2020-03-25 TOEFL: r. paraphrase, l purpose

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-was-the-world-s-first-author-soraya-field-fiorio
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Homework: pdf’s 3 and 4 from the shared drive
As a group, compare your answers and convince your partners.
1 A - The topic of the paragraph is tree rings, and A is the only answer choice that even mentions them. The specific effects of earthquakes are given as examples in the original sentence, so they aren’t such “essential information”.
2 B
3 B
4 C
1 C - This is the only option that correctly includes both possibilities from the original sentence.
2 A - B and C introduce comparisons (with “more”) that are not in the original. D is wrong because it introduces a conclusion about the validity of the theory that is not in the original.
3 B - D is wrong because Minuit had to pay, not the Canarsie.
4 C - This is the answer choice that includes all three clauses of the original.
5 B
6 D
7 D - A is definitely true according to the sentence, but it’s not complete because it leaves out the information about basic differences in humor.
8 A
9 C - This includes all three main parts of the original: differences in terminology, not much difference otherwise, decreasing differences
10 B

Unlike most epistolary novels, this one… = this one is an epistolary novel (but differs from most)
Unlike epistolary novels, this one… = this one is not an epistolary novel (and differs from them)

You can distinguish monotremes from other mammals by… = monotremes are a type of mammls (but differ from other mammals)
You can distinguish reptiles from mammals by… = reptiles are not mammals
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Cengage exercise 5.1 - Is the restatement Correct, Incomplete, or False. (Take 12 minutes for the exercise and also take a 10-minute break, before or after you answer the questions.)
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BREAK
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Compare your answers together and try to convince the others of your choices if they disagree.
1 incomplete - It doesn’t include the fact that there are no flying reptiles now.
  (false - “lizards” isn’t the same as “reptiles”, and pterosaurs were not lizards)
2 correct (The original sentence treats “architects” and “builders” as synonyms.)
3 false - The town is Muncie, not Middleton.
4 false - Team sports were (even) more important in the 20th than in the 19th.
5 correct
6 false - They all have two-word names, but the second word is “formation” if there are multiple types of rock.
7 correct
8 incomplete - It’s true (“as there is for chess” means there is an international governing board for the rules of chess), but it doesn’t mention checkers, which is the focus of the original sentence.
9 false - It didn’t happen because of Handel, it happened long after Handel.
	(Handel died in 1759.)
10 correct
11 correct
12 false - “rivaled” means they were similar, “didn’t rival” means much less, so they had similar quality of work, but Reynolds was more financially successful.
13 false - It’s the opposite.
14 false - He learned about sand dunes, not glaciers.
15 incomplete - It’s missing the statement about visual spectacles.
16 false - There’s no validity to stories of this happening. (Trees grow out, not up.)
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If someone is your rival, it usually means you have similar levels of talent. A high school sports team’s rival is usually another high school sports team, not e.g. the Boston Celtics.
If you are unrivaled or unmatched, it means everyone else is much worse than you. No one can really compete with you, because obviously you’ll win.

A rivals B = A is a similar level to B
A can’t rival B = A is a much lower level than B
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Listening Question Types
- main idea (purpose or content)
- purpose (“why” questions about speakers)
- fact/detail (Information questions about the topic, not the speakers.)
- function/replay (Identify why a specific phrase or statement was used.)
- complete a chart or table (basically a type of detail question)
- attitude (how does the speaker feel about something?)
- prediction (what will the speaker do next?)
- inference
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Cambridge L22 - Listen to the audio and answer the four purpose/function questions.
1 D
2 A
3 D
4 C
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Homework: Cengage exercises 11.1 and 11.2 (pages 5-13 of the “purpose 2” pdf)