<?php
function getItems($db=null,$limit=20,$page='',$where='') {
    // check if $db exists before doing anything
    if ($db) {
        $sql1 = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM classified ORDER BY date DESC");
        /*** fetch Number of results ***/
        $total_pages =$sql1->rowCount();
            $stages = 3;
        if($page){
            $start = ($page - 1) * $limit;
        }else{
            $start = 0;
            }
            $sql = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM classified $where ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT $start,
           $limit  ")or die(print_r($sql->errorInfo(), true));
        $sql->execute();
        $result = $sql->fetchAll();
    } else {
        // I return an empty array here so that if something should fail $result will still be populated with an array
        return array();
    }
return $result;
}


$targetpage = "index.php";

$result = getItems($db,20,$_GET['page'],'where type = "1"');

//Include pagination
 require_once("pagination.php");
 // pagination
echo $paginate;

foreach($result as $row){
    $id = htmlentities($row['id'], ENT_QUOTES);
    $id_city = htmlentities($row['id_city'], ENT_QUOTES);
    $title = htmlentities($row['title'], ENT_QUOTES ,'utf-8');
     $querya = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM city WHERE id = :id_city");
    /*** bind the paramaters ***/
    $querya->bindParam(':id_city', $id_city, PDO::PARAM_INT);
    /*** execute the prepared statement ***/
    $querya->execute();
    /*** fetch the results ***/
    $resultya = $querya->fetchAll();
     foreach ($resultya as $rowa) {
        $city_name = htmlentities($rowa['city'], ENT_QUOTES, 'utf-8');
     }
}
?>