2014-10-30 Structure: gerunds/infinitives

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 293 exercise 3 and p. 294 exercise 4
exercise 3
2 not to have heard (or "not to hear")
3 not to have understood (or "not to understand")
4 to have gotten (or "to get")
5 to have finished (or maybe "to finish")
6 to have been hit (must be past)
7 to have fed (must be past, for the same reason)
8 not to have done (must be past, same)

A tornado appeared to have hit it.
 = I saw it after a tornado ruined everything.
A tornado appeared to hit it.
 = I saw what looked like a tornado hitting it.

exercise 4
Would you expect...
2 to be helped by a passing motorist?
3 your phone service to be disconnected?
  to be disconnected by your phone service? (if "phone service" is understood to mean the service *provider*)
4 to be notified by the police?
5 to be stopped by a police officer?
6 to be questioned by your teacher?
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exercise 5
2 He doesn't type enough words to finish on time.
  He doesn't type fast enough to finish on time.
  He types too slowly to finish on time.
  He is too late / He doesn't have enough time / He needs too many pages / He has too little time / The report is too long / ...
3 She has enough time to save enough money to buy the car.
  In three months, she will have enough money to buy it.
  She doesn't have enough money to buy the car right now.
  A thousand dollars isn't too much for her to save in three months.
4 Eve waited too long to cook for her guests on time.
  She started too late to prepare the dinner for them.
  Eve doesn't have enough time to prepare dinner.
5 She doesn't have enough nutrition to stay healthy.
  She didn't eat enough to stay healthy.
  She lost weight too fast to stay healthy.
  She ate too little to stay healthy.
6 He is smart enough to pass the course if he applies himself.
  The course isn't too difficult for Carlos to pass.
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verb + infinitive with or without an object:
ask, choose, expect, get, need, pay, want, would like
(these words are in list 17 with a * next to them)
I expect to pass this class.
I expect you to pass this class.
I want to quit smoking.
I want him to quit smoking. (object pronoun, not possessive)

verb + gerund OR verb + object + infinitive:
advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit, require, urge
(these words are in list 12 and list 17)
I advise studying every night.
I advise you to study every night.
His parents don't allow smoking in the house.
His parents don't allow him to smoke in the house.

verb + object + infinitive (there's always an object):
His parents warned him not to sleep too late.
They didn't invite me to join them for lunch.
I told them to close the door.

(at the end of the book, A-6, A-7, A-8 have lists of verbs that use gerunds or infinitives, with or without objects, etc., in Appendix 12-18)
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verb + gerund only (list 12 gives many of them)
I enjoy reading about history.
I can't imagine wanting to visit that country.

verb + infinitive only (list 13)
I want to come to the party.
She offered to pay for dinner.
He deserves to go to jail.

verb + gerund or infinitive, same meaning (list 14)
I prefer asking someone out myself.
I prefer to ask someone out myself.
I don't like reading.
I don't like to read.
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Verbs that change meaning with gerund or infinitive (15)
stop, regret, try, forget, remember, quit, go on

In general, these verbs with gerund mean the gerund action is real and often (except "try") it happens before the main verb.
With infintive means the infinitive action is only a possibility and happens after the main verb.

I stopped eating fast food.
 = I used to eat fast food, and then I stopped.
I stopped to eat fast food.
 = I was doing something else, and I took a break in order to eat fast food.
(= infinitive of purpose, like "I went to the store to buy milk.")

I remember locking my door.
 = I really locked my door, and I can remember this action.
I remember to lock my door.
 = I have an obligation to lock my door. I remember this obligation, and then I lock my door.

I forgot going to his party.
 = I went to his party, but later I forgot about it.
I forgot to go to his party.
 = I had an obligation to go, but I forgot, and then I didn't go.

She went on teaching despite the interruption.
 = She was teaching first, and she continued.
She went on to teach in a university.
 = She did something else first, but her next job was teaching in a university.

I regret telling you about it.
 = I told you about it, and now I'm unhappy that I did.
I regret to inform you that we will not be hiring you.
 = I regret this obligation. (especially "tell" and "inform")

I'll try opening a window.
 = I will open a window, but maybe it won't fix the problem.
I'll try to open a window.
 = I'll attempt it, but I don't know if the window will open.

I tried speaking Spanish with him, but he didn't understand.
 = I really spoke Spanish, but it didn't help.
I tried to speak Spanish with him, but I couldn't remember enough vocabulary.
 = I tried to speak Spanish, but I wasn't able.
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Homework: p. 292-3, exercises 1 and 2
	  p. 295, exercise 6