2020-10-20 TOEFL: word roots, L practice

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
https://pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) =  time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean/tilt
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
	Spelling rules:
	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
	com before B, M, P: (communicate, composition, combine)
	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
	con before other consonants (except H): (condone, confine, congratulate, conjoin, connect, convention, contemporary)
	(co before vowels and H, and in newer words: coaxial, cohabitate, copilot)
cogni (cognizance, incognito, cognition) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against
	(This is actually “con”+“tra”. “tra” adds movement or direction to some other roots.)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, incredible, credit, credulous) = beleive/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden/secret
	(Many words with this have to do with cryptography, which is a specific way of hiding secrets.)
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic, demonym) = people
di/de (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct, educate) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dysfunction, dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is “eu”. These are the Greek roots.)
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mal- and bene- come from Latin
dys- and eu- come from Greek
sub- and super- come from Latin
hypo- and hyper- come from Greek
(and many more like this)
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BREAK
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Listening Practice - Take 25 minutes to listen to the first three passages from ETS 1.1 and answer questions 1 through 17. (The listenings are on tracks 1, 3, and 5, and you need tracks 2, 4, and 6 to answer replay questions.)
Submit your answers at the link I will send you when you’re done.
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15 - detail or inference (I don’t remember.) - C (A ship might have to sail back and forth in a zig-zag patter in order to sail against the wind: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacking_(sailing))
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ETS does “secret math” with your raw score in order to get a final score out of 30 points.
However, as a basic estimate, you can just multiply your percentage by 30.
	(If you got 9 out of 18 points, you can calculate 9/18*30 = 15.)