#include <iostream>
#include <string>

void printNumCharacters     (const std::string& sentence); //Prints number of characters.
void printNumWords          (const std::string& sentence); //Prints number of words.
void printToUpper           (const std::string& sentence); //Prints sentence to upper case.
void printSubString         (const std::string& sentence); //Prints a sub string.

int main()
{
    std::string sentence;

    std::cout << "Please enter a sentence. \n";
    std::getline(std::cin, sentence);

    printNumCharacters  (sentence);
    printNumWords       (sentence);
    printToUpper        (sentence);
    printSubString      (sentence);


    return 0;
}

void printNumCharacters(const std::string& sentence)
{
    std::cout << "Number of characters: " << sentence.length() << std::endl;
}

void printNumWords(const std::string& sentence)
{
    char letter;
    int words;

    unsigned int i = 0;
    while(std::isspace(sentence.at(i))) { //Count spaces at start of sentence if any
        i++;
    }

    sentence.empty() ? words = 0 : words = 1;   //Ternary operator! We need to do this as the following loop counts the spaces, rather than the words
                                                //If the string is empty, then words = 0 : If not, then count the first word

    for (; i < sentence.length(); i++) //Simple "for loop" to iterate through each character of the string
    {
        letter = sentence[i];
        if( letter == ' ')
        {
            words++;
        }

    }

    std::cout << "Number of words: " << words << std::endl;
}

void printToUpper(const std::string& sentence)
{
    std::locale loc;
    for (std::string::size_type i = 0 ; i< sentence.length(); i++)
    {
        std::cout << std::toupper(sentence[i], loc); //I literally Googled this one lol
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

void printSubString(const std::string& sentence)
{
    unsigned  start = 0;
    unsigned int end = sentence.length() + 1;



    std::cout << "Enter where you want to start printing the string (Character number) between 0 and " << sentence.length() << std::endl;
    do { //"Do while loop"

        std::cin >> start;
        if( start < 0) std::cout << "Too small! Enter number greater than 0!" << std::endl;
        if( start > sentence.length()) std::cout << "Too big! Enter number less than " << sentence.length() << "!" << std::endl;
    } while ( start < 0 || start > sentence.length() );

    std::cout << "Enter where you want to end printing the string (Character number) between " << start << " and " << sentence.length() << std::endl;
    do { //"Do while loop"

        std::cin >> end;
        if( start < start) std::cout << "Too small! Enter number greater than 0!" << start << "!" << std::endl;
        if( start > sentence.length()) std::cout << "Too big! Enter number less than " << sentence.length() << "!" << std::endl;
    } while ( end < start || end > sentence.length() );

    std::cout << sentence.substr(start, end); //Built in!
}