1945. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore, 1996.
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  759. Maj. Gen. Sir William Gentry’s thoughts about the war he fought, the conditions endured, the places visited, and so much more is revealed in this collection of letters, edited by his daughter.
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  761. McElwain, Roger. “Commanding Officers of the Infantry Battalions of 2nd New Zealand Division.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 177–197. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  763. McElwain’s chapter remains the only published analysis of New Zealand battalion commanders during the Second World War.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. McLean, Denis. Howard Kippenberger: Dauntless Spirit. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House, 2008.
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  767. A biography of Howard Kippenberger. It focuses more on Kippenberger the man, rather than “Kip” the commander. It gives equal attention to Kippenberger’s role as military leader, editor of the official histories, author, and national figure.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Soutar, Monty. “Maori Commanders of the 28 Maori Battalion.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 198–208. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  771. The 28 Māori Battalion, one of ten infantry battalions of the 2nd New Zealand Division, was a unique unit. Recruited from several Māori tribes, some of whom provided whole companies in the battalion, this chapter looks at the six Māori officers who led the battalion during the war years.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Tonkin-Covell, John. “Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg: A Necessary Commander?” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 97–119. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  775. An analysis of Freyberg’s performance as a military commander. Tonkin-Covell concludes that Freyberg, although no military genius, was a workmanlike, methodical, and careful general.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. Wright, Matthew. Freyberg’s War: The Man, the Legend and Reality. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2005.
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  779. Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg led the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force throughout the war. This biography is a little uncritical of Freyberg’s performance at times, but Wright captures much of Freyberg’s leadership style and achievements.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Air Commanders
  782.  
  783. New Zealand air commanders have not fared as well as their land counterparts. Sir Keith Park is the subject of a detailed biography by Orange 1984 and has also received some analysis by Hayward 2003a. Orange 1990 and Hayward 2003b also provided considerable analysis of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. Orange has also written accounts of New Zealand pilots in Fighter Commander (Orange 1987) and Coastal Command (Orange 1994).
  784.  
  785. Hayward, Joel. “Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park: Air Commander of the Few.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 85–96. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003a.
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  787. An overview of the command skills, style, and achievements of an air commander serving in the Royal Air Force who, along with Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, made significant contributions to the air war and its eventual success.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. Hayward, Joel. “Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham: Desert Air Commander.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 164–176. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003b.
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  791. An overview of the command skills, style, and achievements of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham who, along with Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park, served in the Royal Air Force and made significant contributions to the air war and its eventual success.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Orange, Vincent. A Biography of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park. London: Methuen, 1984.
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  795. The only detailed biography of Sir Keith Park, New Zealand’s most successful and influential military commander.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Orange, Vincent. The Road to Biggin Hill. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1987.
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  799. An account of the flying war of New Zealand fighter pilot Johnny Checketts.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Orange, Vincent. Coningham: A Biography of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. London: Methuen, 1990.
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  803. The only biography of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, the Australian-born, New Zealand–raised air commander responsible for developing close air support doctrine in the Royal Air Force during the war.
  804. Find this resource:
  805. Orange, Vincent. Ensor’s Endeavour: A Biography of Wing Commander Mick Ensor. London: Grub Street, 1994.
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  807. The only detailed study of a New Zealand pilot of Coastal Command during the Second World War. After the war Ensor remained in the Royal Air Force and flew more than 200 missions during the Berlin Airlift.
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Leaders and Personalities
  810.  
  811. New Zealand political leaders have received little attention. Bassett and King 2001 provides the only full biography of wartime Prime Minister Peter Fraser. New Zealand Victoria Cross holders are featured in Harper and Richardson 2006, while Sandford 1962 on Charles Upham is one of New Zealand’s best-selling books. Soutar 2009 is an analysis of a company of the Māori Battalion, an impressive work of oral history that reveals much about the leaders and personalities who formed the distinctive infantry subunit. Tiscenko 2000 is an unusual story from “the other side of the hill.”
  812.  
  813. Bassett, Michael, with Michael King. Tomorrow Comes the Song: A Life of Peter Fraser. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2001.
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  815. The only full biography of Peter Fraser, New Zealand’s wartime prime minister. This book confirms the belief that Fraser was a great prime minister. Fraser steered New Zealand through the Second World War and was a founding father of the United Nations in 1945.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Harper, Glyn, and Colin Richardson. In the Face of the Enemy: The Complete History of the Victoria Cross and New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Harper Collins, 2006.
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  819. Chapters 10 to 13 cover the Victoria Crosses awarded to New Zealand soldiers and airmen of the Second World War.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Sandford, Kenneth. Mark of the Lion: The Story of Capt. Charles Upham, V.C. and Bar. London: Hutchinson, 1962.
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  823. Although written as a tale of infantry courage and derring-do, this book does reveal much about the only combatant New Zealand soldier to be awarded a bar to the Victoria Cross.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Soutar, Monty. Nga Tama Toa: The Price of Citizenship; C Company 28 (Māori) Battalion 1939–45. Auckland, New Zealand: David Bateman, 2009.
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  827. Based on interviews with all the surviving members of C Company, 28 Māori Battalion, the ten-year project is recorded in this book. Its focus is on one company of the battalion, which restricts the material to just one region of New Zealand, the North Island’s East Coast, and mainly to the tribe of Ngati Porou.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Tiscenko, Helga. Strawberries with the Führer. Christchurch: Shoal Bay, 2000.
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  831. The story of a privileged family in Nazi Germany well connected to its highest levels of authority. This book traces the rise and fall of Nazi Germany and how one “Nazi brat” eventually found peace and acceptance in New Zealand.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Home Front and Legacy of the War
  834.  
  835. The two home front volumes of the official history, written by Nancy M. Taylor (see Taylor 1986), are an excellent starting point for material on the home front. The volumes on the war economy (Baker 1965) and the New Zealand people at war (Wood 1958) should also be consulted (Taylor 1986, Baker 1965, and Wood 1958 are all cited under Second World War: Official History: Other Official Histories). In addition, four chapters, chapters 12 to 14 and chapter 20, in Crawford’s Kia Kaha deal with aspects of the home front (Crawford 2002, cited under Second World War: Campaigns and Battles). The impact of the war on New Zealand women is the subject of studies by Preston 1995 and Montgomerie 2001, whereas Ellis 2006 focused on the relationships that developed between US servicemen and New Zealand women during the war years. McLeod 1986 sought to strip away the myths that developed after the Second World War and analyze what war service was really like for ordinary New Zealand soldiers. Parr 1995 analyzed the war’s destructive legacy.
  836.  
  837. Ellis, Joan. A String of Pearls. Wellington, New Zealand: First Edition, 2006.
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  839. A compilation of letters and stories based on the interaction between New Zealand women and US marines during the war. Reaction to this book prompted further material to surface, and a second publication is underway.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. McLeod, John. Myth and Reality: The New Zealand Soldier in World War II. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Methueun, 1986.
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  843. A perceptive account of what it was really like to serve as a New Zealand soldier during the Second World War and the mythology surrounding the New Zealand war experience. This book created much controversy on its publication but has stood up to considerable scrutiny and analysis ever since.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Montgomerie, Deborah. The Women’s War: New Zealand Women 1939–45. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2001.
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  847. An analysis of the roles that New Zealand women played during the war years. Montgomerie argues that the great changes in the roles of women during the war years are largely illusory. Rather than proving to be a great divide or rupture in the gender order, changes were modest, and the war years were essentially a conservative period in relation to social change.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Montgomerie, Deborah. Love in Time of War: Letter Writing in the Second World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2005.
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  851. This book shows how New Zealanders coped with the war and the vital importance of letters home as part of this process.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Parr, Alison. Silent Casualties: New Zealand’s Unspoken Legacy of the Second World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Tandem, 1995.
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  855. This book examines the psychological cost of New Zealand veterans’ war service. It argues that this cost was manifest in New Zealand but little understood and seldom discussed.
  856. Find this resource:
  857. Preston, Gaylene. War Stories Our Mothers Never Told Us. Edited by Judith Fyfe. Sydney: Penguin, 1995.
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  859. Filmmaker Preston used material from her film of the same name to compile this book. The impact of war on the lives of those left behind is the subject, but the book especially focuses on the relationships dislocated, damaged, strengthened, or destroyed by the war.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. From The Cold War to the Global War on Terror
  862.  
  863. Although New Zealand has been an active participant in many conflicts since 1945, its historians, and even those who took part, have been reluctant to write about this experience. As part of the anti-communist bloc during the Cold War, New Zealand participated in the Korean War and the Vietnam War while also supporting Britain’s efforts against communist insurgents in Malaya from 1948 to 1960. It later assisted Britain and Malaysia against Indonesian aggression during the Konfrontasi. It is only relatively recently that the official histories of these conflicts were completed. Following a dispute with the United States over nuclear-powered ship visits, New Zealand ended the Cold War as an outcast from the anti-communist bloc. Since the end of the Cold War, New Zealand troops have been involved in overseas conflicts, primarily as part of United Nations’ peacekeeping missions. Although these deployments have been on a much smaller scale than the world wars, the deployment of Special Air Service (SAS) troops, followed by a full battalion group plus a helicopter squadron and a frigate and a tanker, to East Timor in 1999 marked the largest New Zealand deployment since the Korean War. New Zealanders have served in conflict zones as peacekeepers/peace enforcers in such diverse places as Bosnia, Somalia, East Timor, Tonga, the Solomons, and Afghanistan. The deployment to Afghanistan, where the New Zealanders operated a Provincial Reconstruction Team in Bamiyan Province and provided Special Forces, became one of New Zealand’s longest-running military commitments, lasting considerably longer than the Second World War.
  864.  
  865. Policy and Diplomacy
  866.  
  867. Several of the books listed here focus on key policy decisions made by successive New Zealand governments. McIntyre 1995 analyzes the background to the ANZUS alliance, Hensley 2013 offers an insider’s view on the end of the alliance, and Hall 1993 examines New Zealand’s diplomatic maneuver after it was excluded from ANZUS. Greener 2006 analyzes the decision made to commit forces to Afghanistan and the role these forces played there. Rolfe 1993 discusses how defense policy was made and implemented over a 30-year period, whereas Templeton 1995 analyzes New Zealand’s involvement with the United Nations over fifty years.
  868.  
  869. Greener, Peter, ed. Legacy of Armistice—Why Afghanistan? Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University of Technology Press, 2006.
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  871. Some prominent New Zealanders explain why New Zealand sent a deployment to Afghanistan and outline the military and humanitarian roles being undertaken there.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Hall, Robert A., ed. Australia-New Zealand: Closer Defence Relationships. Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993.
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  875. When New Zealand was excluded from ANZUS in the mid-1980s, it sought to strengthen its defense ties to Australia through a process of Closer Defence Relationships (CDR). This book is a collection of conference papers that explores the CDR concept.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Hensley, Gerald. Friendly Fire: Nuclear Politics and the Collapse of ANZUS, 1984–1987. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2013.
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  879. A first-hand account of the unraveling of the ANZUS military alliance after three years of scrambling and often heated diplomacy.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. McIntyre, W. David. Background to the ANZUS Pact: Policy-making, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1945–55. New York: St. Martins, 1995.
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  883. A detailed, analytical study of the background to the ANZUS alliance. This study shows how several strategic imperatives, including assisting the United Kingdom in the Middle East, were as much part of the new alliance as was concern about New Zealand and Australian security.
  884. Find this resource:
  885. Rolfe, James. Defending New Zealand: A Study of Structures, Processes and Relationships. Wellington, New Zealand: Institute of Policy Studies, 1993.
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  887. Although somewhat dated now, this first study of New Zealand’s defense policy system shows how defense policy was made and implemented over a period of thirty years.
  888. Find this resource:
  889. Templeton, Malcolm, ed. New Zealand as an International Citizen: Fifty Years of United Nations Membership. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1995.
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  891. A collection of chapters on various aspects of New Zealand’s membership of the United Nations. They cover such topics as peacekeeping, the law of the sea, and the Non-Government Organization perspective.
  892. Find this resource:
  893. Leaders and Personalities
  894.  
  895. Military commanders since 1945 have received scant attention from historians. Dennerly 2003 and Reid 2003 are notable exceptions. McGibbon 1993, an edited collection of letters, makes a valuable contribution to understanding the diplomacy of the post-1945 period. Little 2008 is a biography of the only New Zealand soldier to be awarded a Victoria Cross since 1943, whereas Rennie 1986 is by one of a very few senior officers who wrote of their military service.
  896.  
  897. Dennerly, Peter. “Vice Admiral Peter Phipps: New Zealand’s First Admiral.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 132–141. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  899. An overview of the life and career of the first New Zealand naval officer to command the Royal New Zealand Navy.
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Little, Paul. Willie Apiata, V.C.: The Reluctant Hero. North Shore, New Zealand: Viking, 2008.
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  903. The account of how a Special Air Service (SAS) soldier in Afghanistan was awarded New Zealand’s highest military honor—the first Victoria Cross to be awarded to a New Zealander since 1943.
  904. Find this resource:
  905. McGibbon, Ian, ed. Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh, 1943–52. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 1993.
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  907. The frank and candid letters of two of New Zealand’s leading public figures offer unparalleled insight into the issues of the day. Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh were at the center of international events ranging from the end of the Second World War, the creation of the United Nations, and the outbreak of the Korean War.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. Reid, Piers. “Lieutenant General Sir Leonard Thornton: Command in War and Peace.” In Born to Lead? Portraits of New Zealand Commanders. Edited by Glyn Harper and Joel Hayward, 209–221. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2003.
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  911. A biographical survey of one of New Zealand’s most influential postwar military commanders. Reid concludes that Thornton was perhaps the most capable staff officer and military manager New Zealand has produced.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Rennie, Frank. Regular Soldier: A Life in the New Zealand Army. Auckland, New Zealand: Endeavour, 1986.
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  915. One of the few senior officers to write about his military career, Colonel Rennie tells an amazing story of a thirty-four-year career. Commencing as a private soldier with service in the Pacific and Italy during the Second World War, Rennie formed and trained the SAS, which he then commanded on operations in Malaya. Rennie also served as commander of the Fijian Forces from 1966 to 1970.
  916. Find this resource:
  917. Occupation of Japan
  918.  
  919. New Zealand provided a very small part of the Allied occupation force for Japan. Brocklebank 1997 is the only published account of New Zealand’s role in the occupation force. Kay’s edited documents deal with both the occupation of Japan (Kay 1982) and with the ANZUS pact and peace treaty with Japan that followed (Kay 1985).
  920.  
  921. Brocklebank, Laurie. Jayforce: New Zealand and the Military Occupation of Japan, 1945–48. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 1997.
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  923. Published in association with the Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, this book details New Zealand’s involvement with the military occupation and postwar reconstruction of Japan.
  924. Find this resource:
  925. Kay, Robin, ed. Documents on New Zealand External Relations. Vol. 2, The Surrender and Occupation of Japan. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of External Relations, 1982.
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  927. An overview of New Zealand’s role in the occupation of Japan with around 750 official documents included.
  928. Find this resource:
  929. Kay, Robin, ed. The ANZUS Pact and the Treaty of Peace with Japan. Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch, 1985.
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  931. An overview of the period and a collection of documents of New Zealand’s external relations from the end of the Second World War to the signing of the ANZUS Pact in 1951.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Korean War
  934.  
  935. The Korean War remains New Zealand’s “forgotten war.” The official histories by McGibbon 1992 and McGibbon 1996 provide excellent coverage of the conflict, whereas Desmond 2013 offers an oral history from twelve New Zealand participants. Hopkins 2002 provides the often-forgotten naval perspective. Several Australian publications record New Zealand’s contribution in detail. Breen 1991 and Breen 1992 discuss the role of the New Zealand artillery regiments in two battles, whereas Grey 1988 has considerable material on the New Zealanders in Korea.
  936.  
  937. Breen, Bob. The Battle of Maryang San: 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment, Korea 2–8 October 1951. Sydney: Headquarters Training Command, 1991.
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  939. The battle of Maryang San was a major offensive action for the Australians during the Korean War. A New Zealand field artillery regiment provided critical support.
  940. Find this resource:
  941. Breen, Bob. The Battle of Kapyong: 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment, Korea 23–24 April 1951. Sydney: Headquarters Training Command, 1992.
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  943. The battle of Kapyong was a key defensive battle for the Australians during the Korean War, and New Zealand field artillery once again provided critical support.
  944. Find this resource:
  945. Desmond, Pip, ed. The War That Never Ended: New Zealand Veterans Remember Korea. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin, 2013.
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  947. The latest oral history publication funded by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage focuses on the “forgotten” Korean War. Ian McGibbon, official New Zealand historian of the conflict, provides a succinct, scholarly overview.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Grey, Jeffrey. The Commonwealth Armies and the Korean War: An Alliance Study. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1988.
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  951. An account and analysis of the relationships among Commonwealth forces in the Korean War.
  952. Find this resource:
  953. Hopkins, G. F., ed. Tales from Korea: The Royal New Zealand Navy in the Korean War. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2002.
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  955. The personal accounts of New Zealand Navy veterans who served during operations in the Korean War have been compiled by the author. The book also contains a useful timeline and some excellent maps.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. McGibbon, Ian. New Zealand and the Korean War. Vol. 1, Politics and Diplomacy. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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  959. The first volume of New Zealand’s official history of the Korean War sets the nation’s involvement against the politics and diplomacy of the time. This volume is regarded by many as the single best book on New Zealand’s defense and foreign policy of the period.
  960. Find this resource:
  961. McGibbon, Ian. New Zealand and the Korean War. Vol. 2, Combat Operations. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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  963. This second volume of the official history of the Korean War deals exclusively with New Zealand combat operations. It encompasses the role of the navy frigates, artillery regiments, and support units and clearly outlines the role played by New Zealand in the war.
  964. Find this resource:
  965. Malaya/Borneo
  966.  
  967. Gurr 2009 offers a soldier’s firsthand account of serving in one of the regional conflicts, whereas Pugsley 2003 is the official history of New Zealand’s involvement in a conflict that lasted more than fifteen years.
  968.  
  969. Gurr, Robert. Voices from a Border War: Borneo 1963–1965. Christchurch, New Zealand: Willson Scott, 2009.
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  971. The preparation and commitment of a New Zealand regular battalion to operations against Indonesia in defense of Malaysia are described in this book. Gurr was a young New Zealand officer who took part in the military operations against Indonesia.
  972. Find this resource:
  973. Pugsley, Christopher. From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo, 1946–1966. South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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  975. The official history of New Zealand’s involvement in two little-known wars in the South East Asian region. It covers New Zealand’s commitments to the Malayan emergency (1949–1960) and to the confrontation with Indonesia that followed (1964–1966).
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Vietnam War
  978.  
  979. New Zealand’s efforts in the Vietnam War have received considerable coverage, especially in recent years. The two volumes of the official history by Rabel 2005 and McGibbon 2010 are comprehensive and thoroughly researched. New Zealand Vietnam veterans have been recorded in works by Barnz 2008, Challinor 1998, and Challinor and Lancaster 2000, with the latter work focusing on the destructive legacy of the war. Soldiers’ accounts of their experiences in Vietnam are provided by Barnz 2004 and Subritzky 1995. The experiment of deploying New Zealand infantry as part of an Australian Battalion is analyzed by Spayce 2002 and Williams 2002 but from very different perspectives. Capon 2009 analyzes New Zealand’s unusual decision to deploy another Training Team to South Vietnam just as the country was seeking to disengage from the conflict.
  980.  
  981. Barnz, Billy. The Goat Hunter: Ho Chi Minh; A Kiwi Ruins His War. Christchurch, New Zealand: Willson Scott, 2004.
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  983. An account of one New Zealand gunner’s war in Vietnam in 1970 and 1971.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Barnz, Billy. Voices from Vietnam: The Stories of New Zealanders Who Served Their Country in Vietnam. Christchurch, New Zealand: Willson Scott, 2008.
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  987. A collection of oral testimony and records that seeks to portray the New Zealanders’ efforts in Vietnam in a more positive light.
  988. Find this resource:
  989. Capon, Shane H. “Withdrawal from Vietnam? The New Zealand Government’s Decision to Deploy a Second Army Training Team to South Vietnam.” War & Society 28.1 (May 2009): 149–172.
  990. DOI: 10.1179/072924709791329171Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991. The article focuses on New Zealand’s decision to send a second Training Team to South Vietnam in early 1972. The team’s role was controversial, and the decision to work with a US Training Team caused some friction with Australia.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Challinor, Deborah. Grey Ghosts: New Zealand Vietnam Vets Talk about Their War. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1998.
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  995. A group of New Zealand veterans reflect on their war experiences in Vietnam. Challinor has used their testimony to analyze what occurred in Vietnam and how veterans have lived with the experience.
  996. Find this resource:
  997. Challinor, Deborah, and Elizabeth Lancaster. Who’ll Stop the Rain? Agent Orange and the Children of New Zealand’s Vietnam Veterans. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2000.
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  999. A compelling and heart-wrenching look at the cost of the Vietnam War to those medically and psychologically damaged by the experience. It examines the case of five New Zealand families still dealing with the scars of war long after hostilities ceased.
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001. McGibbon, Ian. New Zealand’s Vietnam War: A History of Combat, Commitment and Controversy. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle, 2010.
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  1003. The second volume of New Zealand’s Official History of the Vietnam War covers a wide range of subjects including combat operations, humanitarian efforts, and the demobilization of participants. At some 550 pages, this is a long book with its flow often interrupted. It is an invaluable source on what New Zealanders did in Vietnam.
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005. Rabel, Roberto. New Zealand and the Vietnam War: Politics and Diplomacy. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 2005.
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  1007. The first volume of the New Zealand Official History of the Vietnam War deals with the often-chaotic diplomacy and foreign policy of the period. The book covers a great sweep of time commencing with the Indochina War in the 1950s and ending with the collapse of South Vietnam in 1975.
  1008. Find this resource:
  1009. Spayce, Bob. “ANZAC Battalions: Australian Experiences and Perspectives.” In The Australian Army and the Vietnam War, 1962–1972. Edited by Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey, 209–228. Canberra, Australia: Army History Unit, 2002.
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  1011. An analysis of how the ANZAC battalions in Vietnam were structured and performed. The author believes the experience of a combined Australian–New Zealand battalion was positive, one in which the ANZAC spirit not only lived on, but thrived.
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013. Subritzky, Mike. The Vietnam Scrapbook: The Second Anzac Adventure. Papakura, New Zealand: Three Feathers, 1995.
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  1015. This “scrapbook” compiled by the author contains a brief of all the New Zealand Army subunits and units that deployed to Vietnam. It also contains some 200 pages of personal recollections, a roll of honor that includes those wounded as well as killed in action, a list of honors and awards, and more than 400 photographs. The Vietnam Scrapbook is a valuable reference tool.
  1016. Find this resource:
  1017. Williams, Rob. “Meeting the Challenge of Training and Preparing Elements of 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, for Service in South Vietnam 1967–1971.” In The Australian Army and the Vietnam War, 1962–1972. Edited by Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey, 199–208. Canberra, Australia: Army History Unit, 2002.
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  1019. The recollections of a senior New Zealand officer show how New Zealand infantry companies trained and prepared for deployment to Vietnam as part of an ANZAC Battalion. The paper stresses the many problems of deploying at a subunit level.
  1020. Find this resource:
  1021. Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement
  1022.  
  1023. New Zealanders have had a long experience in peace support and peace enforcement operations. Crawford 1996 provides a survey of these various deployments for the 1950–1995 period. Several accounts examine more recent peace support operations. Bowd 2007 provides a first account of the peace support operations in Bougainville (Papua, New Guinea) in August 1990 and in October 1994 and includes a brief postscript of Operation BEL ISI, which commenced in 1997 and successfully concluded six years later. Crawford and Harper 2001 examines New Zealand’s largest-ever peace support operation, whereas Allnutt 2012 gives a first-hand account of what it was like to serve on several peacekeeping/peace support operations.
  1024.  
  1025. Allnutt, Greg. Keeping the Peace: A Kiwi’s Modern Conflict Experience. Christchurch, New Zealand: John Douglas, 2012.
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  1027. An account of one officer’s recent experience in the New Zealand Army. This book shows how actively involved the New Zealand Defence Force has been in conflicts over the last twenty years. Allnutt served in many of these, including Angola, Bougainville, Kuwait, East Timor, and Afghanistan.
  1028. Find this resource:
  1029. Bowd, Rueben R. E. Doves over the Pacific: In Pursuit of Peace and Stability on Bougainville. Loftus: Australian Military History Publications, 2007.
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  1031. An account of peace support operations in Bougainville written by an Australian army officer who served there.
  1032. Find this resource:
  1033. Crawford, John. In the Field for Peace: New Zealand’s Contribution to International Peace-Support Operations, 1950–1995. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Defence Force, 1996.
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  1035. The eighty-four-page publication provides a brief survey of New Zealand peacekeeping operations over a period of nearly fifty years.
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037. Crawford, John, and Glyn Harper. Operation East Timor: The New Zealand Defence Force in East Timor, 1999–2001. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, 2001.
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  1039. A detailed, analytical account of the first three years of New Zealand’s deployment to East Timor. At its peak, nearly 1,500 New Zealanders were on operations in East Timor, making it the largest overseas deployment since the Korean War. The book contains many illustrations, some in color.
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