2019-09-24 TOEFL: word roots, paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 1) - Work together to think of one or two words to explain each root.
ab (abduct, abdicate) = away
ad (advocate, addition, advance) = to/onto (Many words that begin with ‘a’ and a double consonant come from this root.)
aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field/farm
ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = walk/move
ami/amo (amiable, amorous) = love/friendship
andro (android, androgen) = man/male (the root for female is “gyn”)
anim (animate, animal) = move
ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before
anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = people/humanity
anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against
aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water
arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop) = top/highest (first in power or importance)
archa (archaeology, archaic) = old (first in time)
art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill (In academic settings, “arts” often refers to the typical academic subjects like math, literature, philosophy, etc.)
astro (astronomy, astrology) = stars
aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
auto (automatic, autograph) = self
bell (belligerent, rebellious, antebellum) = war
bene (benefit, benevolent) = good (the opposite prefix is “mal”)
bi (bilingual, bilateral, bisexual) = two
bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = catch/capture (These two English words have the same root.)
cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
carn (carnivore, carnal) = meat/flesh (“meat” when it’s a dead animal, “flesh” when it’s alive or human)
cede/ceed (intercede, exceed) = go
cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred
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TOEFL iBT: 4 hours, 4 sections, 120 total points possible (30/section), $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 10 questions each
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5-7 listenings (2-3 conversations, 5Q; 3-4 lectures/discussions, 6Q)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 4 tasks (1 independent, 3 integrated), 3m45s of total speaking time
4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks (1 integrated, 1 independent), 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary (which word is closest in meaning to the highlighted word?)
- fact (according to the text, which of the following is true?)
- negative fact (which of the following is NOT true?)
- purpose (why does the author mention _____?)
- inference (what can be inferred about _____?)
- reference (what does [pronoun] refer to?) [maybe not on the test any more]
- paraphrase (which sentence includes the important information from the highlighted sentence?)
- sentence insertion (where in the paragraph should a new sentence go?)
- summary (choose the three (out of 6) most important ideas from the passage)
- organize/categorize (put the answer choices into 2 or 3 categories) [maybe not on the test now]
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Paraphrase Questions
p. 134-135 describes this question type
- “Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
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Cengage exercise 5.1 - Are the restatements Correct, Incomplete, or False?
1 incomplete - It doesn’t include the fact that there are no flying reptiles now.
2 correct
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BREAK
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3 false - The town is Muncie, not Middleton.
4 false
5 correct
6 false - They all have two-word names, but the second word is different depending on how many types of rock.
7 correct
8 incomplete - This is true, but it doesn’t mention checkers.
9 false
10 correct
11 correct
12 false - Gainsborough rivaled Reynolds, which means he had a similar level of talent.
13 false
14 false
15 incomplete - It doesn’t mention the visual spectacles available for film.
16 false - “there is no validity” means this is untrue (the bases of trees grow out, not up)
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Oxford p. 137 and 140 - Answer the paraphrase questions about Andy Goldsworthy’s art.
1 c - There is a hole in the art, but no looking glass. (Both a and b say there’s a real looking glass (mirror) in the art.)
2 a
3 c - ‘a’ and ‘d’ leave out one of the artists, ‘b’ incorrectly states that Matisse was executed
- Even when you can’t be sure of the correct answer, you should try to eliminate one or two definitely incorrect answers.
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p. 142 and 144-145 - Do the same for the passage about Ben and Jerry.
1 d
2 c - They gave out free ice cream in their marketing, but we don’t know that it was at community events.
3 c
4 c - They were for the environment and against BGH and nuclear weapons.
5 c - They did have some unique marketing (paragraph 2), but this sentence doesn’t refer to it.
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Homework: p. 146-153 - exercises 3R14 and 3R20 (You can check the answers yourself after you do it.)