$ sudo docker run -d --name test-postgresql -p 5432 -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres postgres

Starting test-postgresql at localhost:5432

$ sudo docker ps

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                CREATED             STATUS                  PORTS                     NAMES
6428cee63305        postgres:latest     "/docker-entrypoint.   1 seconds ago       Up Less than a second   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp    test-postgresql

$ netstat -na | grep 5432

tcp6       0      0 :::5432                 :::*                    LISTEN

$ docker exec -t test-postgresql psql -h localhost -U postgres -p 5432 -c 'show data_directory'

psql: could not connect to server: Connection refused
Is the server running on host "localhost" (::1) and accepting
TCP/IP connections on port 5432?
could not connect to server: Connection refused
Is the server running on host "localhost" (127.0.0.1) and accepting
TCP/IP connections on port 5432?