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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- Word roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
- ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
- endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
- epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
- equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
- erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
- esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = sense/perception (Many words that start with this root are related to perceptions of beauty.)
- eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (The opposite prefix is “dys”.)
- ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out of / former
- extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outward/beyond
- (contra, extra, intro, retro - the tra/tro ending adds direction or movement to the meaning)
- fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
- fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
- flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
- fore (foreground, forecast) = before (This is related to “front”, “first”, “former”, and to “pre”, “proto”, “prim”.)
- fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
- fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee/escape
- funct (function, defunct) = perform
- gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create (This root sometimes means “type”, as in “genus”, “genre”, and “kind”.)
- geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
- graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write (“scrib” can also have both meanings)
- grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
- helio (heliocentric, heliograph, helium) = sun
- hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
- hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
- homo (homogeneous, homonym, homophone) = same
- hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or fluid in general)
- hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
- hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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- “hyper” and “super” both mean “over”, but in pairs of words that use both, “hyper” is more than “super”
- e.g. hypersonic is faster than supersonic
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- Just like full words, roots can have approximately the same meaning but different connotations.
- All three of these mean, basically, “say something before it happens”.
- predict = the normal deductive reasoning we always use
- foretell = magical or supernatural prediction, like a fortune teller might do
- prophecy = divine or spiritual prediction, like a prophet or oracle receives from a god
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- https://www.mass.gov/news/governor-charlie-baker-orders-all-non-essential-businesses-to-cease-in-person-operation
- https://howmuchtoiletpaper.com/
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- TOEFL: 4 parts, 3.5 hours, 120 points total (30 per section), $205
- 1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 9-10 questions each
- 2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5 or 7 passages (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures and discussions)
- (10-minute break)
- 3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s speaking time (The old tasks 1 and 5 are removed. Now 2, 3, 4, 6.)
- 4 writing: 55 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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- BREAK
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- Reading Question Types:
- - vocabulary
- - fact/detail
- - negative fact
- - inference (Readers infer, the author implies.)
- - paraphrase / sentence restatement
- - purpose / method (Why or how does the author do something?)
- - reference / pronoun (This is uncommon or possibly no longer on the test, but it’s still an important skill.)
- - sentence insertion
- - categorize/organize (this is the less common type of final question)
- - summary (This is the most common final question type.)
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- Paraphrase Questions:
- - The question asks for the option that best expresses the essential information from the sentence.
- - Incorrect answers might omit the information from one clause of the original.
- - They also might switch around the relationships from the original (e.g. active vs. passive).
- - They might express true information from the paragraph, which is not from the highlighted sentence.
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- Cambridge exercise R11 - Decide if the restatements have the same or different meaning from the original sentences. Then compare with your partner and try to convince them of your answers if you disagree.
- 1 S
- 2 S
- 3 S
- 4 D - The original comparison is about how well people remember information. The new sentence compares how well people reconstruct scenes.
- 5 D - It’s the cold, not cabin fever, that causes vapor to freeze.
- 6 S
- 7 D - Oceans have in fact become cleaner, not more polluted.
- 8 S
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- exercise R13 - Take 10 minutes to choose the correct restatement of each highlighted sentence
- Then take 5 minutes to check with and convince your partner.
- 1 B
- 2 D
- 3 C
- 4 B
- 5 D - The silver compound kills the protozoa. The tsetse fly carries the protozoa. The protozoa cause sleeping sickness. (“protozoa” is plural)
- 6 A
- 7 B - The convection currents act as conveyor belts.
- 8 C
- 9 A
- 10 A
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- Homework: pdf’s 3 and 4 from the shared drive
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