CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel


		         L i n u x    C P U F r e q

		      C P U F r e q   G o v e r n o r s

		   - information for users and developers -


		    Dominik Brodowski  <linux@brodo.de>
            some additions and corrections by Nico Golde <nico@ngolde.de>



   Clock scaling allows you to change the clock speed of the CPUs on the
    fly. This is a nice method to save battery power, because the lower
            the clock speed, the less power the CPU consumes.


Contents:
---------
1.   What is a CPUFreq Governor?

2.   Governors In the Linux Kernel
2.1  Performance
2.2  Powersave
2.3  Userspace
2.4  Ondemand
2.5  Conservative
2.6  Interactive
2.7  MinMax
2.8  SmartassV2

3.   The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core



1. What Is A CPUFreq Governor?
==============================

Most cpufreq drivers (in fact, all except one, longrun) or even most
cpu frequency scaling algorithms only offer the CPU to be set to one
frequency. In order to offer dynamic frequency scaling, the cpufreq
core must be able to tell these drivers of a "target frequency". So
these specific drivers will be transformed to offer a "->target"
call instead of the existing "->setpolicy" call. For "longrun", all
stays the same, though.

How to decide what frequency within the CPUfreq policy should be used?
That's done using "cpufreq governors". Two are already in this patch
-- they're the already existing "powersave" and "performance" which
set the frequency statically to the lowest or highest frequency,
respectively. At least two more such governors will be ready for
addition in the near future, but likely many more as there are various
different theories and models about dynamic frequency scaling
around. Using such a generic interface as cpufreq offers to scaling
governors, these can be tested extensively, and the best one can be
selected for each specific use.

Basically, it's the following flow graph:

CPU can be set to switch independently	 |	   CPU can only be set
      within specific "limits"		 |       to specific frequencies

                                 "CPUfreq policy"
		consists of frequency limits (policy->{min,max})
  		     and CPUfreq governor to be used
			 /		      \
			/		       \
		       /		       the cpufreq governor decides
		      /			       (dynamically or statically)
		     /			       what target_freq to set within
		    /			       the limits of policy->{min,max}
		   /			            \
		  /				     \
	Using the ->setpolicy call,		 Using the ->target call,
	    the limits and the			  the frequency closest
	     "policy" is set.			  to target_freq is set.
						  It is assured that it
						  is within policy->{min,max}


2. Governors In the Linux Kernel
================================

2.1 Performance
---------------

The CPUfreq governor "performance" sets the CPU statically to the
highest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
scaling_max_freq.


2.2 Powersave
-------------

The CPUfreq governor "powersave" sets the CPU statically to the
lowest frequency within the borders of scaling_min_freq and
scaling_max_freq.


2.3 Userspace
-------------

The CPUfreq governor "userspace" allows the user, or any userspace
program running with UID "root", to set the CPU to a specific frequency
by making a sysfs file "scaling_setspeed" available in the CPU-device
directory.


2.4 Ondemand
------------

The CPUfreq governor "ondemand" sets the CPU depending on the
current usage. To do this the CPU must have the capability to
switch the frequency very quickly.  There are a number of sysfs file
accessible parameters:

sampling_rate: measured in uS (10^-6 seconds), this is how often you
want the kernel to look at the CPU usage and to make decisions on
what to do about the frequency.  Typically this is set to values of
around '10000' or more.

show_sampling_rate_(min|max): the minimum and maximum sampling rates
available that you may set 'sampling_rate' to.

up_threshold: defines what the average CPU usage between the samplings
of 'sampling_rate' needs to be for the kernel to make a decision on
whether it should increase the frequency.  For example when it is set
to its default value of '80' it means that between the checking
intervals the CPU needs to be on average more than 80% in use to then
decide that the CPU frequency needs to be increased.

ignore_nice_load: this parameter takes a value of '0' or '1'. When
set to '0' (its default), all processes are counted towards the
'cpu utilisation' value.  When set to '1', the processes that are
run with a 'nice' value will not count (and thus be ignored) in the
overall usage calculation.  This is useful if you are running a CPU
intensive calculation on your laptop that you do not care how long it
takes to complete as you can 'nice' it and prevent it from taking part
in the deciding process of whether to increase your CPU frequency.


2.5 Conservative
----------------

The CPUfreq governor "conservative", much like the "ondemand"
governor, sets the CPU depending on the current usage.  It differs in
behaviour in that it gracefully increases and decreases the CPU speed
rather than jumping to max speed the moment there is any load on the
CPU.  This behaviour more suitable in a battery powered environment.
The governor is tweaked in the same manner as the "ondemand" governor
through sysfs with the addition of:

freq_step: this describes what percentage steps the cpu freq should be
increased and decreased smoothly by.  By default the cpu frequency will
increase in 5% chunks of your maximum cpu frequency.  You can change this
value to anywhere between 0 and 100 where '0' will effectively lock your
CPU at a speed regardless of its load whilst '100' will, in theory, make
it behave identically to the "ondemand" governor.

down_threshold: same as the 'up_threshold' found for the "ondemand"
governor but for the opposite direction.  For example when set to its
default value of '20' it means that if the CPU usage needs to be below
20% between samples to have the frequency decreased.


2.6 Interactive
---------------

The CPUfreq governor "interactive" is designed for latency-sensitive,
interactive workloads. This governor sets the CPU speed depending on
usage, similar to "ondemand" and "conservative" governors.  However,
the governor is more aggressive about scaling the CPU speed up in
response to CPU-intensive activity.

Sampling the CPU load every X ms can lead to under-powering the CPU
for X ms, leading to dropped frames, stuttering UI, etc.  Instead of
sampling the cpu at a specified rate, the interactive governor will
check whether to scale the cpu frequency up soon after coming out of
idle.  When the cpu comes out of idle, a timer is configured to fire
within 1-2 ticks.  If the cpu is very busy between exiting idle and
when the timer fires then we assume the cpu is underpowered and ramp
to MAX speed.

If the cpu was not sufficiently busy to immediately ramp to MAX speed,
then governor evaluates the cpu load since the last speed adjustment,
choosing th highest value between that longer-term load or the
short-term load since idle exit to determine the cpu speed to ramp to.

There is only one tuneable value for this governor:

min_sample_time: The minimum amount of time to spend at the current
frequency before ramping down. This is to ensure that the governor has
seen enough historic cpu load data to determine the appropriate
workload.  Default is 80000 uS.


2.7 MinMax
---------------

The CPUfreq governor "maxmin" tries to minimize the frequency jumps by limiting
the selected frequencies to only two frequencies: either the min or the max
frequency of the current policy. The frequency is raised or lowered according
to the current load and the 'up_threshold' and 'down_threshold'.

Its parameters and implementation are similar to that of conservative.

It does not have the freq_step parameter as it jumps right from min to max
and vice-versa.

The sampling_down_factor, unlike conservative, will count the minimal number
of samplings since the last time we saw the 'up_threshold' load on the CPU.
Hence it is set to higher default and acts as a limiter not to do too many
frequency jumps without hurting the performance.


2.8 SmartassV2
---------------

The CPUfreq governor "smartassV2", like other governors, aims to balance
performance vs battery life by using low frequencies when load is low and
ramping the frequency when necessary, fast enough to ensure responsiveness.

The implementation of the governor is roughtly based on the idea of interactive.
The idle loop is used to track when the CPU has idle cycles. The idle loop will
set a relatively high rate timer to sample the load when appropriate, the timer
will measure the load since it was set and schedule a work queue task to do the
actual frequency change when necessary.

The most important tunable is the "ideal" frequency: this governor will aim
for this frequency, in the sense that it will ramp towards this frequency much
more aggresively than beyond it - both when ramping up from below this frequency
and when ramping down from above this frequency. Still, note, that when load is
low enough the governor should choose the lowest available frequency regardless
of the ideal frequency and similarly when load is consistently high enough the
highest available frequency will be used.

Smartass also tracks the state of the screen, and when screen is off (a.k.a
sleep or suspended in the terms of this governor) a different ideal frequency
is used. This is the only difference between the screen on and screen off
states. Proper tuning of the awake_ideal_freq and sleep_ideal_freq should
allow both high responsiveness when screen is on and utilizing the low
frequency range when load is low, especially when screen is off.

Finally, smartass is a highly customizable governor with almost everything
tweakable through the sysfs. For a detailed explaination of each tunable,
please see the inline comments at the begging of the code (smartass2.c).



3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
=============================================

A new governor must register itself with the CPUfreq core using
"cpufreq_register_governor". The struct cpufreq_governor, which has to
be passed to that function, must contain the following values:

governor->name -	    A unique name for this governor
governor->governor -	    The governor callback function
governor->owner	-	    .THIS_MODULE for the governor module (if
			    appropriate)

The governor->governor callback is called with the current (or to-be-set)
cpufreq_policy struct for that CPU, and an unsigned int event. The
following events are currently defined:

CPUFREQ_GOV_START:   This governor shall start its duty for the CPU
		     policy->cpu
CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP:    This governor shall end its duty for the CPU
		     policy->cpu
CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS:  The limits for CPU policy->cpu have changed to
		     policy->min and policy->max.

If you need other "events" externally of your driver, _only_ use the
cpufreq_governor_l(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int event) call to the
CPUfreq core to ensure proper locking.


The CPUfreq governor may call the CPU processor driver using one of
these two functions:

int cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
                                 unsigned int target_freq,
                                 unsigned int relation);

int __cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
                                   unsigned int target_freq,
                                   unsigned int relation);

target_freq must be within policy->min and policy->max, of course.
What's the difference between these two functions? When your governor
still is in a direct code path of a call to governor->governor, the
per-CPU cpufreq lock is still held in the cpufreq core, and there's
no need to lock it again (in fact, this would cause a deadlock). So
use __cpufreq_driver_target only in these cases. In all other cases
(for example, when there's a "daemonized" function that wakes up
every second), use cpufreq_driver_target to lock the cpufreq per-CPU
lock before the command is passed to the cpufreq processor driver.