documentclass[]{standalone}
usepackage{pgfplots}
pgfplotsset{compat=1.12}
usetikzlibrary{plotmarks}
begin{document}
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}
  addplot[mark=*] coordinates
  {(0,0)};
  node[blue] at (0,0) {pgfuseplotmark{*}};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}
  addplot[mark=pentagon*] coordinates
{(0,0)};
node[red] at (0,0) {pgfuseplotmark{pentagon*}};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
end{document}

Package: pgfplots 2015/05/02 v1.12.1 Data Visualization (1.12.1)
Package: pgf 2013/12/18 v3.0.0 (rcs-revision 1.14)
File: pgflibraryplotmarks.code.tex 2013/07/20 v3.0.0 (rcs-revision 1.13)

documentclass[]{standalone}
usepackage{pgfplots}
pgfplotsset{compat=1.12}
usetikzlibrary{plotmarks}
begin{document}
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}
  addplot[mark=pentagon*] coordinates
{(0,0)};
node[red] at (0,0) {tikz pgfextra{pgfuseplotmark{pentagon*}};};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
end{document}