2019-08-21 Core: 8 historical mysteries

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 166 practice 1
2 could/may/might be
3 must not live (I think they don’t live here, but it’s not impossible.)
4 may/could/might have
5 must recognize
6 couldn’t/can’t be / must not be (It would surprise me, but it’s possible a spider lost two legs.)
7 might/may not see
8 must be coming (This is how we combine modals with continuous.)
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http://lostininternet.com/20-rare-historical-photos-you-must-see-pt-1/
Historical photos handout: With your partner, speculate about what these photographs might show.

He must be NIkola Tesla.
He could be a physicist.
He might be dead.
He may be studying electricity.
He might be in an observatory.
- This is Nikola Tesla in his laboratory.

She must not be able to be in this competition because she’s a woman, so he is hitting her.
They must be running a marathon. It may be the Boston Marathon.
It must be cold.
The picture might be from the 1970s.
- This was the 1967 Boston Marathon. A race official was trying to get the woman to stop running and the men around her were defending her.

They must be on their lunch break at Disneyland.
Snow White must be happy with her lunch.
They must always be in their costumes.
- This picture was taken in 1961.

This picture might be in New York.
(This picture might have been taken in 1929.)
They must be in the Great Depression.
There may be an accident.
It may be a car exposition.
It may not be safe. / It may be unsafe.
- This picture was taken in 1967 when Sweden switched from left-side to right-side driving.

The men must be running in a competition.
(They may have robbed a bank.)
They must be running from a wild animal.
They might be running from an elephant.
They could be tired of running.
(They might have escaped from prison.)
It must not be a competition because their clothes aren’t athletic clothes.
- This is a picture of the marathon from the 1896 Olympics.

He may be measuring her clothes before she enters the water.
He might be measuring because in that era women had to wear a specific length of bathing suit.
The photograph could be from the 1960s.
- It is from 1920.

He must be breathing fresh air.
He may be unsafe.
He could be there because he’s always crying.
He must be getting punished. / This must be punishment.
(This picture might have been taken in New York.)
His parents must be crazy.
He must be scared.
The US must have specific rules about it.
- This was taken in 1939. The baby was outside to get sun and fresh air.
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BREAK
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p. 96 part 1 - Use the words in the box to complete the questions. Then ask your partner each question.
1 sacred / ancient / prehistoric
2 period / tradition
3 prehistoric
4 century
5 sacred
6 society
- belief = something people believe
- tradition = something people do and have done for a while
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pre-Columbian = before Columbus (1492)
petroglyph = a picture (usually very old) on rock, but not in a cave
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Read about the Nazca Lines
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astronomical = related to astronomy
astronomy = the study of the stars
widely known = known by people all over
puzzle (v) = confuse (and cause to want to figure it out)
irrigation = system to spread water for farming
weird = strange
resurfacing = surfacing again (after going underground)
astonishing = very surprising
nearby = near (a place that you don’t need to specify)
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- What sentences in the text speculate about the Nazca lines?
The lines must have been part of an astronomical calendar.
They might have been ancient Inca roads or irrigation systems.
They could have been landing strips for alien spacecraft.
The Nazca lines may have been part of a long tradition of ceremonial activities connected to water.
- What are some other speculations and deductions?
This must have seemed an astonishing phenomenon.
The same group of people can’t have created them.
The Nazca people couldn’t have seen them from above.
Water must have had an incredible significance to these societies.
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Grammar: modals for speculation and deduction about the past
modal + have + past participle

Change yesterday’s example sentences to be about the past:

He was eating very quickly. He must have been hungry.
    = My conclusion is that he was hungry. I’d be surprised if he was actually not hungry.
He wasn’t eating anything. He must not have been hungry.
    = My conclusion is that he was not hungry. I’d be surprised if he actually was hungry.
He had just finished a huge meal. He can’t/couldn’t still have been hungry.
    = I think it’s impossible that he was hungry. I won’t believe you if you say he was hungry.

You should have offered him a drink. He may/might/could have been thirsty.
    = There’s a possibility that he ws thirsty, but I’m not sure. (Also, you didn’t in fact offer him a drink.)
I don’t know why he wasn’t eating. He may/might not have been hungry.
    = There’s a possibility that he was not hungry, but I’m not sure. It could have been another reason.
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p. 97 exercise 8 - Rewrite the sentences (so they have the same meaning) using one of the words in parentheses (choose the correct one). When you use the modal, you don’t need words like “we know” or “it’s possible”.
1 Water can’t have been easy to find.
2 The rivers might have dried up. (We use “been” if the verb is [be]. If there’s a different verb, we use that one.)
3 The lines must have been very important.
4 The lines may have had a religious significance.
5 The animal drawings couldn’t have been roads.
6 The animals must have lived in the region.
7 The Nazca people could have used simple tools.
8 The people must have maintained the lines carefully.
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Homework: read both texts on p. 99 and do p. 98 exercises 3 and 4