2020-03-28 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: read p. 147, do parts 4, 5, and 6 on p. 146 (In part 6, I want you to choose exactly where each sentence could go. Between what other sentences?)
	Optional: Imagine and write a conversation between the weird politican and the aliens who meet him at the capitol from the listening on p. 133.
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part 4
1 T
2 F - It was after a long period of peace.
3 T
4 F
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary (“weary” is a useful word for very tired)
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
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heat / treat / read (present)
head / dead / read (past) / threat
heart
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The crime was committed by a lone gunman. (“lone” can come before nouns)
The gunman was alone when he committed the crime. (“alone” can come after linking verbs)
	(some linking verbs: be, become, get, seem, look, sound, feel, smell, taste)
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unarmed = without weapons (the verb “disarm” also means weapons)
armless = without the body parts (no arms, no hands, no elbows, etc.)
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part 6
1 Bushido paragraph - at the end (after the quotation)
2 Samurai history - after “...might never have existed” (“these men” are the wealthy landowners who needed soldiers)
3 Samurai identity - after “...and went to the theater”
4 Samurai today - after “...TV dramas”
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forbidden = prohibited
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I can do it. -> I k’n do it.
I can’t do it.
- The stress is very important in sentences with “can”, because if you stress “can” people will often hear “can’t”.
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You can can cans but you can’t can can-cans. - This sentence is only understandable if your stress and intonation patterns are correct.
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p. 142 part 1 - With a partner, make sure you understand the words in the box. (If you don’t, use a dictionary or an image search.)
Then try to think of a few more things that would be important on an expedition.
water bottle
light
compass/map
boots
camera
rope
water filter / purification chemicals
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Read about Emma and Beth.
Listen to their descriptions of their expeditions and answer the questions in part 6.
1 local trackers and guides
2 screaming and shouting
3 set up camp in an elephant path
4 tents were flattened
5 mammoth bones, tusks, or mummies
6 remote and deserted
7 millions of mosquitoes
8 they put mosquito nets over their heads
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eye-opener = an experience that makes you aware of something
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part 7 - Who probably said each of these sentences?
1 Emma
2 Beth
3 Beth
4 Emma
5 Beth
6 Emma
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Grammar: modals for regret

“should have” is usually unreal - it expresses regret about the past
We should have taken more repellent. = It was a good idea to take it, but we didn’t.
We shouldn’t have put up our tents there. = It wasn’t a good idea, but we did it.

“could have” can be real (like in unit 8) or unreal (like here)
We could have been killed. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
(Help me find my lottery ticket. I could have won. = It’s possible, but I don’t know yet.)

“couldn’t have” means something was impossible even if we’d done different things
We couldn’t have avoided the insects. = It wasn’t possible to avoid them. It wouldn’t matter if we went at a different time of year or brought more repellent, because Siberia always has mosquitoes.
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part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “should have”, “shouldn’t have”, “could have”, or “couldn’t have”, and the past participle of the verb.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt = I felt the worst that it’s possible to feel.
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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We often use “couldn’t” or “couldn’t have” with a comparative to mean something is superlative:
	I couldn’t be better. = I’m doing the best possible.
	You couldn’t be more wrong. = You are as wrong as it’s possible to be.
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We often reduce “have” to “ve” or just “a” in informal speech:

I could have died. -> I could’ve died. -> “I coulda died.”
I should have taken it. -> I should’ve taken it. -> “I shoulda taken it.”
I couldn’t have felt worse. -> “I couldn’t’ve felt worse.” -> “I couldna felt worse.”
I shouldn’t have done that. -> “I shouldn’t’ve done that. -> “I shouldna done that.”
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We sometimes use the expression “coulda, shoulda, woulda” to stop wondering about what might have happened differently. “That’s in the past, stop worrying about it.”
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BREAK
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The Man Who Ate His Boots
What kind of story do you think this is?
Why do you think he ate his boots?
	(It might be hyperbole or exaggeration. He didn’t really eat his boots, but he was starving.)
p. 144 part 1 - What is the Arctic like? How do the people who live there deal with the challenges.
Read the text.
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Grammar: third conditional = past unreal conditional

- They could have avoided the problems if they had copied the Inuit.
    They didn’t avoid the problems because they didn’t copy the Inuit.
- If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.
    They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they weren’t warm.
- If the explorers had worn sealskin, they wouldn’t have suffered from frostbite.
    They didn’t wear sealskin, so they suffered from frostbite.
- Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
    Parry’s men were healthy because they ate the salads.

form: if + [past perfect], subj + would/could/might + have + past participle
	(If you write the clauses in the opposite order, you don’t need the comma.)
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They might have survived if they had built igloos. = I’m not sure, maybe they still would have died from something else. But survival would have been a possibility if they’d had igloos.
I could have helped you if you had told me. = I would have been able to help.
	(In reality, I couldn’t help you because you didn’t tell me.)
I would have helped you if you had paid me.
	(In reality, I didn’t help you because you didn’t pay me.)
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Like in second conditional, the “default” modal to use is “would”.
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p. 145 part 9 - First, match the pairs of sentences. Then combine them into one third conditional sentence.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we might not have gotten lost.
3 e - If we had taken a phrase book, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we couldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 a - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
	If we had remembered to check the opening times, we would have gotten there on time.
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
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Often, “couldn’t have” implies a third conditional even when you don’t say “if”:

We couldn’t have avoided the insects (even if we had brought more repellent).
I couldn’t have felt worse (even if I’d broken my legs).

I won’t go running if it rains.
I will go running even if it rains. = I will go running in any weather.
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p. 172 practice 2 - Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct forms of the verbs.
2 would have found, hadn’t lost
3 Would you have planned, had known
4 had prepared, would have succeeded
5 would have been, had understood
6 would you have done, had attacked
7 wouldn’t have felt, had read
8 had wanted, would have welcomed