2020-11-17 TOEFL: R insertion, L purpose

Homework: sentence insertion handout, pages 4-7, exercise 1.7.A (10 paragraphs)
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D - The flute has no reed, so this sentence must be about a different instrument, and position D comes after the sentence introducing the oboe.
5 C
6 D
7 C (This is a good example of the typical pattern of more general information coming before more specific information.)
8 A - “This irritation” refers to the inflammation mentioned in the first sentence.
9 D
10 B - The new sentence is an additional example of each area being interdependent of the others. It’s also not specifically about research, which would be necessary to add it in position D.
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Grammatically, simple past requires that both the speaker and the listener know which past time is being talked about.

depend / dependent / interdependent / dependence + on
independent / independence + of/from
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p. 8-10 of the handout includes pronoun reference questions. These are no longer on the TOEFL, but it’s still an important skill to have.
(Note, the Oxford TOEFL book often has wrong answer choices that are “closer” to the correct answer than you’d usually get on the TOEFL, which makes some of these practice activities more difficult than the real test.)
1 d
2 c - In this position it’s adding further information to the idea that “the nation is subsisting on a diet of high-calorie convenience food”.
3 d
4 a
5 c - The “portion” refers to an amount of food, not (directly) a number of calories.
6 b - It refers back to the “heavy dosage” in the previous sentence, and introduces the idea of examining a typical serving of fast food.
7 b - Beta-endorphins are just one example of an endogenous opioid, and all of them are naturally occurring painkillers.
8 d - The nucleus accumbens is in the midbrain, but it’s in the nucleus accumbens specifically that dopamine does what it does.
9 b
10 d
11 a
12 c - The important thing is the relationship between both parts of the previous sentence.
13 b
14 b - These are more specifically symptoms of withdrawal than of addiction in general.
15 d
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“These substances can trigger brain activity similar to that endured when a person is on drugs.”
- It’s common to use “that” or “those” instead of repeating a noun phrase in a comparison, especially for more abstract nouns.

If it’s a concrete countable noun (something physical that you can point to), we can also use “the one(s)”, especially when it’s singular.
	This computer is more expensive than those we looked at yesterday.
	This computer is more expensive than the ones we looked at yesterday. (a bit more common)
	This computer is more expensive than that we looked at yesterday. (this sounds strange)
	This computer is more expensive than the one we looked at yesterday. (We almost always say this.)
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BREAK
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Listening Question Types
- purpose/method
- detail/fact
- prediction
- function/replay
- inference
- main idea
- attitude
- complete a chart or table
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Purpose and attitude questions ask for different types of information, but what they have in common is that they ask for information about the speakers, rather than the topic they’re discussing. (And unlike function questions, these don’t involve listening again to part of the conversation or lecture.)
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exercise 11.1 - Listen to the conversations and answer the questions.
1 D
2 A
3 B
4 A
5 C
6 A
exercise 11.2 - Do the same for discussions and lectures.
1 C
2 C
3 D
4 A
5 D
6 B
7 C
8 A
9 C
10 A
11 B
12 D
13 B