2020-05-05 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 3) - With your partners, try to think of (or remember) one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = in
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon/on top of
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feeling/sensation (Many words that begin with this root are related to beauty.)
eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (The opposite root is “dys”.)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm, exothermic) = out
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = beyond/outward
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = in front/before (fore/front/first/former and pre/prim/pro all come from the same root)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = escape/flee
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create/bear
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = Sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym, homophone) = same (type or quality, not quantity)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or more generally fluid)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over/beyond
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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metathesis = the moving or swapping of sounds in a word (It’s especially common with /r/)
	three -> third
	front -> first
	comfortable -> “comfterble”
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- purpose
- reference
- vocabulary
- inference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Vocabulary questions ask what highlighted words (or phrases) mean in the context of the passage. The Cengage handout describes some context clues you can use to guess the answer, or at least to eliminate definitely wrong answers.
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From context, what can you infer about the omitted words in this sentence?
“Because of their similar teeth, [1] and [2] are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the [3], [4], and other [5].”
- They have teeth (and evolved from things), so all 5 words refer to animals.
- [1] and [2] evolved from the same ancestors as [3], [4], and [5]. (So they’re all similar and related.)
- [3] and [4] are examples of [5] / [5] is a group that includes [3] and [4]
	(More generally, “other [noun]s” means I’ve already mentioned some [noun]s.)

Morning, Kevin, and other Brazilians - Doesn’t make sense because Morning and Kevin aren’t Brazilians.
Jose, Barbara, and other Brazilians - Makes sense, because Jose and Barbara are Brazilians.
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“Because of their similar teeth, seals and walruses are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the weasels, badgers, and other mustelids.”
- “Mustelids” is a group name for a group that includes weasels and badgers.
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Exercise 2.1 passage 1 - in your own words, explain what the highlighted words mean
2 constant = unceasing, continuous
3 dusk = just after sunset
4 rudimentary = basic, simple
5 faint (adj) = weak, dim
6 refuse (n) = trash, garbage, waste
7 roam = walk around without aim or restrictions (very common with “free”)
(“faint” and “refuse” can also be verbs, with very different meanings than they have in the passage)
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passage 3
12 cluster = group (of things close together)
13 mist = fog or smoke
14 luminous = bright, light-emitting, glowing
15 debris = pieces left over after something happens
16 a handful = between a few and several (for small things it’s an amount you can hold in your hands)
17 mourning = grieving someone’s death
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Longman passage 1 - take 8 minutes
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 B
5 A
6 C
7 D
8 B
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passage 2 - 6 minutes
9 A
10 D
11 B (The verb “attribute” has stress on the second syllable, the noun is stressed on the first syllable.)
12 B (In other contexts, “primary” can mean A or C, so it’s important to read part of the passage.)
13 C
14 B
15 C
16 D
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Homework (optional): passages 3 and 4