2019-12-14 Saturday: 11 Connections

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: units 9-10 test
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Today: unit 11
Next week, December 21: unit 12 AND level test for people who’ve been here 12 weeks
	- If you will not be here next week but need to take the test, talk to Dani today to schedule it.
	- If you’ve been here only 6 weeks but you think you should move up, talk to me.
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p. 129 - What’s happening in the picture?
- There are quotes around “discovered” because of course the speakers already knew about it, but it’s new to international linguists.
- Where else in the world might people speak languages that other linguists don’t know about?
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part 2 - Complete the sentences in two ways (true for you if possible).
1 I get the headlines on my cell phone, so I decide if I’m going to read the whole article or not.
  ...so I’m going to read the article later.
  ...so I know what’s going on in the world.
2 I don’t read the paper. It’s too long. / boring. / old-fashioned. / difficult to read. / confusing. / big.
3 I don’t believe everything I read because the media manipulates information.
  ...because every person has different opinions.
4 I turn straight to the sports pages even though I don’t like sports.
  ...even though I know there are more important things on other pages.
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I like Boston, but it’s cold.
Boston is cold, but I like it.
I like Boston even though it’s cold.
*Boston is cold even though I like it.
	- This doesn’t make sense, because liking it doesn’t cause anything about the temperature.
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‘i’ in English only sounds like it does in your language when it’s at the end of a word, like “ski”
	(Or in words we borrowed recently from another language.)
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p. 130 - What does “uncontacted” mean? Why is it in quotation marks?
- In general, these kinds of quotation marks mean someone might use that word, but I (the speaker) don’t actually believe it completely.

Read “The last ‘uncontacted’ tribe?”
footage = video
spokesperson = person who speaks for a larger group or organization
announce = say or notify a large group (e.g. the public)
nevertheless = however (at the beginning of a new sentence, to show contrast with the previous one)
	(Even though Boston is cold, I like it. = Boston is cold. Nevertheless, I like it.)
“Funai” is the Portuguese acronym, so it’s pronounced like you’d expect in Spanish or Portuguese.
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part 2 - What role do each of these groups play in the story?
1 Funai released the photos of an “uncontacted” tribe.
2 Survival International said the photos were genuine.
3 The government of Peru said the story was just a strategy, and later agreed to work with Brazilian authorities to stop illegal logging.
4 The BBC showed a documentary about the tribe.
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Grammar: reported speech
- to report the content (information or request) of what someone said, without using the exact words
	(quoted speech includes the exact words someone used)

Quoted: Eliana wrote, “Probably I’ll be late today.”
Reported: Eliana wrote that she would probably be late today.

If the speech happened in the past, we backshift the verb tenses.
	present -> past (simple, progressive, perfect)
		“I am sick” -> he was sick
		“I am running late” -> he was running late
		“I have seen it” -> he had seen it
	past -> past perfect
		“I saw it” -> he had seen it
	will -> would
	can -> could
	may -> might
	would/could/might/past perfect - no change
Depending on the people, places, and times, other “pointing” words may also change
	today -> that day
	yesterday -> the day before / the previous day
	tomorrow -> the next day / the following day / the day after
	last ____ -> the ____ before / the previous _____
	next ____ -> the next ____ / the following ____
	here -> there
	this/these -> that/those
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p. 131 part 6 - Find the six other examples (after the highlighted sentences) of reported speech in the article, and write the correct direct quotations.
1 David Hill explained, “My organization isn’t suggesting that the tribe has never had any contact with the outside world, but that they now live without it.”
2 The Peruvian government suggested, “The story is no more than a strategy by groups opposed to development of the area’s resources.”
3 Survival International said, “The images spread across the world within minutes.”
4 A typical post asked, “Why has nobody done anything to save these tribes?”
5 The Peruvian government announced, “We will work with the Brazilian authorities.”
6 A Funai spokesperson said, “One image (has) had more impact than one thousand reports.”
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BREAK
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p. 131 part 8 - Decide who probably said each thing, and change it to reported speech:
1 A Funai spokesperson said (that) they had taken the photos to show that those people existed.
2 A Peruvian government official asked how many tribes like this there were.
3 A language expert said the term “uncontacted” was more of a media word than a scientific term.
4 An anonymous poster asked if/whether unseen tribes existed.
5 A Peruvian government official said there was no evidence they existed.
6 A Funai spokesperson said that if they didn’t save these tribes, this would happen to all of us.”
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The court decided that au pairs have to be paid the same minimum wage as everyone else.
The court decided, “Massachusetts’ wage and hour laws apply to foreign au pairs working for U.S. families through the State Department’s J-1 cultural exchange visa program, because the program doesn’t preempt state law.”
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To report
statements: use optional “that” + sentence
y/n questions: use if/whether + sentence (in statement order, not question order)
info questions: use the same question word + sentence (in statement order)
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Vocabulary: communications technology
p. 132 part 1 - Complete the questions with words from the box, then ask your partner.
1 Twitter/Flickr
2 texting
3 Flickr/Twitter
4 broadband
5 Skype
6 blog/tweet/(an ebook)
WiFi = a wireless connection from a device to a router
broadband = a fast connection to the Internet
ebook = the “story” or text itself, in an electronic format
ebook reader = the device you can use to read ebooks
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Grammar: reporting instructions, requests, and offers
To report instructions or requests (when the speaker is asking or offering an action, not information):
- use the infinitive (to + base form)
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information : He told me, “I will be late.” -> He told me that he would be late.
action: He told me, “Close the door.” -> He told me to close the door.
information: He asked me, “When will you get home?” -> He asked me when I would get home.
action: He asked me, “Can you pay me?” -> He asked me to pay him.
	(We can also say: He asked me if I could pay him. - requests and promises can be info and action)
action: He reminded me, “Don’t forget to close the door.” -> He reminded me to close the door.
action: He asked, “Would you like to get drinks with us?” -> He invited me to get drinks with them.

Don’t use the object pronoun if the speaker will do the action:
	He promised me, “I will pay you back.” -> He promised to pay me back.
	He offered, “I can help you move.” -> He offered to help me move.
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p. 133 part 11 - Report these sentences, using each verb from the box once, and infinitives for the actions.
1 Marta reminded Amy to turn off her cell phone.
2 Jose asked Marta to set up his email.
3 Amy invited Jose to watch the movie on their new flat screen TV.
4 Marta told Amy to plug in the battery charger first.
5 Jose offered to upload those photos to the computer for Marta.
6 Amy promised to turn it off (for Jose) when she was done.
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The rules above for object pronouns only apply to using infinitives for the actions. All of the following sentences are correct:
Marta reminded Amy that she needed to turn off her cell phone.
Jose asked Marta if she could set up his email.
Amy asked Jose if he would like to come and watch the movie.
Marta told Amy she had to plug in the battery charger first.
Jose offered Marta some help with uploading photos. (we can’t offer statements)
Amy promised Jose that she would turn it off when she was done.
Amy promised Jose some money for the photos.
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Note: We use reported speech grammar even when nothing is said out loud.

She knew that she was going to be late. = She knew the fact, “I’m going to be late.”
She knew when she would arrive. = She knew the answer to the question, “When will I arrive?”
Do you know where the bathroom is? = Do you know the answer to, “Where’s the bathroom?”
Do you know if the bank is still open? = Do you know the answer to, “Is the bank still open?”
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Homework: p. 171 practice 1 and 2 (practice 2 includes one sentence with “wondered” and one with “admitted”)
	Also: read p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4, 5, 6 (in part 6, find exactly where in the paragraph each new sentence could go)