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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- Word Roots (list 1) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain each root
- ab (abduct, abdicate) = away/down
- ad (advocate, addition, advance) = to/toward/onto (This is the original root in many English words that start with ‘a’ plus a double consonant, such as “afford”, “aggravate”, “attend”, etc.)
- aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
- agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field/farmland
- ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
- amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = walk/move
- ami/amo (amiable, amorous, enamored) = love/friendship
- andro (android, androgen) = man/male (“oid” is a suffix meaning “like” or “similar to”) (The complementary root for female is “gyn”. A “gynandromorph” is an animal with male and female parts.)
- anim (animate, animal) = spirit/movement
- ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
- ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before
- (“anti”, “con”, and “ob” all have meanings both of “in front” or “together” and “against”)
- anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = human
- anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against
- aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water
- arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop) = first (in importance or power) / top
- archa (archaeology, archaic) = first (in time) / old
- art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill (This sense is still used in academia. The “liberal arts” are the skills necessary for free people.)
- astro (astronomy, astrology) = star
- aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
- auto (automatic, autograph) = self
- bell (belligerent, rebellious) = fight/war
- bene (benefit, benevolent) = good (The opposite prefix is “mal”.)
- bi (bilingual, bilateral, bisexual) = two
- bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
- cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = catch/capture (These all have the same root.)
- cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
- carn (carnivore, carnal) = meat/flesh (In English, “meat” is dead, “flesh” is alive.)
- cede/ceed (intercede, exceed) = go
- cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred(th)
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- Parallel Structure - when two parts of a sentence are connected with a conjunction, they should have the same grammatical structure (Also, successive sentences are often clearer if they’re parallel.)
- “Time nowadays is different that it was 50 years ago, not in the sense of going faster or slower, but how we manage it is different.”
- “how we manage it is different” is a clause, but “in the sense of going faster or slower” is a prepositional phrase, so these are not parallel even though they’re joined with “but”
- - Change the clause to “in how we manage it” and they’re both prepositional phrases.
- “This makes room for time (that) we don't spend on our obligations, but, instead, (we spend) on what we like to do.”
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- “[G]overnment of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
- - You could say, “Government of, by, and for the people shall not perish from the earth,” but that removes a lot of the impact of the original.
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- Handout part A practice - Identify which item in each set is not parallel to the others, and then fix it if you can.
- 1 boat rides → boating
- 2 They are digging for clams. → They dig for clams.
- 3 his eyes → between his eyes (any preposition)
- 4 painting pictures → paintings/painted pictures/pictures (it needs to be a noun)
- 5 sadly → sadness
- 6 into the Rolls Royce → driven in a Rolls Royce (change it to a passive phrase)
- 7 strong → strength
- 8 fly → flew
- 9 eating meat pies → meat pie stands
- 10 in the fall → cheerful in the fall
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- BREAK
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- Part B - Fix the sentences so they have parallel structure.
- 1 Tom enjoys swimming and skating.
- 2 He wore a green suede jacket, a flowered shirt, and multicolored platform shoes.
- 3 At 16, I was wild, outspoken, and uncaring.
- 4 The work was difficult and dangerous.
- 5 ...roles: wife, mother, student, and worker.
- 6 I talked loudly, fought with my classmates, threw paper airplanes, and even climbed on the desks.
- I would talk loudly, fight with my classmates, throw paper airplanes, and even climb on the desks.
- 7 My parents punished me:
- no going out, no talking on the telephone, and no having company.
- no going out, talking on the telephone, or having company.
- I couldn’t go out, I couldn’t talk on the telephone, and I couldn’t have company.
- I couldn’t go out, talk on the telephone, or have company.
- 8 Slowly, easily, and soundlessly, the dancers moved offstage.
- 9 The drums pounded, throbbed, rose, and fell. (/ were pounding, throbbing, rising, and falling.)
- 10 Good writing must be honest, fresh, and precise.
- Good writing must have honesty, freshness, and precision.
- (A good writer must write honestly, freshly, and precisely.)
- 11 My son wants to be either a fireman or a pilot.
- My son wants to either fight fires or fly planes.
- 12 The students were more interested in dating girls than in studying math.
- The students were more interested in dates with girls than in math.
- (“interested in dates with girls than math” it’s possible to read it as “dates with math”)
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- not A and not B = not A or B = neither A nor B = both of them are negative
- (not A or not B = not A and B = at least one of them is negative)
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- He liked his dog more than his wife.
- = He liked his dog more than his wife liked his dog.
- = He liked his dog more than he liked his wife.
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- - When you check your writing, identify which things a conjunction is connecting, and make sure they’re in the same form. (Especially “and”, “but”, and “or”, as these can connect forms other than complete clauses.)
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- TOEFL: 4 sections, 3.5-4 hours, 120 points total
- 1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3-4 passages, 9-10 questions each
- 2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5-7 passages (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures)
- (10-minute break)
- 3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s of speaking time
- 4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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- Reading Question Types:
- - purpose
- - vocabulary
- - fact
- - negative fact
- - inference
- - reference
- - paraphrase
- - sentence insertion
- - summarize
- - organize/categorize
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- Sentence Insertion - This is always the question before the final question. It can be about any paragraph (or pair of paragraphs) in the text. You have to insert a new sentence into one of four possible places in the text.
- - The Delta book calls these “coherence” questions, because wrong answers often break the coherence of the rest of the paragraph and correct answers preserve it.
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- Delta p. 125 - Make sure you know what all the pronouns mean.
- English has some dual forms, which apply to exactly two things, in contrast to plural forms, which apply to more than two things. If the new sentence has a dual pronoun, it must refer to a previous sentence with exactly two things.
- dual plural
- both all
- either any/some/one
- neither no/none
- former first
- latter last
- [comparatives] [superlatives]
- between among
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- Transition signals can also help you place the new sentence in the correct position, and transitions in the existing sentences might indicate where you can’t add a new sentence.
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- exercise 1.7.1 - Identify the correct places to add the sentences.
- #7 - The reason C is better than D is that usually general information appears before specific details. The new sentence introduces the connection betwen pitch and color, and the sentence after C gives specific numerical details.
- (The exception is when the sentence is a conclusion, which almost always means it has some transition signal indicating that.)
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- Homework: Oxford exercises 2R4 (p. 72-74) and 2R8 (p. 76-78) - These also include reference questions.
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