API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Spain (Renaissance and Reformation)

jonstond2
Dec 20th, 2015
1,578
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 226.36 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The Spanish Renaissance is more typically referred to as the Siglo de Oro, or Golden Age, although the potential political incorrectness of this term has come under fire in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (was this a golden age for everyone? for women? for the colonized?). Consequently, the alternative “early modern” is preferred in many circles, although Golden Age is very much still employed, particularly in Spain. Another slippery aspect of this umbrella term is the rather long period it covers. Typically its starting date is late medieval (1492 marked Christopher Columbus’s “encounter” with the “New” World, the end of the Reconquest, and the expulsion of the Jews). It extends through at least the early Baroque (a commonly chosen terminus ante quem for Spain’s period of greatest hegemony is the reign of the feeble monarch Carlos II, which ended in 1700). As is obvious from this time frame, the Renaissance happened later in Spain than in some other European countries. This factor has led to a certain sense of “belatedness” in both Spain’s historical process and its historiography. This time period proved extraordinarily fertile, however, coinciding with what could only be termed an era of Spanish world dominance: at various points during this same epoch, Spain controlled southern Italy, Portugal, and the Netherlands in addition to its New World colonies. The rulers of this far-flung empire, beginning with the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, all came from one royal family, the Habsburgs of Austria. Imperial Spain was the birthplace of several important literary and artistic movements and genres, including the first modern novel. Opinions are divided on whether historical phenomena, such as the Inquisition, actually stifled or rather stimulated artistic creativity.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. A strong preoccupation with ideology may be seen running through most late-20th- and early-21st-century overviews of this period, as in Cascardi 1997. Issues of cultural authority and cultural control, particularly in religious contexts, are most salient in essay collections such as Brownlee and Gumbrecht 1995 and Cruz and Perry 1992. Likewise, Henry Kamen refers to the Spain of this period as a “society of conflict” in Kamen 2005. This perceived conflict is escalated to a crisis in Lynch 1992. Spadaccini and Martín-Estudillo 2005 prefers historico-aesthetic terminology in its invocation of the period concept known as the Baroque. Cultural history, including history of the book, is the focus of Feros and Gelabert 2004.
  8.  
  9. Brownlee, Marina S., and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, eds. Cultural Authority in Golden Age Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Contains essays on postmodernism and the Baroque, homographesis, the discourse of empire, and the “matter of America.” Golden Age authors covered include Miguel de Cervantes, Garcilaso de la Vega, Luis de Góngora y Argote, Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, and María de Zayas y Sotomayor.
  12. Find this resource:
  13. Cascardi, Anthony J. Ideologies of History in the Spanish Golden Age. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
  14. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. This book is about literary and historical ideology. Astonishingly broad in scope, it offers chapters on comedia (comedy), Don Quijote, Garcilaso de la Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Don Juan, El Cid, and others.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Cruz, Anne J., and Mary Elizabeth Perry, eds. Culture and Control in Counter-Reformation Spain. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. A frequently cited essay collection edited by two well-established scholars, one a literary critic and the other a historian. Has a distinctly feminist slant. Most of the contributions fall under the general rubric of religious studies. Essays on catechism, religious oratory, circumcision, crypto-Judaism, demonology, and marriage.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Elliott, John H. Imperial Spain, 1469–1716. New York: St. Martin’s, 1964.
  22. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  23. The standard narrative history of the period by Spain’s greatest living historian. A subsequent collection of the same author’s essays, Spain and Its World, 1500–1700 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), may be seen as a companion volume.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Feros, Antonio, and Juan Gelabert, eds. España en tiempos del Quijote. Madrid: Taurus, 2004.
  26. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. Collection of essays of above-average quality. Includes some excellent work by cultural historians, such as Fernando Bouza’s overview of book history.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Kamen, Henry. Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. 3d ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005.
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. Also available in Spanish translation, Una sociedad conflictiva: España 1469–1714. The title of this book refers to Américo Castro’s famous phrase describing the Golden Age in Spain as a “conflictive age” (De la edad conflictiva [Madrid: Taurus, 1976]). By one of the foremost historians of Spain. First published in 1983.
  32. Find this resource:
  33. Lynch, John. The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1598–1700. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
  34. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  35. A companion volume to the same historian’s Spain 1516–1598: From Nation State to World Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
  36. Find this resource:
  37. Spadaccini, Nicholas, and Luis Martín-Estudillo, eds. Hispanic Baroques: Reading Cultures in Context. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2005.
  38. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  39. A transatlantic approach to a periodic, historical, and aesthetic concept. Solid essay collection explores cultures of crises, anxieties, subjectivities, strategies of identity, and transgressive recyclings.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. Reference Works
  42.  
  43. Reference tools include lexical dictionaries such as Covarrubias Orozco 1995 and encyclopedias such as Alvar, et al. 2005–. A historical overview of the first part of the Golden Age is available online in Batista i Roca 1957. Important in this section also, but perhaps easily overlooked, are essential primary texts, such as the Douay-Rheims Catholic Bibleand an online English version of proceedings from the Council of Trent . These are crucial for any consideration of the Counter-Reformation in Spain. For comedia (comedy) studies, Castillejo 2002 contains brief synopses of eight hundred plays. To supplement this quick reference tool, Ferrer Valls 2008, contains information also about stage actors. The single handiest small volume to keep on hand is Lacarta 1996, eloquent in its brevity but remarkably inclusive. It covers historical, literary, and cultural figures.
  44.  
  45. Alvar, Carlos, Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra, and Florencio Sevilla Arroyo, eds. Gran enciclopedia cervantina. 10 vols. Madrid: Castalia, 2005–.
  46. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  47. Far more than just a reference work on Miguel de Cervantes, this is the closest thing available to a general Golden Age encyclopedia. Covers historical topics, not just literary material.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Batista i Roca, J. M. “The Hispanic Kingdoms and the Catholic Kings.” In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 1, The Renaissance, 1493–1520. Edited by G. R. Potter and Denys Hay, 316–342. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1957.
  50. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521045414Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. Assesses the Catholic Monarchs’ main accomplishments and shows how they charted a course for the future in Spain by setting up institutions such as the Inquisition that endured well past their reigns. Heavy on economy and genealogy. Good at situating Spain within a larger European context. Defines key terms such as Mesta, letrados (lawyers), hermandad (brotherhood), corregidor, and supremos (supreme). Available by subscription through Cambridge Histories Online.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Castillejo, David. Guía de ochocientas comedias del Siglo de Oro: Para el uso de actores y lectores. Madrid: Ars Millenii, 2002.
  54. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Offers one-paragraph synopses of individual plots for eight hundred plays. The only such reference work of its kind.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastián. Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española. Edited by Felipe C. R. Maldonado. Revised by Manuel Camarero. Madrid: Castalia, 1995.
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. A great modern edition of the essential lexical dictionary from the period, originally published in 1611.
  60. Find this resource:
  61. Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible.
  62. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. Translated from the Latin Vulgate. Essential reference tool, since the Vulgate was the only version officially sanctioned for use in Golden Age Spain.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Ferrer Valls, Teresa. Diccionario biográfico de actores del teatro clásico español. DVD-ROM. Teatro del Siglo de Oro, Bibliografías y Catálogos 50. Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 2008.
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67. DVD-ROM contains all the information available about every actor and every playwright of the Golden Age. Includes multiple images of stages, drawings, paintings, title pages, and more.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Lacarta, Manuel. Diccionario del Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Alderabán, 1996.
  70. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  71. An indispensable reference tool for short (typically one-paragraph) biographies of major historical and literary figures. Provides life dates and titles of published works. Useful general bibliography at the end.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Waterworth, J., ed. and trans. The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent.
  74. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. Part of the Hanover Historical Texts Project, this 19th-century English version (London: Dolman, 1848) of the council’s proceedings was scanned by Hanover College students in 1995.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Bibliographies and Research Tools
  78.  
  79. The late 20th and early 21st centuries have witnessed a veritable explosion of new research tools, many of them accessible online, although some (such as the Teatro Español del Siglo de Oro database) are by subscription only. For digital versions of primary texts, the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes contains accurate renditions of most of the so-called classics, along with a remarkable array of digitized secondary scholarship, although the Library of Iberian Resources Online is more likely to contain secondary sources published in the United States. For locating obscure primary sources in their original printed editions, the Catálogo Colectivo del Patrimonio Bibliográfico Español is a synchronized National Union Catalogue–type project for Spain. It should be supplemented by WorldCat for US holdings, of which some sense may be gained by perusing Laurenti 2000. For word searches within primary texts spanning some seven centuries, the Corpus del Español is a good place to start, although it may soon be supplanted by the Corpus Diacrónico del Español. The Grupo de Investigación Siglo de Oro website is a suitable place to look to find out what is happening in Siglo de Oro circles within Spain.
  80.  
  81. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  82. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  83. Begun in 1999 as a joint initiative of the University of Alicante, Banco Santander, and the Fundación Marcelino Botín, this project is now run by the Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. The largest digital library in Spain. Encompasses facsimiles, doctoral theses, regional and children’s literature, scholarly studies and editions, and video and audio resources.
  84. Find this resource:
  85. Catálogo Colectivo del Patrimonio Bibliográfico Español.
  86. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  87. A joint project of Spain’s Ministry of Culture and the various regions known as Comunidades Autónomas, this site was begun in 1988. It enjoys the participation of 761 Spanish libraries. A single interface searches the combined holdings of all the major libraries in Spain. Excellent for locating early editions and hard-to-find materials.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Corpus del Español.
  90. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. Includes more than twenty thousand Spanish texts. Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and created by Mark Davies at Brigham Young University, this database includes 100 million words of Spanish texts from the 1200s to the 1900s. The search engine works beautifully. User interfaces available in both English and Spanish.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Corpus Diacrónico del Español.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. A cooperative lexical project sponsored by the Real Academia Española. Covers multiple centuries of printed texts in all fields: humanities, history, science, and social science. Includes many countries in the Spanish-speaking world. Media scanned for this project include books, journals, magazines, and oral transcripts. Data input is ongoing and is supplied by collaborators worldwide.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Grupo de Investigación Siglo de Oro.
  98. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  99. Directed by Ignacio Arellano at the University of Navarra, this working group sponsors conferences, oversees the publication of scholarly editions, and forms research teams in targeted areas. Enormously productive and well respected. Website, begun in 1990, contains many useful links for researchers.
  100. Find this resource:
  101. Laurenti, Joseph L. Estudios bibliográficos sobre la Edad de Oro y el Siglo de las Luces (1472–1799): Fondos raros españoles en la Universidad de Illinois y en otras bibliotecas norteamericanas. Guadalajara, Spain: Aache, 2000.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. A handy guide to finding early editions of Golden Age primary sources in US libraries.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Library of Iberian Resources Online.
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107. A joint project of the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain and the University of Central Arkansas. Its goal is to “make available to users the best scholarship about the peoples and nations of the Iberian peninsula.” Time period covered is 5th to 17th centuries. Principally devoted to digitizations of recent but out-of-print university press monographs. Also includes some basic primary texts and sources in translation. Initially funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Teatro Español del Siglo de Oro.
  110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  111. Subscription-only database containing some eight hundred plays by sixteen dramatists. Does include page and line numbers as well as bibliographic information about the original. Often the original is a 17th-century printed source, otherwise available only on microfilm (for example, from the extensive comedia [comedy] collection at the University of Pennsylvania). An editorial board selects the editions to be digitized and maintains high scholarly standards of transcription. Original spelling is preserved.
  112. Find this resource:
  113. Journals
  114.  
  115. Renaissance Studies and Renaissance Quarterly are general-interest journals devoted to this specific time period, but both are used frequently by Hispanists to disseminate the results of their research. The former is published in Great Britain and the latter in the United States. Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme is the Canadian equivalent; it publishes in both French and English. The title of the Sixteenth Century Journal is somewhat misleading, as it actually covers the 15th to the 17th centuries. Hispania: Revista Española de Historia is the primary historical journal published in Spain. Cuadernos de Historia de España is a primarily Spanish-language alternative published in Buenos Aires. A trendier venue for cultural studies is the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. The most traditional choice of course for Hispanists of any field or time period remains the Hispanic Review.
  116.  
  117. Cuadernos de Historia de España.
  118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. Published by the University of Buenos Aires. Features articles on Spanish history and culture. Languages are Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Founded by Claudio Sánchez Albornoz. Cosponsored by two Spanish entities, the Royal Academy of History in Madrid and the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. Hispania: Revista Española de Historia.
  122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. Founded in 1940, this quarterly journal is dedicated to the study of medieval, modern, and contemporary Hispanic societies. Since 1995 it has also published some monographic issues. Its editorial board is populated by renowned historians from both Spain and abroad. Contains an ample bibliographic component. Free access online beginning six months after publication in hard copy.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Hispanic Review.
  126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  127. One of the oldest and best-established journals in Hispanic studies. Published since 1933 by the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Pennsylvania. Encompasses the literature and culture of Iberia and Latin America, including Portugal and Brazil. Time period covered spans the Middle Ages to the present.
  128. Find this resource:
  129. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies.
  130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131. Trendy journal published by Routledge. Four issues per year. Its stated aims are to interrogate “established notions of Spanish culture and Hispanism” and to promote the study of previously marginalized cultural phenomena and to rethink “cultural meanings of canonical texts.” In particular, it presents itself as a “vehicle for work on the role of culture in identity formation.” Articles published in English or Spanish.
  132. Find this resource:
  133. Renaissance Quarterly.
  134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. The official journal of the Renaissance Society of America. Published since 1954 (since 2009 by the University of Chicago Press). Spans the period from 1300 to 1650. Presents twelve to sixteen articles and more than four hundred book reviews per year. The leading American journal devoted to Renaissance studies.
  136. Find this resource:
  137. Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme.
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. Bilingual English-French journal published quarterly since 1964 by the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies at the University of Toronto. Also sponsored by the Canadian Society for Renaissance Studies, the Pacific Northwest Renaissance Society, and the Toronto Renaissance and Reformation Colloquium. Publishes a short abstract at the beginning of each article in whichever language the essay is not written in.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Renaissance Studies.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Official journal of the Society for Renaissance Studies in Great Britain. Publishes articles and editions of documents, with editions appearing in their original languages. Sometimes translations are provided also. Covers a wide spectrum of Renaissance history and culture. One particularly attractive feature is the illustrated reviews of museum exhibitions from around the world.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Sixteenth Century Journal.
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. Solid, well-established journal with a historical focus. Covers the 16th century, broadly defined (1450–1648). Prints twenty to twenty-five articles and more than four hundred book reviews per year. Other advantages include an annual subject index and an annual book review index. The official outlet for the Sixteenth Century Society.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Archives
  150.  
  151. Historians did not enjoy full access to extant archives until relatively recently, following the death of the fascist dictator General Francisco Franco in 1975. More important even than questions of access, however, may have been the general disarray of documents without adequate inventories and self-censorship by scholars in the face of ideological control exercised by his regime. There was also a period at the height of New Criticism and positivist historiography when it was not considered so desirable by literary scholars and historians to search beyond the hermetic confines of a primary text. Since then—and this goes along with larger movements, such as the New Historicism of the 1980s—it has become common practice to comb through the archives in search of historical material which could be made applicable to literary study. Fertile hunting ground for these documents, particularly Inquisitional procesos (trials), remains the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid. State papers from the 15th through the 19th centuries are held at the Archivo General de Simancas in Valladolid. For New World topics, the points of departure for historical sources are the Archivo General de Indias in Seville or the Archivo General de la Nación in Mexico City. For more strictly “literary” topics, the richest archival collection of unpublished manuscripts is in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. A smaller but still important collection is held by the Hispanic Society of America. Many of the holdings from these repositories are regrettably still uncatalogued. Visual artifacts, often preferred over written texts by proponents of cultural studies, may be found in abundance at the Museo Nacional del Prado. An attractive digital archive is the Letters of Philip II, King of Spain, 1592–1597, a collection of digitized documents in facsimile available through the website of Brigham Young University.
  152.  
  153. Archivo General de Indias.
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155. Repository for primary sources related to the New World colonies. Located in Seville.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Archivo General de la Nación.
  158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. The national archive of Mexico contains documents pertaining to the government and administration of Spain’s former colony, New Spain. Located in Mexico City.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Archivo General de Simancas.
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. Founded by Emperor Charles V and definitively organized by his son Philip II, this repository contains all available documentation produced by the government of Spain from the time of the Catholic Monarchs (1475) until the Liberal Regime (1834). The most complete trove of documents pertaining to the history of Spain. Located in Simancas (Valladolid).
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Archivo Histórico Nacional.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. The main repository for Inquisitional procesos (trials), located in Madrid. Also houses much other material of interest for the early modern period, including papers of the Jesuit order and a number of major aristocratic families.
  168. Find this resource:
  169. Biblioteca Nacional de España.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. The main source for early or rare printed editions and manuscripts. Located in Madrid. Many (but not all) of the holdings are searchable through the online catalogue.
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Hispanic Society of America Museum and Library.
  174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  175. The most important collection of Spanish primary source material in the United States. Located in New York City. An incomplete 1965 catalogue of the collection is available in hard copy for purchase at the gift shop or through free download from the website.
  176. Find this resource:
  177. Letters of Philip II, King of Spain, 1592–1597. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
  178. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. Facsimiles of the king’s letters, primarily written to Don Diego de Orellana de Chaves, who was the royal governor of Spain’s northern coast. These letters remain unpublished in a modern scholarly edition.
  180. Find this resource:
  181. Museo Nacional del Prado.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. Spain’s national art museum in Madrid remains a fundamental source for cultural artifacts, especially for studies pertaining to visual culture. Website offers an online virtual gallery.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Primary Sources
  186.  
  187. Printed primary sources range from memoirs, as in Bernáldez 1988, to family letters, as in Bouza Álvarez 1998 and Rodríguez Raso 1963, to counsel offered to monarchs, as in Álamos de Barrientos 1990. Facsimiles of ephemera, such as broadsides, appear in Ettinghausen 1995. Fernández Álvarez 1973–1981 contains a wealth of official documents. Ortiz-Carboneres 1989 could be used as a textbook of representative readings from Spanish history. A new trend has been the publication of excerpts from primary source documents translated into English, as in Cowans 2003. These would unfortunately have been more useful (i.e., citable) if they had included the original Spanish.
  188.  
  189. Álamos de Barrientos, Baltasar. Discurso político al rey Felipe III al comienzo de su reinado. Edited by Modesto Santos López. Textos y documentos 7. Barcelona: Anthropos, 1990.
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. Political advice offered to the new Spanish king, derived from Tacitus, written around the time of the death of Philip II. Divides the Spanish monarchy into inherited versus conquered realms. Categorizes foreign princes as friends, neutral parties, or enemies (public or private). Pays special attention to the reign of Castile.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Bernáldez, Andrés. Memorias del reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Edited by Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia and Manuel Gómez-Moreno. Los Palacios y Villafranca, Spain: Ayuntamiento, 1988.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Scholarly edition of the only contemporaneous account of the entire reign of Ferdinand and Isabel. Written of his own volition—not by royal command—by the Extremaduran priest of a rural parish near Seville. Presents a populist, nonerudite view of events happening within his own lifetime. Personal and subjective but simultaneously moralistic and patriotic.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Bouza Álvarez, Fernando Jesús, ed. Cartas de Felipe II a sus hijas. Madrid: Akal, 1998.
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. Contains family letters written by the king to his daughters Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela from 1581 to 1596. Includes genealogical tables, bibliography, and indexes along with an introduction providing historical context for the letters.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Cowans, Jon, ed. Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
  202. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Collection of sixty-one primary source documents translated from Spanish into English. Covers the period from 1469 to the end of the 18th century. The first book of its kind available to non-Hispanists. Spans the fields of culture, politics, social history, and economics. Considers the roles of women and ethnic minorities.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Ettinghausen, Henry, ed. Noticias del siglo XVII: Relaciones españolas de sucesos naturales y sobrenaturales. Barcelona: Puvill, 1995.
  206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. Charming facsimile of broadside news accounts from the 17th century, many with woodcut illustrations.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel, ed. Corpus documental de Carlos V. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 1973–1981.
  210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. A treasure trove of official and family correspondence in five volumes. Divided into two parts spanning the time periods 1516–1528 and 1528–1539.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Ortiz-Carboneres, Salvador, ed. Spanish History: Selected Texts from the Fall of Granada in 1492 to Modern Times. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
  214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. Small volume of excerpts from historical documents reprinted in the original Spanish. Suitable for student use. Each selection followed by lexical notes. Covers the medieval period through the 20th century.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Rodríguez Raso, Rafaela, ed. Maximiliano de Austria, gobernador de Carlos V en España: Cartas al emperador. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1963.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Impressive scholarly edition of letters written by Maximilian and Maria of Austria to Charles V while they were governors of Spain in his stead from 1548 to 1551. Includes onomastic, geographic, and topical indexes and fifteen glossy black-and-white illustrations. A sobering reminder that out of a total of forty years in power, Charles spent only fifteen in Spain.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. History
  222.  
  223. As the title indicates, Castro 1985 is a suitable introduction to Spanish history. Elliott 2009 takes a broader, more transatlantic perspective. Kagan and Parker 2002 offers a tribute to this eminent historian. Lovett 1986 offers a useful analysis of the first part of the House of Austria’s period of dominance, but Domínguez Ortiz 1989 takes a negative view of the latter years of Habsburg rule. Flynn 1982 covers economic history, while Fernández-Armesto 1988 scrutinizes the armada’s humiliating defeat. Kagan 2009 concentrates more on the ideological agendas of royal historians than on the chronicles they wrote.
  224.  
  225. Castro, Américo. The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History. Translated by Willard F. King and Selma Margaretten. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Draws upon material previously published in the same author’s The Structure of Spanish History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1954). This version emphasizes the personal over the structural aspect of Spain’s history. Includes Castro’s trademark theses of three “castes” of believers (Jews, Christians, and Muslims) and Spaniards’ psychological heritage of confidence and insecurity. Reprint of 1971 edition.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. Crisis y decadencia de la España de los Austrias. 2d ed. Barcelona: Ariel, 1989.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. Collection of previously published essays united under the theme of crisis and decadence. Includes chapters on crime in Seville, expenses at the royal court, legal concessions to Castilian cities, a conspiracy by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, the Peace of the Pyrenees, and the “crisis of Castile” during the decade 1677–1687.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Elliott, John Huxtable. Spain, Europe, and the Wider World, 1500–1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. Collected essays of one of the foremost historians of Spain. Includes fourteen essays, lectures, and articles. Organized around three themes of early modern Europe, overseas expansion, and historical contexts for some of the period’s greatest painters (El Greco, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Peter Paul Rubens, and Anthony Van Dyck).
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Authoritative assessment published on the occasion of the battle’s fourth centenary. Asks what was the Armada’s purpose and why it failed. Argues provocatively that substantial technical and tactical differences did not make that much difference for the outcome. Pays more attention to understudied factors like the weather. Does not cover diplomatic preludes to the naval campaign.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Flynn, Dennis O. “Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile).” Journal of Economic History 42.1 (1982): 139–147.
  242. DOI: 10.1017/S0022050700026991Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Writing a generation after Earl Hamilton, this scholar largely supports his theses regarding New World origins for Spain’s fiscal decline but focuses on mining profits over and above the quantity of imports.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Kagan, Richard L. Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Examines the agendas of official historians whose works were commissioned by Spain’s monarchs. The book’s primary emphasis is on justifications offered for New World conquest. The focus here is on the historians themselves, not their works. Concludes that official histories cannot be taken at face value but still offer interesting views of how monarchs wished to be remembered.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Kagan, Richard L., and Geoffrey Parker, eds. Spain, Europe, and the Atlantic: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. Essay collection divided into three parts on power and propaganda (the world of the court), patterns of society (community and identity), and Spain and its empire. Includes essays on taxation, constitutionalism, meanings of liberty, patriotism, and a consideration of why Spain’s special overseas laws were never enacted. First published in 1995.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Lovett, A. W. Early Habsburg Spain, 1517–1598. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Focuses on the reigns of Charles V and Philip II. Considers their roles in transforming the kingdom of Castile into a world power. Includes coverage of the conquests of Mexico and Peru, the revolt of the Netherlands, the defeat of the armada, and the Inquisition. Also takes into account regional differences within Iberia and conflicts with unassimilated Jews.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. The Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabel (1479–1516)
  258.  
  259. The great achievement of the so-called Catholic Monarchs (an honorific granted to them by the pope) was the union of Spain’s diverse kingdoms under one crown. Edwards 2000 is a good introduction to this period of Spain’s history. Critical attention has focused more on Isabel than on Ferdinand, with Knighton and Morte García 1999 being a notable exception. Coverage of Isabel and her rule range from straightforward biography, such as Liss 1992 and the more popularizing Rubin Stuart 2004, to more theoretically informed analyses from a feminist perspective, like Weissberger 2004 and Lehfeldt 2000. Lehfeldt 2000 is a more concise treatment in article form. Weissberger 2008 is a representative collection of essays. No account of this period would be complete without mention of the Catholic Monarchs’ insane daughter Juana, who has been a perennial object of fascination, especially in Spanish popular culture. She is the focus of Aram 2005.
  260.  
  261. Aram, Bethany. Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Biography contains chapters on the princess’s education and inheritance, competing court cultures and relations with France, Renaissance passions and madness, her father Fernando’s paternal authority, the promotion of Habsburg family interests, and the politics of possession and salvation.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Covers the war of Castilian succession, regime consolidation, the new Inquisition, Reconquest, economy and society, convivencia (coexistence) of religious groups, Spain’s place in Europe, Renaissance cultural life, and the legacy of the Catholic Monarchs. Includes plates, maps, and a bibliographic essay.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Knighton, Tess, and Carmen Morte García. “Ferdinand of Aragon’s Entry into Valladolid in 1513: The Triumph of a Christian King.” Early Music History 18 (1999): 119–163.
  270. DOI: 10.1017/S0261127900001856Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Chronicles Ferdinand’s ceremonial entry into Valladolid on 5 January 1513, which was carefully scripted to recall the triumphs of the Roman emperors. Preparations for this triumphal entry included street decorations, the rehearsal of pageants, and various kinds of music and dance. Pays special attention to musical documentation.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. “Ruling Sexuality: The Political Legitimacy of Isabel of Castile.” Renaissance Quarterly 53.1 (2000): 31–56.
  274. DOI: 10.2307/2901532Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Astute analysis of sexual politics swirling around Queen Isabel and impacting her ability to rule. Demonstrates how the queen actually used her gender to advantage by forming a contrast in the public eye between herself and her ineffective brother, Enrique IV, whose critics had impugned his sexuality. Isabel’s handlers, in contrast, aligned her with models perceived to be sexually chaste.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Sweeping biography that covers Isabel’s life even before she became queen. A middle section includes the establishment of the Inquisition, warfare, and maritime expeditions. The final section, “Toward Empire,” covers Reconquest, the Jewish expulsion, Christopher Columbus’s voyages, and the administration of the Indies.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Rubin Stuart, Nancy. Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen. New York: American Society of Journalists and Authors, 2004.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Readable biography originally published by St. Martin’s Press in 1991. Takes a chronological approach to Isabel’s life, dividing it into five parts: “An Embattled Princess, 1451–1468,” “Heiress Apparent, 1468–1474,” “Queen of Castile and León, 1474–1482,” “A Holy War, 1482–1492,” and “Dynastic Dreams, 1492–1504.”
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Weissberger, Barbara F. Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Uses gender theory to analyze Isabelline historiography. Features chapter titles such as “Gender and Sovereignty,” “Anxious Masculinity,” “The Discourse of Effeminacy,” and “Neo-Gothic Theory and the Queen’s Body.”
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Weissberger, Barbara F., ed. Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona. Woodbridge, UK: Tamesis, 2008.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Essay collection divided into three parts on Aragon, Portugal, and northern Europe; patronage and reciprocal relationships; and questions of periodization (medieval or modern). Includes essays on Isabel’s musical interests, book and artistic patronage, Hernando de Talavera, Juan de Anchieta, conflictive subjectivity, and politics of truth and justice.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (1516–1556)
  294.  
  295. This grandson of the Catholic Monarchs eventually became heir to the Holy Roman Empire. Son of Juana the Mad and the Burgundian Philip the Fair, he united much of Europe under a single ultimate authority. He is considered the first Spanish Habsburg. Although he did not at first speak Spanish and his first attempts to deal with Spanish subjects went badly, they warmed to him when he replaced his Flemish ministers with Spaniards. At the end of his life he had embraced Spanish identity to the point that on his abdication he chose a Spanish monastery in Yuste as the place for his voluntary seclusion. The most visually appealing resource is Checa Cremades 1999, unparalleled for the wealth of its illustrations. Martínez Millán 2000 is the longest treatment, extending to five folio volumes. The year 2000 was the fifth centenary of Charles’s birth; this event was celebrated by many conferences, such as the one whose proceedings are collected in Blockmans and Mout 2004. The appeal of Ríos Mazcarelle 1996 lies in its brevity, while Kohler 2001 is the most au courant. Tracy 2002 centers on war. Wright 2008 considers Charles’s New World dominions, while Strosetzki 2000, stemming from bilingual conferences held in Germany, emphasizes the emperor’s German presence more. Salvador Esteban 2001 takes a holistic view, claiming that Charles in fact ruled at least four different “empires.” García Simón 1995 remembers the emperor’s last days.
  296.  
  297. Blockmans, Wim, and Nicolette Mout, eds. The World of Emperor Charles V: Proceedings of the Colloquium, Amsterdam, 4–6 October 2000. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2004.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Collected conference proceedings in four languages mirroring the multilingual character of the empire. Divided into three parts on the center of empire, integration of the regions, and constructing the imperial image. The original conference was held during the year that marked the five hundredth anniversary of Charles’s birth.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Checa Cremades, Fernando. Carlos V: La imagen del poder en el Renacimiento. Madrid: El Viso, 1999.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Gorgeous, enormous volume lavishly produced on glossy paper with numerous full-color illustrations combined with substantive scholarship. Four main chapters on the education of a Christian prince, the “Roman” image of Charles V, the war on Protestantism, and the emperor’s solitary final years.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. García Simón, Agustín. El Ocaso del emperador: Carlos V en Yuste. Madrid: Nerea, 1995.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Well-annotated volume that narrates the emperor’s abdication and final days of reclusion in the monastery at Yuste. Sees him as “from another era” and concludes that Charles V “was never a Renaissance man” (p. 37). Details the food, servants, and books with which he passed his time before dying. Includes a chapter on Bartolomé Carranza’s presence at Yuste and Erasmian controversies over dying well.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Kohler, Alfred. Carlos V, 1500–1558: Una biografía. 2d ed. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2001.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. An up-to-date biography of Charles V.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Martínez Millán, José. La corte de Carlos V. 5 vols. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, 2000.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Five large folio volumes form an exhaustive survey of Charles’s reign. Volume 1 covers Charles’s heritage and the evolution of Hispanic politics and then the articulation of Charles’s court. Volume 2 covers empire and Catholic monarchy, followed by these two entities’ separation. Volume 3 covers Charles’s royal advice, or consejos, and his councillors. The final two volumes focus on royal servants.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Ríos Mazcarelle, Manuel. Carlos V, el emperador (1500–1558). Madrid: Alderabán, 1996.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Short biography that offers a good digest of secondary sources. Includes a map, black-and-white illustrations, genealogical tables, and a time line.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Salvador Esteban, Emilia. Carlos V, emperador de imperios. Pamplona, Spain: Universidad de Navarra, 2001.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Concise biography that centers on the idea that this emperor in fact governed not one empire but various empires. Considers at least four of them in detail: the German one, the Hispanic one, the “Caroline” one, and the universal empire of Christendom. Further divides the emperor’s enemies into distinct groups: Berbers and Turks, the French, Protestants, and so forth.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Strosetzki, Christoph, ed. Aspectos históricos y culturales bajo Carlos V / Aspekte der Geschichte und Kultur unter Karl V. Papers presented at a conference held 22–25 February, 2000, Münster and Bonn, Germany. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2000.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Bilingual conference proceedings in German and Spanish from a conference commemorating Charles V’s fifth centennial. Contains essays on the Jesuits, German government, the University of Salamanca, church reform, Martin Luther, Juan de Valdés, the Burgundian crisis, confession, Desiderius Erasmus, New World historiography, messianism, Protestant printers, humanist dialogues, Jews and conversos, music, artistic patronage, and Spanish literature in Vienna.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Tracy, James D. Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Subtitle indicates a tripartite focus on dimensions of warfare as waged by this emperor. He was directly involved with campaign strategy, since he often led his troops into battle personally, against the warnings of advisers. But he was limited both by international bankers who took control of Habsburg territories and by local parliamentary bodies within the regions he governed.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Wright, Elizabeth. “New World News, Ancient Echoes: A Cortés Letter and a Vernacular Livy for a New King and His Wary Subjects (1520–23).” Renaissance Quarterly 61.3 (2008): 711–749.
  334. DOI: 10.1353/ren.0.0240Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Fascinating study that fuses book history with astute political analysis. Shows how “empire building converges with print innovations” (p. 711). Takes as a point of departure the fact that printers of Hernán Cortés’s “Second Letter from Mexico” used recycled woodcut illustrations from a 1520 edition of Livy’s History of Rome. The author reads into this choice a particular set of concerns regarding imperial expansion.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Philip II (1556–1598)
  338.  
  339. Philip II was the son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles, who abdicated in his favor upon his retirement to the monastery at Yuste. Known for his austerity, Philip ruled Spain with an iron fist at its height of world dominion. An especially devout Catholic, Philip is known for his construction of the palace-monastery called the Escorial and more generally for his enthusiastic endorsement of Counter-Reformation dogma. Kamen 1998 is the unsurpassed short biography. Parker 1998 imagines Philip’s government in terms of grand strategy. La España de Felipe II (Simó and González 2005) is a film that views Philip as heir to his father’s empire in everything but name. Parker 2010 details the messianic vision underlying Philip’s ambitions, while Conklin 1998 demonstrates real-world financial limits placed upon his power. Boyden 1995 examines one specific courtier, while Martínez Millán 1998 looks more broadly at the court. Lazure 2007 offers details of the king’s extensive relic collection housed at the Escorial.
  340.  
  341. Boyden, James M. The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez de Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Takes as a case study a courtier and chief minister of Philip II who was also known as the prince of Eboli. A Portuguese man of obscure origins, this royal favorite came to be one of the central figures at court. He is perhaps best known to history for his two-decades-long rivalry with the Duke of Alba.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Conklin, James. “The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II.” Journal of Political Economy 106.3 (1998): 483–513.
  346. DOI: 10.1086/250019Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Fairly theoretical examination of moneylending to Philip II by a Genoese-led cartel. The idea is that the Genoese crafted effective penalties to enforce their loans. When the king tried to renege, they successfully applied these penalties until he repaid the debt.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Kamen, Henry. Philip of Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Authoritative biography of King Philip II. Sees him as soldier, statesman, and Renaissance prince. Follows a chronological organization. Includes various illustrations and maps.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Lazure, Guy. “Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II’s Relic Collection at the Escorial.” Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 58–93.
  354. DOI: 10.1353/ren.2007.0076Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Examines some of the more symbolic and political, as opposed to religious, uses of relics. King Philip II kept an enormous collection of relics at the Escorial. This essay suggests that the existence of this collection bespeaks more than the king’s spiritual devotion and adherence to doctrines propagated by the Council of Trent.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Martínez Millán, José, ed. La corte de Felipe II. Madrid: Alianza, 1998.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Essay collection that covers princesses, royal secretaries, confessors, an inquisitor general, letrados (lawyers), admirals, army generals, and businesspeople to offer a panorama of life at the court. Begins with an essay on Philip II’s majesty and the construction of the royal myth.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Begins with an introduction asking whether the king in fact had a grand strategy and answers in the affirmative. The body of the text divides into three parts on the context of “strategic culture,” the so-called grand strategy’s formation, and the strategy’s execution.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Parker, Geoffrey. Felipe II: La biografía definitiva. Translated by Victoria E. Gordo del Rey. Revised by Santiago Martínez Hernández. Barcelona: Planeta, 2010.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. The title says it all—immodest, perhaps, but correct. This is the definitive biography of Philip II. Divided into five parts on the threshold of power, the king and his world, the first decade of his reign, the king conqueror, and the king conquered. Extends to over thirteen hundred pages in print.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Simó, José, and Juan Carlos González, dirs. La España de Felipe II: Un imperio sin emperador. DVD. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2005.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Informative hour-long film in Spanish with English subtitles that provides an account of Philip’s life and times. Includes dramatizations, works of art by El Greco, and maps. Addresses such thorny topics as the armada, the Inquisition, the Battle of Lepanto, and the king’s own son’s death after imprisonment. Incorporates a discussion of the Ommegang Pageant and architectural landmarks.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Philip III (1598–1621)
  374.  
  375. Philip III, son of Philip II and father of Philip IV, until the late 20th century was the forgotten monarch of the Habsburg dynasty. His reign initiated the tradition of delegating most government powers to a royal favorite—in this case, the Duke of Lerma, whose biography is in Williams 2006. Williams 1988 expounds upon Lerma’s specific strategies for isolating the king and shielding him from any influence but his own. Allen 2000 sees Philip II’s “grand strategy” failing under the rule of his son. Sánchez 1998 claims that women wielded significant power at the court. Braun 2009 details a theologian’s attempt to offer counsel to his sovereign in an effort to get the monarchy back on track. One trend is to highlight more positive achievements of Philip’s reign, for example in Feros 2006, where we see a shift in terminology from “decline” to “power realignment.” Williams 1973 is perhaps the most laudatory assessment of Philip’s rule, even using the word “restoration” to describe what happened during this period. Wright 2001 centers on one of the only indisputable contributions of this king, his patronage of great artists, such as Félix Arturo Lope de Vega.
  376.  
  377. Allen, Paul. Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. The first detailed treatment of Spanish grand strategy in northwestern Europe during the negotiation of the Pax Hispanica with the Netherlands using Spanish sources. Sees “peace” in this case as war waged by other means. Considers such topics as strategic overstretch and the failure of the Habsburgs’ bid for mastery of the region.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Braun, Harald E. “The Bible, Reason of State, and the Royal Conscience: Juan Márquez’s El governador christiano.” Renaissance Studies 23.4 (2009): 552–567.
  382. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-4658.2009.00610.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Examines a mirror of princes published in Salamanca in 1612 to offer guidance to King Philip III and his ministers. This anti-Machiavellian treatise is posed as a manual of Christian statecraft. The author was the Spanish theologian Juan Márquez (b. 1565–d. 1621).
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Feros, Antonio. Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Revisionist thesis argues for Spain’s realignment of power instead of decline. Examines the career of the royal favorite, the Duke of Lerma, as the first in a series of privados (favorites) or validos who would effectively control the monarchical governments of several European countries, including France and England, during the course of the 17th century. First published in 2000.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Sánchez, Magdalena S. The Empress, the Queen, and the Nun: Women and Power at the Court of Philip III of Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Groundbreaking study that analyzes the power struggle between Spanish interests and the Austrian Habsburgs. Sees the balance as tilted in favor of the House of Austria due to the influence of three women: Philip’s grandmother, the empress Maria; his wife, Margaret; and his aunt, Margaret of the Cross. Views these women’s manipulation of piety, childbearing, illness, and weddings to affect politics.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Williams, Patrick. “Philip III and the Restoration of Spanish Government, 1598–1603.” English Historical Review 88.349 (1973): 751–769.
  394. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/LXXXVIII.CCCXLIX.751Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Revisionist account that argues that while Philip appeared to inaugurate symbolically “the effete era of privanza” (p. 751) with his appointment of Lerma as minister, in fact he consolidated Spain’s conciliar government structure and “reformed the machine he inherited” (p. 751). Sees Philip’s chief strength in his ability to delegate. Argues that the resulting bureaucracy was more professionalized and competent than during his father’s reign.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Williams, Patrick. “Lerma, Old Castile, and the Travels of Philip III of Spain.” History 73.239 (1988): 379–397.
  398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1988.tb02158.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Surprising thesis that travel was a cynical strategy used to keep the king under Lerma’s thumb. Exploiting Philip’s natural love for the hunt, his minister organized expeditions to Old Castile to keep him away from the capital at key moments. Lerma further isolated the monarch even within his own household by performing key functions himself or delegating them to relatives.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Williams, Patrick. The Great Favourite: The Duke of Lerma and the Court and Government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2006.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Authoritative biography of Francisco Gómez de Sandoval (b. 1553–d. 1625), who served as first minister for two decades. His meteoric rise from relative poverty was astonishing. Eventually his vast wealth allowed him to become one of Spain’s greatest artistic patrons. However, his attitude toward his own ambition remained ambivalent; he ultimately chose the religious life, although some question his motivation.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Wright, Elizabeth. Pilgrimage to Patronage: Lope de Vega and the Court of Philip III, 1598–1621. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2001.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Interdisciplinary study that shows how Félix Arturo Lope de Vega’s success as a playwright actually altered the course of patterns of artistic patronage at the court. Not a nobleman, Spain’s most famous dramatist was forever in pursuit of influential sponsors for his work. This New Historicist analysis illustrates how literature can affect life, not just the other way around.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Philip IV (1621–1665)
  410.  
  411. Philip IV’s rule is remembered as the period when Spain lost many of its European territories. This happened with Portugal, as we see in Valladares 1994, and with the Netherlands, as detailed in Vermeir 2006. Álvarez Nogal 1997 demonstrates that even for Spain’s New World colonies, which it retained, the influx of bullion from America was actually detrimental instead of advantageous to Spain’s economy. Parker 2006 points to these and other factors as productive of a full-fledged crisis of the Spanish monarchy. Brown and Elliott 2003 shows how in the midst of this crisis Philip IV’s primary response was to turn inward, focusing instead on the construction of the Buen Retiro palace and amassing an impressive art collection to house there. Cueto 1994 explains the channeling of political anxieties into religious manifestations, such as prophecies, at the court. Elliott 1985 claims that Count-Duke Olivares’s propaganda efforts failed as often as they succeeded. Stradling 2002 is the most unreservedly positive assessment of this king.
  412.  
  413. Álvarez Nogal, Carlos. Los banqueros de Felipe IV y los metales preciosos americanos (1621–1665). Madrid: Banco de España, 1997.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Studies the impact of New World metals on the Spanish economy. Looks at Genoese financiers and financial needs of the monarchy, American remittances, Portuguese and Catalan rebellions, Portuguese contractors, and the participation of German bankers. Includes five appendixes of charts on Sevillian businesspeople and payments made to businesspeople during these decades as well as genealogies of Genovese and Portuguese bankers.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Brown, Jonathan, and John H. Elliott. A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV. Rev. ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. A substantially revised version of the original 1980 edition. After the Buen Retiro was built on the outskirts of Madrid, it effectively became an art museum and theater complex, not just a royal retreat. This book provides a history of the palace’s construction and ornamentation and an analysis of its political use as a showcase by the Spanish government.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Cueto, Ronald. Quimeras y sueños: Los profetas y la monarquía católica de Felipe IV. Valladolid, Spain: Universidad de Valladolid, 1994.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. The first major monograph to use unpublished archival documentation, conserved in London and Madrid, regarding the presence of “prophets” at the royal court. In particular, it studies the convocation of Spanish and international “prophets” at Zaragoza in 1643. Meticulously annotated.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Elliott, J. H. “Power and Propaganda in the Spain of Philip IV.” In Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics since the Middle Ages. Edited by Sean Wilentz, 145–173. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Analysis of image manipulation by Count-Duke Olivares that starts from the assumption that new propaganda resources could prove counterproductive. The “credibility gap” produced thereby may have helped lead to the minister’s downfall. Dual emphasis on power and propaganda provides a salutary corrective to the view that all was smoke and mirrors. These were still absolutist regimes, and they were run as such.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Parker, Geoffrey, ed. La crisis de la monarquía de Felipe IV. Barcelona: Crítica, 2006.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Uniquely organized hybrid volume composed of a first monographic part, authored by Parker, on the unfolding of the crisis and a second part containing five commissioned essays by distinguished historians on its cost. These are followed by an epilogue, also authored by Parker. Contains chapters on royal fiscal policy; crisis, reform, and rebellion; Italy; and the Atlantic world.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Stradling, R. A. Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Presented as a “career study” as opposed to a conventional biography. Revisionist thrust attempts to cast Philip as a more independent—and thus positive—figure. Points out that the king governed by himself (i.e., without a privado [favorite]) after Olivares’s fall. Considers the king to have reached a period of “maturity” toward the end of his reign (1643–1665).
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Valladares, Rafael. Felipe IV y la restauración de Portugal. Malaga, Spain: Algazara, 1994.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. Well-researched volume drawing from archives in Portugal, Spain, and England. Restoration of Portuguese sovereignty—and its consequent severance from control by Spain—was perceived as a grave threat in Madrid. Portugal was crucial to Spanish interests not just in itself but also as a link to Brazil, Africa, and the Low Countries. Divided into two parts on politics and warfare.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Vermeir, René. En estado de guerra: Felipe IV y Flandes, 1629–1648. Cordoba, Spain: Universidad de Córdoba, 2006.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Detailed look at political, diplomatic, and military aspects of the last two decades of the Eighty Years’ War, during which the Spanish government sought to subjugate the rebellious northern provinces of the Low Countries. Offers an explanation of why Spain lost the war and had to sign a humiliating truce. Affords insight into why southern provinces supported the Spanish king.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Charles II “The Bewitched” (1665–1700)
  446.  
  447. The unfortunate Charles II, last of the Habsburgs, is known to history by the resounding nickname El Hechizado (the Bewitched). Casting about for explanations of his feeblemindedness and impotency, his subjects looked not to the obvious factors of family intermarriage and insanity but instead to supernatural explanations, such as spells that were allegedly used against him. Exorcists were brought into the Alcázar Real in an effort to cure this demented ruler, as we see in Rey Bueno 1998. García Sánchez 2000 is the most succinct introduction to the period. Calvo Poyato 1996 is a readable biography. A suitable companion to this book is Ríos Mazcarelle 1999, which offers the life story of the king’s second wife. González Mezquita 2003 continues the biographical trend by looking at the life of a courtier, Juan Tomás Enríquez de Cabrera. Sánchez Belén 1996 examines fiscal policy. Ribot García 1999 laments that no one will celebrate the anniversary of Charles’s death in the year 2000. Storrs 2006 extends this revisionist thrust, arguing for the “persistence” of the monarchy under the guidance of this historically undervalued ruler.
  448.  
  449. Calvo Poyato, José. Carlos II el Hechizado. Barcelona: Planeta, 1996.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Well-illustrated digest of secondary scholarship. Biography rehearses upbringing and education, daily life, marriage, political atmosphere, international relations, spiritual and cultural factors, and the question of succession. Lacks scholarly apparatus with the exception of a small onomastic index.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. García Sánchez, Laura. “Monarquía y reinado bajo Carlos II.” Historia 16 (2000): 10–21.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Succinct introduction to economic crises and political intrigue characterizing Charles II’s reign. Includes a description of the deflationary currency known as the vellón and the taxes imposed on everyday items, such as salt, wine, oil, and vinegar. Explores threats posed by Juan José de Austria, Charles’s illegitimate half brother, and his mother’s efforts to exile her son’s rival from the court.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. González Mezquita, María Luz. “El oficio de cortesano: Cursus honorum y estrategias políticas en el reinado de Carlos II.” Cuadernos de historia de España 78.1 (2003): 189–219.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Looks at one particular courtier, Juan Tomás Enríquez de Cabrera, as representative of the political trajectory that could reasonably be expected at Charles II’s court. Considers individual and collective strategies for advancement. Situates this particular case within the broader context of transformation of the nobility and longing for high office.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Rey Bueno, Mar. El Hechizado: Medicina, alquimia y superstición en la corte de Carlos II (1661–1700). Madrid: Corona Borealis, 1998.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Written by a specialist in the history of pharmacy, this fascinating interdisciplinary study looks at a myriad of medical and alchemical treatments attempted upon the feeble monarch, believed to be bewitched. Includes a study of the Royal Chemical Laboratory.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Ribot García, Luis Antonio. “Carlos II: El centenario olvidado.” Studia historica (Historia moderna) 20 (1999): 19–43.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Radically revisionist approach to a forgotten monarch. Seeks to revalorize Charles II’s contributions, political initiatives, and achievements. Anticipates the third centenary of the king’s death (in 2000), predicting Spain’s collective will to forget this particular chapter of its national history. Considers this bias exaggerated and unjust.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Ríos Mazcarelle, Manuel. Mariana de Neoburgo: Segunda esposa de Carlos II. Madrid: Merino, 1999.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Informative biography of Charles II’s second wife. Includes a time line, illustrations, and genealogical tables. Her life was sad, given that she knew even from the first night spent with the king that his impotence would prevent her from producing an heir to the throne. This author engages in some speculation about her sexual frustration and its far-reaching political consequences.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Sánchez Belén, Juan Antonio. La política fiscal en Castilla durante el reinado de Carlos II. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1996.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Politico-economic analysis that looks at the administrative structure of government finance, reforms instituted vis-à-vis public expenditures, repression of fiscal fraud, the lowering of tribute payments, and new sources of income. Royal accounting became more problematic than ever at this time, when noble titles were sold to the highest bidder.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Storrs, Christopher. The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy, 1665–1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  478. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Revisionist thesis argues that Charles II, faced with the overwhelming threat posed by the French king Louis XIV, did not in fact leave the Spanish monarchy in a state of collapse. Instead, due in large part to its abandonment of imperial ambitions, Spain was in recovery at the point when the new Bourbon dynasty came to power in 1700.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Politics and Government
  482.  
  483. Any consideration of Golden Age politics is impossible without an understanding of the ways church and state were fused. This simple fact is reflected even in the titles of Cortés Peña, et al. 2005 and Cabeza Rodríguez 1996. Of these, the former is preferable if one desires a more general treatment, as Cabeza Rodríguez is limited to the study of Palencia. Crow 2005, while somewhat dated, still remains the single best short introduction to the field. A similarly useful introductory foray is offered in audiovisual form by the film Simó and González 2004. Fernández-Santamaría 1986 looks in a targeted way at the specific political concept of reason of state. In Fernández-Santamaría 1979 the same author takes Diego Saavedra Fajardo as a representative case study. Both Kagan 1995 and Martín Ruiz 1995, published in the same year, illustrate the tendency to look for more creative sources. The Kagan 1995 individual case study of Lucrecia, a popular prophetess, and the Martín Ruiz 1995 description of a Morisco memoir both demonstrate the turn toward cultural studies and the opening up of early modern Spanish historiography to include populist, as opposed to elitist, perspectives.
  484.  
  485. Cabeza Rodríguez, Antonio. Clérigos y señores: Política y religión en Palencia en el Siglo de Oro. Palencia, Spain: Diputación Provincial, 1996.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Takes Palencia as a case study for interactions between religion and politics.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Cortés Peña, Antonio Luis, Betrán, José Luis, and Eliseo Serrano Martín, eds. Religión y poder en la edad moderna. Granada, Spain: Universidad de Granada, 2005.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Wide-ranging essay collection with perhaps some bias toward Granada, where it was published. Examines different ways political power was shared between ecclesiastical and secular authorities. Almost exclusively Spanish, with a single essay in Italian. Seems to favor considerations of Jesuits over other religious orders. Available online with registration.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Crow, John Armstrong. “The Golden Age: Politics and the Social Order.” In Spain, the Root, and the Flower: An Interpretation of Spain and the Spanish People. 3d ed. By John Armstrong Crow, 161–184. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. Originally published in 1963. The third edition has been updated but still reads somewhat like a text from its era. Not free of anti-Spanish bias. Nevertheless, this chapter remains an extremely useful short introduction to the historical background of this time period. Includes memorable anecdotes. Published by a university press but written in an accessible, popularizing vein.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Fernández-Santamaría, José A. “Diego Saavedra Fajardo: Reason of State in the Spanish Baroque.” Il pensiero politico 12 (1979): 19–37.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. Takes Diego Saavedra Fajardo, author of the emblem book Empresas políticas, as one proponent of casuistical arguments regarding reason of state.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Fernández-Santamaría, José A. Razón de estado y política en el pensamiento español del barroco (1595–1640). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 1986.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. Important guide to Spanish Baroque thought regarding reason of state. The first part covers ethics and religion, while the second part considers the nature of politics. Figures and themes encountered here include Niccolò Machiavelli, liberty of conscience, duplicity, the concept of experience as derived from science and medicine, and politics as a science in the context of empirical observation.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Kagan, Richard L. Lucrecia’s Dreams: Politics and Prophecy in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. This Inquisitional “micro-history” is a model of the genre. Takes a particular case of a female prophet investigated by the Inquisition and uses it to spin out larger consequences for our understanding of the early modern period. Reprint of the 1990 edition.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Martín Ruiz, J. María. “Política y moral en el Siglo de Oro: El memorial del morisco Francisco Núñez Muley.” Baética: Estudios de arte, geografía e historia 17 (1995): 391-402.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Analysis of a memoir written by a Morisco during the reign of Philip II that attempts to reconcile Islamic practices with the state-sanctioned Catholicism. This document bears witness to efforts made by Muslims to continue the more-or-less peaceful cohabitation connoted by the term convivencia (coexistence).
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Núñez Muley, Francisco. A Memorandum for the President of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery Court of the City and Kingdom of Granada. Edited and translated by Vincent Barletta. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. A memoir written by a Morisco during the reign of Philip II that attempts to reconcile Islamic practices with the state-sanctioned Catholicism. This document bears witness to efforts made by Muslims to continue the more-or-less peaceful cohabitation connoted by the term convivencia (coexistence).
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Simó, José, and Juan Carlos González, dirs. La decadencia política en el Siglo de Oro. DVD. New York: Films Media Group, 2004.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. A forty-six-minute film in Spanish suitable for classroom use. Contrasts the period’s glorious cultural achievements with the Spanish government’s inept mismanagement, particularly during the reigns of Philip III and Philip IV. Concludes that the period was largely characterized by “political and military decay and disaster.”
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Rulers and Privados
  522.  
  523. Spain’s leaders at this time were not limited to monarchs but would have to include also the kings’ favorites, or privados. Taken chronologically, Boruchoff 2003 looks at Queen Isabel; Chinchilla 2004 pays much-deserved attention to the sister of King Philip II; and Elliott 1988 centers on Count-Duke Olivares, who was the notorious favorite of Philip IV. One interesting trend is to examine either kingship or queenship as a mode or shared experience; Forcione 2009 does this for kings, while Earenfight 2005 presents a similar focus on queens. Campbell 2006, much like Forcione 2009 but in a less focused way, looks at connections between monarchy and popular drama. Tanner 1993 strays into the realms of iconography and classical tradition. Casey 2007 looks at the formation of a new, powerful ruling class.
  524.  
  525. Boruchoff, David A., ed. Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Exemplary essay collection that scrutinizes the Catholic Queen and her world. Very substantive introduction and conclusion, which concerns broader questions of historiography. Volume includes essays on myth and history, the idea of America, and Isabel as patron and literary archetype along with probings of her relationship with specific groups, such as Jews and “Moors.”
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Campbell, Jodi. Monarchy, Political Culture, and Drama in Seventeenth-Century Madrid: Theater of Negotiation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Looks at politics as viewed through the lens of the theater. Analyzes thirty-three plays by four playwrights (Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Juan de Matos Fragoso, and Juan Bautista Diamante). Zooms in on portraits of kingship. Offers a dissenting voice to José Antonio Maravall’s hegemonic view of Baroque “guided culture” by showing how stage depictions emphasize reciprocal responsibilities between a king and his subjects.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Casey, James. Family and Community in Early Modern Spain: The Citizens of Granada, 1570–1739. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  534. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511496707Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Fascinating social history focused on the upper class. Argues that a new elite rose and then consolidated its power during this crucial period after the end of the Reconquest. Finds unsurprisingly that power was perceived in connection to honor. Also an important contribution to the history of the family.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Chinchilla, Rosa Helena. “Juana of Austria: Courtly Spain and Devotional Expression.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme 28.1 (2004): 21–33.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. A succinct but densely informative introduction to an understudied figure. The sister of King Philip II, Juana of Austria served as regent of Spain from 1554 to 1559. From her court in Portugal she patronized such important figures as Montemayor, Borgia, and Luis de Granada. Later she founded the Monasterio de Descalzas Reales in Madrid.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Earenfight, Theresa, ed. Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. This unusually unified essay collection argues for the difference of Iberian queenship from that experienced in the rest of Europe. Spanish queens are seen as more powerful than their northern European counterparts. Makes this argument by appealing to both military circumstances and political culture. Divided into three sections on limits of queen’s “partnerships” with their kings, the politics of religion, and representations of queenship.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Elliott, J. H. The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. Authoritative biography of King Philip IV’s favorite (privado), Gaspar de Guzmán. Focuses on unsuccessful efforts by the privado to arrest Spain’s decline. Distinct sections consider the situation he inherited, reforms he instituted and his ensuing reputation, and the failure of those reforms and his subsequent loss of reputation. Takes an unflattering stance toward the privado as a tyrant.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Forcione, Alban K. Majesty and Humanity: Kings and Their Doubles in the Political Drama of the Spanish Golden Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Uncovers a perverse fascination in the theater with disrobing the king. Despite its broad-sounding title, this book centers on only two plays, both by Félix Arturo Lope de Vega: El Rey Don Pedro en Madrid and El Infanzón de Illescas. Distinct chapters consider the king as philosopher, warrior, and statesman and martyr. Includes synopses of the plays in two appendixes.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Tanner, Marie. The Last Descendant of Aeneas: The Habsburgs and the Mythic Image of the Emperor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. Argues that the kings of the Habsburg dynasty self-consciously crafted a mythical genealogy of their family as heirs to the Roman Empire. Considers such propaganda tools as the revival of epic narrative. Integrates religious phenomena like the veneration of the cross and the cult of the Eucharist.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Nobility and Court Culture
  558.  
  559. Although it has become less popular to study elite (as opposed to populist) culture, research on Spain’s nobility continues to attract great interest. These studies take the form of general surveys, such as Guerrero Mayllo 1993, and case histories of particular families, such as Nader 2004, or individual cities, such as Del Río Barredo 2000. Greer 1991 casts new light on mythological court dramas, while García-Bryce 2005 employs theatrical imagery to explain the cultural functions of Francisco Gómez de Quevedo’s foremost political treatise. Hiltpold 1981 considers the specific case of a petition filed by some minor noblemen in Burgos to consolidate their political power. Martínez Hernández 2004 uses the Marqués de Velada to talk about political culture more generally, especially the role of the nobility. Middlebrook 2009 offers a literary look at courtiership and courtliness in lyric poetry of the period.
  560.  
  561. Del Río Barredo, María José. Madrid, Urbs Regia: La capital ceremonial de la Monarquía Católica. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2000.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. The most important early-21st-century monograph on the early modern Spanish court.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. García-Bryce, Ariadna. “All the Court’s a Stage: Performing Piety in Quevedo’s Política de Dios.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 6 (2005): 271–285.
  566. DOI: 10.1080/14636200500312326Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. Astute exposition laced with au courant theoretical interpretation of Parts 1 and 2 of Quevedo’s Política de Dios. Sees Part 1 as a seamless melding of shrewd statesmanship with Christian piety and Part 2 as a change of tactics mirroring the decline of Spain’s world stature: now the Spanish king is symbolically linked to the figure of the suffering Messiah.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Greer, Margaret Rich. The Play of Power: Mythological Court Dramas of Calderón de la Barca. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. Hailed as one of the earliest New Historicist ventures by a Golden Age scholar, this valuable book looks at seven mythological spectacle plays by Pedro Calderón de la Barca performed at the Habsburg courts. The author uses details of actual physical settings for these performances to uncover a discourse that criticized (albeit subtly) some of the royal policies being implemented at the time.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Guerrero Mayllo, Ana. Familia y vida cotidiana de una élite de poder: Los regidores madrileños en tiempos de Felipe II. Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1993.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. A look at family history and daily life but from an elitist perspective. Focuses on Madrid. Looks primarily at the city’s leaders during the reign of Philip II.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Hiltpold, Paul. “Noble Status and Urban Privilege: Burgos, 1572.” Sixteenth Century Journal 12.4 (1981): 21–44.
  578. DOI: 10.2307/2539877Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. Chronicles the controversy that ensued when minor noblemen filed a petition with the city council in Burgos claiming entitlement to tax relief in an effort to consolidate their power. The nobility’s status may have been attacked during this episode, but ultimately their rights were vindicated, and their legal status remained intact. Thus they could pride themselves on their official status as Hidalgos.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Martínez Hernández, Santiago. El Marqués de Velada y la corte en los reinados de Felipe II y Felipe III: Nobleza cortesana y cultura política en la España del Siglo de Oro. Salamanca, Spain: Junta de Castilla y León, 2004.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. Exhaustive case study of one noble family but with larger political implications for early modern Spanish court culture. Divided into three sections on lineage, family, and friendship; political practice and experience at the court; and the art of survival through political fights. Contains extensive documentary appendixes.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Middlebrook, Leah. Imperial Lyric: New Poetry and New Subjects in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. Short but influential study combining old-style philology with cultural studies. Covers such second-tier poets as Hernando de Acuña, Juan Boscán Almogáver, Cristóbal de Castillejo, Cetina, and Herrera. The first chapter, “Sonnetization,” is the book’s strongest. Argues that a parallel process of courtierization took place in both poetry and politics with the advent of the sonnet.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Nader, Helen, ed. Power and Gender in Renaissance Spain: Eight Women of the Mendoza Family, 1450–1650. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Essay collection that looks at the spectrum of roles available to Renaissance women as exemplified in two centuries of women from a single family. Courtly, religious, and marginal figures are all represented in this volume.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Civic Ritual and Urban Life
  594.  
  595. The advent of cultural studies has brought with it an enhanced attention to marginalized groups. These include the urban poor, who are the exclusive focus of Cruz 1999. The field of cultural studies, particularly in manifestations such as New Historicism, has also brought with it a heightened awareness of public spectacle and the political ramifications of public displays of power. Such public displays are the object of study of Bouza Álvarez 1998. Díez Borque 1991 uses theater to look at diverse urban spaces, such as the street, the church, the palace, and the university. Díez Borque 2002 focuses more directly on public festival theater. García Santo-Tomás 2004 juxtaposes urban space with literary creation, while Kagan 1989 shows the cities themselves as they appeared physically to contemporaneous observers. Webster 1998 studies Sevillian confraternities, while Kreitner 1995 examines early Catalan urban music.
  596.  
  597. Bouza Álvarez, Fernando Jesús. Imagen y propaganda: Capítulos de historia cultural del reinado de Felipe II. Madrid: Akal, 1998.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. A volume of nine collected essays analyzing the visual media (including engravings, architecture, emblems, and book illustration) harnessed by the regime of Philip II to create the aura surrounding his image. Considers all these forms of visual communication to constitute a campaign of overt propaganda on the part of the king and his ministers.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Cruz, Anne J. Discourses of Poverty: Social Reform and the Picaresque Novel in Early Modern Spain. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Argues that picaresque novels formed a part of the cultural dialogue on poverty and participated in debates normally reserved for moral treatises. Uses Lazarillo de Tormes as a case study to make the point that pícaros (picaros) took the place of medieval lepers as socially liminal figures. Includes a review of archival documents and early modern printed treatises on social questions about poverty and outcast social groups.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Díez Borque, José María. Los espectáculos del teatro y de la fiesta en el Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Laberinto, 2002.
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607. Studies the public theater in the larger context of public festival and spectacle. Touches on censorship, schedules, performances, and theater professionals. Pays particular attention to physical space.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Díez Borque, José María, ed. Espacios teatrales del barroco español: Calle, iglesia, palacio, universidad; XIII Jornadas de Teatro Clásico, Almagro, 7–9 de julio, 1990. Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 1991.
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. Focused essay collection centered on notions of space. Divided into three parts on street theater, church settings, and palace and university performances. Includes some consideration also of New World theatrical practice.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. García Santo-Tomás, Enrique. Espacio urbano y creación literaria en el Madrid de Felipe IV. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2004.
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Takes the theme of the city and uses it creatively to explore the work of nine canonical authors as well as some lesser-known figures. In particular, this book focuses on the sights, sounds, and smells of urban space. A refreshingly novel and interdisciplinary approach.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Kagan, Richard L., ed. Spanish Cities of the Golden Age: The Views of Anton van den Wyngaerde. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619. Sumptuous coffee-table book with foldout color illustrations that also contains scholarly content. Shows a panoramic view of each major Spanish city (along with some minor ones) as sketched by a contemporary Flemish artist.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Kreitner, Kenneth. “Music in the Corpus Christi Procession of Fifteenth-Century Barcelona.” Early Music History 14 (1995): 153–204.
  622. DOI: 10.1017/S0261127900001467Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. One of the most complete portraits available of a Corpus Christi celebration. Argues for the educative function of the event. Includes a chart of a dozen different choirs and an appendix of musical instruments spotted in contemporaneous paintings as well as an English translation of much of the relevant text from a book of ceremonies kept by the town council. Also contains some actual music and lyrics.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Webster, Susan Verdi. Art and Ritual in Golden-Age Spain: Sevillian Confraternities and the Processional Sculpture of Holy Week. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. Stunning book that includes color illustrations. Chapters on patrons, costumes, scenography, artists, public response, the confraternities, and the ritual context of Holy Week.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. The Arts and Visual Culture
  630.  
  631. Visual culture studies must begin with art itself, for which Brown 1991 is the necessary point of departure. But work in visual culture has become increasingly interdisciplinary, incorporating literature and performance in addition to painting and printing. The towering giant in this field is undoubtedly Frederick A. De Armas. His monograph on Miguel de Cervantes, De Armas 1998, and his two essay collections, De Armas 2005 (focused on ekphrasis) and De Armas 2004 (on writing for the eyes), offer a panorama of work being done in these areas. Such showpieces as Bass 2008 set the gold standard for lavishness of presentation. Del Río Parra 2003, while not technically an art book, conveys a unique vision of Renaissance popular obsession with monstrosity. Schmidt 1999 shows how book illustration can in fact contribute to the canonization of classic texts, while Schreffler 2007 similarly describes the power of images to create royal aura in a New World context.
  632.  
  633. Bass, Laura R. The Drama of the Portrait: Theater and Visual Culture in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Lavishly produced coffee-table picture book that is surprising for its substantial scholarly content. Explores visual literacy, stolen identities, and the trope of the “double” in plays that incorporate literal painted portraits.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Brown, Jonathan. The Golden Age of Painting in Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. The standard treatment of the subject, roughly divided into schools of painters active in certain cities during specific decades, such as Seville 1625–1640 and Madrid 1640–1665. Contains distinct chapters on El Greco and Jusepe de Ribera. Also considers material factors, such as collectors and collections, as well as aesthetic movements, such as naturalism.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. De Armas, Frederick A. Cervantes, Raphael, and the Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. This book presents the somewhat controversial thesis that Cervantes engaged literarily with Italian Renaissance paintings, especially works by Raphael that he observed at the Vatican on a documented trip he took to Rome. Considers such larger theoretical issues as the politics of imitation and archaeologies of power. Contains distinct chapters on Raphael, Giulio Romano, Aeschylus, Homer, Virgil, Lucan, and Cicero and Macrobius.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. De Armas, Frederick A., ed. Writing for the Eyes in the Spanish Golden Age. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2004.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. This essay collection is an important contribution to the field of visual culture. Divided into four parts: “The Painter and the Writer Are One and the Same,” “Ut Pictura Poesis,” “Painting the Feminine,” and “Visual Rhetoric.” Authors covered include Cervantes, Juan de Arguijo, Luis de Góngora y Argote, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, Baltasar Gracián y Morales, and María de Zayas y Sotomayor.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. De Armas, Frederick A., ed. Ekphrasis in the Age of Cervantes. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2005.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Stimulating essay collection that looks at the “constant contamination and agon between the visual and the verbal arts” (p. 16). Focuses on the rhetorical device of ekphrasis, or detailed verbal description. One innovation this book sought to introduce that has not caught on is the renaming of the Golden Age period to call it the Age of Cervantes. There are so many other important authors from this period that this idea seems overly reductionist.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Del Río Parra, Elena. Una era de monstruos: Representaciones de lo deforme en el Siglo de Oro español. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2003.
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655. More a thematic study of visual culture than of art per se. Covers popular broadsides and book illustrations. Centered on the theme of depictions of the monstrous.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Schmidt, Rachel Lynn. Critical Images: The Canonization of Don Quixote through Illustrated Editions of the Eighteenth Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999.
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. Offers a theory of book illustration as critical interpretation of a text. Chronological survey devoted to the long 18th century, starting with 17th-century readings and depictions and ending with Francisco José de Goya and the romantics. Compares Enlightenment editions published in England versus Spain.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Schreffler, Michael J. The Art of Allegiance: Visual Culture and Imperial Power in Baroque New Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.
  662. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663. This book’s theoretical agenda is to lay bare the “restructuring of space in and through imperial rule” (promotional copy). A most successful venture in the burgeoning field of transatlantic studies. Its primary focus is the reign of the feeble Carlos II of Spain (b. 1665–d. 1700) and his ghostly nonphysical presence (evoked through portraits, architecture, and interior design) in the royal palace in Mexico City. The king may not have been physically present, but he nonetheless made his royal presence felt.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture
  666.  
  667. Art books are arguably only as useful as the number and quality of the pictures they contain. Judging by this standard, Alcolea Blanch 1996 is hard to beat. However, some of the less lavishly produced volumes in this field may make the greatest contributions in the realm of ideas. In this respect Stoichita 1995 remains unsurpassed. For “classic” Spanish artwork by the so-called great masters of painting, Ayala Mallory 1990 is a good place to start. Gilman Proske 1951 offers an introduction to Castilian sculpture. In a more synthetic view, Sureda 2008 considers painting, sculpture, and architecture simultaneously, while Kamen 2010 prefers to see art as an instrument of political power. This view is seemingly shared by Von Barghahn 1985. That study of architecture is complemented by the Ruggles 2000 consideration of gardens, which has the added advantage of focusing on Spain’s Islamic heritage.
  668.  
  669. Alcolea Blanch, Santiago. The Prado. Translated by Richard-Lewis Rees and Angela Patricia Hall. New York: Abrams, 1996.
  670. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671. Lavish folio volume filled with color illustrations. Gives a history of Spain’s national art museum from its precursors to the present. Includes representative paintings from the collections for each of the major European national schools. Situates the museum’s conception within the educational ideals of the Enlightenment. Originally published in 1991.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Ayala Mallory, Nina. El Greco to Murillo: Spanish Painting in the Golden Age, 1556–1700. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
  674. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. Essential guide to early modern Spanish painters. Contains distinct chapters on El Greco, José Ribera, Francisco de Zurbarán, Alonso Cano, and Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez. Includes additional synthesis chapters on early Baroque painting in Seville and Castile as well as high Baroque painting in Seville and the school of Madrid. Numerous black-and-white illustrations interspersed helpfully right next to the relevant text.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Gilman Proske, Beatrice. Castilian Sculpture: Gothic to Renaissance. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1951.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. Handsome volume covers late Gothic to early Renaissance sculpture in Burgos and Toledo. Concludes with a chapter on the tombs from Cuéllar held in New York by the Hispanic Society of America, of which the author was a member. Contains 328 glossy black-and-white illustrations.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Kamen, Henry. The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. Explores the polyvalent symbolic power of Philip II’s monolithic pantheon while at the same time offering a history of its genesis and construction. Contains a chapter on images of power and monarchy. Includes distinct chapters on specific parts of the structure, such as the Hall of Battles and the famous library.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Ruggles, D. Fairchild. Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. Centers on the medieval period, particularly the 8th to 10th centuries, but describes a legacy that endures through actual buildings and gardens adapted for early modern use.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Stoichita, Victor I. Visionary Experience in the Golden Age of Spanish Art. London: Reaktion, 1995.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. Insightful study that explores such topics as vision and meta-language, framing the beyond, the seeing body, and representations of mystical eros. Black-and-white and color illustrations.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Sureda, Joan. Golden Age of Spain: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. New York: Vendome, 2008.
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695. Offers a holistic view of Golden Age artistic production. Claims to be the first book to consider painting of this period alongside sculpture and architecture. Lavishly illustrated. Includes a helpful section of brief summaries.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Von Barghahn, Barbara. Age of Gold, Age of Iron: Renaissance Spain and Symbols of Monarchy; The Imperial Legacy of Charles V and Philip II, Royal Castles, Palace-Monasteries, Princely Houses. 2 vols. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. Views the alcázar (palace) as symbolic of Habsburg imperial triumph and the palace-monastery of the Escorial as a prototype in the development of subsequent royal artistic programs. Large folio volumes not very well produced but useful for sheer quantity of illustrations. Volume 1 is the text, with Volume 2 reserved for black-and-white plates.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Performance Arts, Music, Theater, and Dance
  702.  
  703. Major subgenres of dramatic production include tragicomedy, tragedy, comedia (comedy), and auto sacramental (devotional drama); see also the Oxford Bibliographies article Spanish Literature. Shorter pieces include comic interludes (entremeses). There has been much debate about whether tragedy was theologically possible in Counter-Reformation Spain. The argument goes that for it really to be a tragedy, a drama’s protagonist cannot experience salvation or redemption of any kind at the end. This would seem to go against orthodox Catholic belief. It is now coming to be accepted that tragedies were written; however, the number of dramas that could actually be called tragedies remains limited. The term comedia persists (both in modern scholarship and within the period) as a catchall term for an art form that could include tragicomedies and even tragedies. McKendrick 1992 is the standard survey of this material, but Soufas 1997 shines a necessary spotlight on the contributions of female dramatists. Other resources in this area include printed works, musical and computer CDs, and live performances of comedias that maintain this genre as a living theatrical phenomenon. More polemical secondary scholarship includes Maravall 1972, a proto–New Historical assessment of Baroque Spain as a “guided culture” controlled by the church-state propaganda machine. Huerta Calvo and Peláez Martín 2003 is a CD-ROM offering a wealth of interactive teaching tools, while the Newberry Consort 1990 music CD !Ay amor! Spanish 17th c. Songs and Theatre Music is pure listening pleasure. Cabrera Perera 2005 gives information on dance. Performances by La Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico and at the Siglo de Oro Theater Festival at Chamizal National Memorial offer spectacular opportunities for scholars to see the works they study brought to life.
  704.  
  705. Cabrera Perera, Antonio. “El baile en el teatro español del Siglo de Oro.” In Memoria y pensamiento: Homenaje a Juan Argimira Alonso Medina. Edited by Emigdia Repetto Jiménez, Ruiz de Francisco, Isabel, and Germán Hernández Rodríguez, 127–150. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain: Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2005.
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. Contains commentary on dance performance in the context of Golden Age theater.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. La Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico.
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. The state-sponsored national theater company in Madrid established in 1986 by the Ministry of Culture for the preservation of Spain’s national theatrical tradition. Offering high-quality productions of Golden Age comedias with performances often available year-round. When not in residence, the company performs at such venues as the Festival Internacional de Teatro Clásico de Almagro. Academic conferences for comedia scholars are often held in conjunction with this festival.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Huerta Calvo, Javier, and Andrés Peláez Martín. El viaje entretenido: Historia virtual del teatro español. CD-ROM. Madrid: Gredos, 2003.
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. Extremely useful for teaching purposes. Covers all eras, not just Golden Age. Includes visualizations of scenery, a biographical gallery, video segments of scenes performed by actors, and a glossary of important terms and phrases.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Maravall, José Antonio. Teatro y literatura en la sociedad barroca. Madrid: Seminarios y Ediciones, 1972.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Seminal study in its era, now largely debunked, but still remains a point of reference. Argues for the didactic function of the theater. Sees Golden Age drama as reinforcing existing social hierarchies. Maravall’s most famous phrase is “una cultura dirigida,” his characterization of Spain as a “guided culture” in which literature served as mere propaganda for the church-state monolith.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. McKendrick, Melveena. The Theater in Spain: 1490–1700. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. The standard guide to dramatic works of the period. Contains separate chapters on Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, and Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Also looks individually at different contexts for theatrical production: the court, the corrales (courtyards), and the autos sacramentales (devotional dramas) performed in the streets. Reprint of 1989 edition.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Newberry Consort. !Ay amor! Spanish 17th c. Songs and Theatre Music. Los Angeles: Harmonia Mundi, 1990.
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. Features music by Juan Hidalgo (b. 1614–d. 1685), a known collaborator of the Golden Age dramatist Pedro Calderón de la Barca.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Siglo de Oro Theater Festival at Chamizal National Memorial.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Theater festival held annually in El Paso, Texas, usually in March, at a site maintained by the US National Park Service. Attracts international attention. Academic conferences for comedia scholars are often held in conjunction with this festival.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Soufas, Teresa Scott, ed. Women’s Acts: Plays by Women Dramatists of Spain’s Golden Age. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.
  734. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  735. Despite the English title, the plays reproduced here are in Spanish. Includes works by Ángela de Azevedo, Ana Caro, Leonor de la Cueva, Feliciana Enríquez de Guzmán, and María de Zayas y Sotomayor.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Emblems and Iconography
  738.  
  739. Emblems are hugely important both for their popularity as a Renaissance genre and for their ability to serve as a bridge between textual and visual culture. Sánchez Pérez 1977 is a good introduction to the field. Digital archives include Literatura emblemática hispánica: Bibliografía, enlaces y noticias and the Cervantes Project. Thoughtful analysis of the function of emblems is in Nelson 2010. Orso 1989 is useful for the study of Baroque memento mori. Ruiz Lagos 1981 provides specific connections to drama, while Saavedra Fajardo 1999 is a crucial primary text for emblems’ intricate relations to politics. Roe and Bustillo 2010 offers a transatlantic perspective while at the same time exploring emblems’ and other icons’ spiritual and ideological dimensions.
  740.  
  741. Cervantes Project.
  742. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. The Cervantes Project contains an immense database of Cervantine iconography and illustrations from several centuries of editions of Don Quijote. Further contents include ex libris, portraits of Miguel de Cervantes, advertising art, and popular iconography.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Literatura emblemática hispánica: Bibliografía, enlaces y noticias.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. Website for the primary emblems research group in Spain directed by Sagrario López Poza at the Universidade da Coruña in Spain. Includes a database and digital library of Spanish emblem books and other European emblem books translated into Spanish. Online since 1996.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Nelson, Bradley J. The Persistence of Presence: Emblem and Ritual in Baroque Spain. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Analyzes synergies between emblem books and “literature” as more traditionally defined. Views emblems as allegories. Primary texts scrutinized include theatrical works and what the author terms “Cervantes’ critique of baroque allegory” (p. 29) in the Persiles. Buys too much into José Antonio Maravall’s notion of Baroque “guided culture” but argues convincingly for the pervasiveness of emblems as filters for seeing the world. In this way, novels, plays, and poems can all be read emblematically.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Orso, Steven N. Art and Death at the Spanish Habsburg Court: The Royal Exequies for Philip IV. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989.
  754. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. Heavily illustrated volume that focuses on the Baroque topos of memento mori as conveyed through epitaphs, emblems, and other works of art.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Roe, Jeremy, and Marta Bustillo, eds. Imagery, Spirituality, and Ideology in Baroque Spain and Latin America. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2010.
  758. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  759. Slender volume that consists of eight short essays divided into three parts: “Iconography and Ideology,” “Religious Imagery and Politics,” and “Religious Bodies.” Sloppy editing led to some unfortunate typos. However, it remains an important contribution to visual culture studies and transatlantic connections.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Ruiz Lagos, Manuel. “Interrelación pintura/poesía en el drama alegórico calderoniano: El caso imitativo de la Iconología de C. Ripa.” Goya 161–162 (1981): 282–289.
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763. Crucial article that pinpoints thirty-nine exact correspondences between Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s stage directions for the props and costumes of allegorical figures and specific emblems contained in Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia (1618). These appear in an extraordinarily useful chart. Also includes a list of Calderón’s autos (acts) from which this information was taken, although it would have been desirable to conflate the two to show in which auto each allegorical figure appears. Nonetheless, this study is still entirely convincing in its specificity.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de. Empresas políticas. Edited by Sagrario López Poza. Madrid: Cátedra, 1999.
  766. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  767. Contains 101 emblems representing the royal politician in an impressive critical edition by a leading scholar in the field. Includes a lengthy introduction that considers humanist influences by the likes of Justus Lipsius within the context of neo-Stoicism.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Sánchez Pérez, Aquilino. La literatura emblemática española: Siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Sociedad General Española de Librería, 1977.
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771. A basic guide to Renaissance Spanish emblem studies.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Intellectual Life
  774.  
  775. Most of the interesting work in this area has been collected into anthologies, such as Bennassar Perillier, et al. 2003; Griffin, et al. 2001; and García-Martín 1993. Of these, García-Martín 1993 is easily the longest. Bennassar Perillier, et al. 2003 is notable for its accessibility, since it includes essays in several languages. Griffin, et al. 2001 is more Anglophone friendly. Guijarro Ceballos 1999 offers a vision of early developments in Spanish humanism, while López 1995 gives historiographical commentary on the emergence of the very terms “humanism” and “Renaissance” in reference to Spain. Bolufer 2009 allows a glimpse of several indicators of the war between the sexes. Goodman 2005 assesses the impact on intellectual life of the Inquisition. Fernando Bouza Álvarez prefers to think in broad categories, such as communication, knowledge, and memory, but supports his more sweeping statements with specific examples from classrooms, libraries, and archives; his study, Bouza Álvarez 2004, was deemed so crucial that the University of Pennsylvania Press published it in English translation.
  776.  
  777. Bennassar Perillier, Bartolomé, Miguel Rodríguez Cancho, Francisco Chacón Jiménez, et al. Vivir el Siglo de Oro: Poder, cultura e historia en la época moderna; Estudios en homenaje al profesor Ángel Rodríguez Sánchez. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 2003.
  778. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. Extremely suggestive, multilingual essay collection covering such topics as writing at the court, the spatial ordering of books in women’s libraries, the “invention” of heresy, geographic utopias, tolerance, and urban oligarchy.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Bolufer, Mónica. “Medicine and the Querelle des Femmes in Early Modern Spain.” Medical History Supplement 29 (2009): 86–106.
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783. Describes a fascinating chapter in the prehistory of biopolitics. Looks at medical aspects of the querelle des femmes (the woman question) as expounded in Juan Huarte de San Juan’s Examen de ingenios (1575), various popular “counsels for health,” and Benito Jerónimo Feijoo’s Defensa de las mujeres (1726), among other texts. Pays special attention to debates surrounding the practice of maternal breast-feeding.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Bouza Álvarez, Fernando Jesús. Communication, Knowledge, and Memory in Early Modern Spain. Translated by Sonia López and Michael Agnew. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. A key text in the history of the transmission of ideas. Offers what the author terms a “natural history” of the written text. Sees the power of writing as a talisman. Considers such other carriers of knowledge as classrooms, libraries, and archives. Further foci include visual culture and the various stages of the publishing process.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. García-Martín, Manuel, ed. Estado actual de los estudios sobre el Siglo de Oro: Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas del Siglo de Oro. 2 vols. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 1993.
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791. Over a thousand pages afford a snapshot view of the state of the field in the early 1990s. The plenary section alone includes offerings on classical models, epistolary poetics, deconstruction applied to poetry, and debates over hermeneutics.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Goodman, David. “Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition: A Continuing Historical Controversy.” History 90 (2005): 375–386.
  794. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.2005.00339.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  795. Survey of the main arguments in this controversy from the 18th century to the present. Shows, not surprisingly, that many of these arguments were grounded more in preexisting prejudice than in actual historical research. Contextualizes these debates within the so-called Black Legend of Spain. Contrasts this Black Legend with strong currents of liberalism, here used in the sense of political freedom.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Griffin, Nigel, Clive Griffin, Eric Southworth, and Colin Thompson, eds. Culture and Society in Habsburg Spain: Studies Presented to R. W. Truman on the Occasion of His Retirement. London: Tamesis, 2001.
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799. Substantive volume of essays on topics as varied as the Mercedarian order, Europe and the Turks, rhetoric and drama, the Spanish reception of Tacitus, skepticism and Stoicism, and Baltasar Gracián y Morales’s conception of wit.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Guijarro Ceballos, Javier, ed. Humanismo y literatura en tiempos de Juan de Encina. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 1999.
  802. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  803. Important essay collection on early humanism and Renaissance thought in Spain. Includes contributions on humanist ethics and libertinism, imitations of Virgil, exegetical models, humanist musical theory and Renaissance poetics, dandies in Renaissance theater, ancients versus moderns, and commentary on bibliographic research tools.
  804. Find this resource:
  805. López, François. “La Ilustración: Emergencia de ‘Siglo de Oro’; gestación de ‘humanismo’ y ‘Renacimiento.’” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 31 (1995): 147–158.
  806. DOI: 10.3406/casa.1995.2741Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807. Traces the origin of the term “Golden Age” as applied to Spanish intellectual production of the 16th century back to specific Enlightenment historiographers. Offers citations from the passages (mostly from the 1750s) where they refer to this century as golden. Sees Antonio de Nebrija and Juan Luis Vives as epitomizing humanism, while Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán Almogàver seem to exemplify the Renaissance. This view secures a favored place for poetry but insists that “literature” or “letters” be included in all forms of intellectual production.
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Education
  810.  
  811. It is impossible to understand the literary production of Golden Age Spain without knowing something about the education of its authors as well as its readers. Delgado Criado 1993 is a survey of early educational systems in Spain and Latin America. Traditionally, studies in this field have focused on Renaissance humanism, like Gil Fernández 1997, and various aspects of rhetoric and grammar, like Ruiz Pérez 1993. Rodríguez-San Pedro Bezares 2006 takes as a case study the University of Salamanca. Galino Carrillo 1948 is concerned with the education of princes. A previously understudied area that is becoming popular is the study of women’s education, as in Howe 2008. This field overlaps with the study of book history, since both teachers and students were dependent on the printed texts available to them. These teachers and students are portrayed memorably in Kagan 1974. Martínez 1997 focuses on the role of the church.
  812.  
  813. Delgado Criado, Buenaventura, ed. Historia de la educación en España y América. Vol. 2, La educación en la España Moderna (siglos XVI–XVIII). Madrid: Fundación Santa María, 1993.
  814. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  815. Exhaustive essay collection spanning three centuries and nearly a thousand pages. Also covers Spain’s New World colonies. Thematic areas covered include political, religious, humanist, institutional, state, and colonial education. Also includes essays on the history of pedagogical thought. Available online with registration.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Galino Carrillo, María Ángeles. Los tratados sobre educación de príncipes, siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1948.
  818. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  819. This exceedingly useful survey of primary sources begins with a four-page index of 16th- and 17th-century primary source texts. Chapters follow on medieval and doctrinal precedents, Machiavellianism and reactions to it, and the organization of civil society. The core of the book is the description of the virtuous prince, with distinct chapters focusing on key virtues: prudence, justice, strength, and temperance.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Gil Fernández, Luis. Panorama social del humanismo español, 1500–1800. Madrid: Tecnos, 1997.
  822. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823. Comprehensive study divided into five parts: the Spaniards’ relationship to classical languages, the popular image of the humanist, the social reality of the humanist, theocratic intolerance and the Enlightenment, and bibliographic tools.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Howe, Elizabeth Teresa. Education and Women in the Early Modern Hispanic World. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008.
  826. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  827. Draws upon a wide variety of source materials—from catechisms and primers to treatises and novelas (novels) to library inventories and paintings—to address the question of the level of education available to women of early modern Spain and New Spain.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Kagan, Richard L. Students and Society in Early Modern Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  830. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831. Comprehensive survey of Spanish education under the Habsburg monarchs with a special focus on Castile. Divided into three parts, “The Educational System,” “Office and Honor,” and “The Universities.” The first two chapters cover pre-university instruction. Contains a number of useful maps and figures and two appendixes and a bibliographic essay.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Martínez, Bernabé Bartolomé, ed. Historia de la acción educadora de la Iglesia en España. Vol. 1, Edades antigua, media y moderna. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1997.
  834. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  835. Mammoth essay collection on religious and ecclesiastical education. Roughly half the volume is devoted to the Renaissance. This half includes essays on Christian mentality and pedagogical thought; direct institutional interventions, such as catechism and preaching; less formal educational activities, such as printing, music, and art; and social work directed toward the marginalized, such as the founding of correctional facilities. Available online by registration.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Rodríguez-San Pedro Bezares, Luis Enrique, ed. Historia de la Universidad de Salamanca. Vol. 3, Saberes y confluencias. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 2006.
  838. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839. Mammoth tomes of essays on the university’s various faculties, primarily during the 16th and 17th centuries: law, theology, medicine, sciences, philosophy, and humanities. Includes a section on the evolution of the school’s renowned libraries. The second volume contains essays comparing Salamanca to other Spanish, Portuguese, Latin American, and European universities. Published on the occasion of the school’s seventh centenary.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. Ruiz Pérez, Pedro, ed. Gramática y humanismo: Perspectivas del Renacimiento español. Madrid: Libertarias, 1993.
  842. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  843. Essay collection offering a survey of humanism, grammar, and rhetoric in the Spanish Renaissance. Includes an essay considering the European dimensions of the Golden Age in Spain.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Humanism, Letter Writing, and Rhetoric
  846.  
  847. Any consideration of Spanish Renaissance humanism must start with an assessment of which classical texts were available to Spaniards, when, and in what form. Ynduráin 1994 looks at the movement properly called a “Renaissance” in Spain, while Round 1962 offers an account of resistance to the new ideas it embodied, but these traditional accounts must be supplemented by Coroleu 1998 for further geographic nuance. Within the Iberian Peninsula, Renaissance ideas were spread by such means as letter writing, studied in Trueba Lawand 1996, for which rhetorical manuals were important tools. These are the object of study in López Grigera 1995. Rhetoric fueled historical imagination also, as seen in Beckjord 2007. One oral application of rhetorical principles was the preaching of sermons, and this finds its place in Smith 1978. Although apparently traditional in focus, Smith 1988 uses the trope of rhetoric subversively to highlight the deconstruction of the subject.
  848.  
  849. Beckjord, Sarah H. Territories of History: Humanism, Rhetoric, and the Historical Imagination in the Early Chronicles of Spanish America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.
  850. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  851. Examines chronicles of “discovery” and conquest by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Bartolomé de las Casas, and Bernal Díaz del Castillo in light of developments in theories of narrative. Focuses on the chronicles’ meta-commentary about the nature of truth, rhetoric, and fiction. Insists on the slippery nature of truth. An important contribution to the fields of early modern epistemology and empiricism.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Coroleu, Alejandro. “Humanismo en España.” In Introducción al humanismo renacentista. Edited by Jill Kraye, 295–330. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  854. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  855. Nuanced geographic coverage is the strength of this essay, which reminds us that not all of early modern Spanish cultural history originated in Castile. Offers especially good coverage of the Renaissance in Catalonia, where Italian culture entered the Iberian Peninsula via Barcelona and Valencia. This essay was not included in the original English edition of this volume, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
  856. Find this resource:
  857. López Grigera, Luisa. La retórica en la España del Siglo de Oro. 2d ed. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 1995.
  858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859. Short panoramic overview of the rhetorical background of the period. Divided into two halves on theory and practice.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. Round, Nicholas G. “Renaissance Culture and Its Opponents in Fifteenth-Century Castile.” Modern Language Review 57.2 (1962): 204–215.
  862. DOI: 10.2307/3720965Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863. Emphatically denies the validity of claims that the reign of King Juan II may be described as any sort of proto-Renaissance. Describes instead the hostility and antipathy toward learning of Spanish noblemen who saw the pursuit of letters as beneath their rank and antithetical to their devotion to a warrior culture. Highlights the persistence of a medieval worldview among all but a few exceptional figures.
  864. Find this resource:
  865. Smith, Hilary Dansey. Preaching in the Spanish Golden Age: A Study of Some Preachers of the Reign of Philip III. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  866. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  867. Surveys the work of ten preachers who gave sermons to five different churches over a period of two generations. Divided into six chapters. Considers sermons as a literary genre.
  868. Find this resource:
  869. Smith, Paul Julian. Writing in the Margin: Spanish Literature of the Golden Age. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
  870. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  871. George Mariscal considers this book to be one of the only new approaches to Spanish literature to take into account 20th-century theoretical developments regarding the deconstruction of the subject. Centered on the field of rhetoric, this book sees a rhetoric of excess in Golden Age theory, a rhetoric of presence in lyric poetry, a rhetoric of representation in picaresque narrative, and a rhetoric of inscription in the comedia (comedy). A final chapter finds in Miguel de Cervantes the erasure of rhetoric.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Trueba Lawand, Jamile. El arte epistolar en el Renacimiento español. Madrid: Tamesis, 1996.
  874. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  875. Originally a dissertation in the field of rhetoric. Includes chapters on Desiderius Erasmus, Juan Luis Vives, Fray Antonio de Guevara, and Saint Teresa.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Ynduráin, Domingo. Humanismo y Renacimiento en España. Madrid: Cátedra, 1994.
  878. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  879. Encyclopedic tome that covers the spread of Renaissance humanism to Spain.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Book Production and Reception
  882.  
  883. In a sense this burgeoning “new” field is more retro than pioneering. But as part of the “new philology,” book history has made inroads into every national literary tradition. Spain is no exception. Book historical approaches taken include studies of readership, such as Whinnom 1980, Castillo Gómez 1999, and Botrel and Salaün 1974; printing history, such as Rico, et al. 2000 and Moll 1994; and marketing, such as Gilbert-Santamaría 2005. Some of the most fascinating work being done in this field involves questions of Inquisitional censorship and suppressed writings that are now being rediscovered and revalorized. Infantes 2006 is a little-known source that should be reprinted as a monograph, but the same author’s approach is evident in the better-distributed Infantes, et al. 2003.
  884.  
  885. Botrel, Jean François, and Serge Salaün, eds. Creación y público en la literatura española. Madrid: Castalia, 1974.
  886. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  887. A wonderful little collection of essays, most of which would fall into the general category of reception studies. Examines questions of the sociology of literature and its consumption with particular focus on popular literature and its intended audience. Looks at such phenomena as capitular novels, which were published in installments. Not limited to Golden Age in scope.
  888. Find this resource:
  889. Castillo Gómez, Antonio, ed. Escribir y leer en el siglo de Cervantes. Barcelona: Gedisa, 1999.
  890. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  891. Contains essays on literacy, primary school education, propaganda, artisanal autobiographies, denunciations, government missives, book illustration, comedia publication versus performance, and erudite versus popular reading practices.
  892. Find this resource:
  893. Gilbert-Santamaría, Donald. Writers on the Market: Consuming Literature in Early Seventeenth-Century Spain. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2005.
  894. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  895. Divided into three parts on the comedia, the picaresque, and the novel. Views literature as a commodity to be consumed. Emphasizes the emerging market as a force tied to the historical rise of capitalism.
  896. Find this resource:
  897. Infantes, Víctor. Del libro áureo. Biblioteca Litterae 10. Madrid: Calambur, 2006.
  898. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  899. Contains chapters on library inventories, hojas sueltas, and the composition of the title page in early modern Spanish printing.
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Infantes, Víctor, François Lopez, and Jean-François Botrel, eds. Historia de la edición y de la lectura en España, 1472–1914. Madrid: Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez, 2003.
  902. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  903. Enormous essay collection of extremely high quality that offers the best history of printing and readership, including women readers and students. Not limited to the Golden Age.
  904. Find this resource:
  905. Moll, Jaime. De la imprenta al lector: Estudios sobre el libro español de los siglos XVI al XVIII. Madrid: Arco/Libros, 1994.
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907. Contains chapters on the material conditions of book publication for major authors of the period, including Miguel de Cervantes and Francisco Gómez de Quevedo. Also contains chapters on romances, pliegos sueltos, and printers’ inventories.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. Rico, Francisco, Pablo Andrés, and Sonia Garza, eds. Imprenta y crítica textual en el Siglo de Oro. Valladolid, Spain: Centro para la Edición de los Clásicos Españoles, 2000.
  910. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  911. Wonderful essay collection with a focus on the technical aspects of book history. Contains studies of the manual printing press, correction of proofs, pliegos sueltos, and printing theft.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Whinnom, Keith. “The Problem of the ‘Best-Seller’ in Spanish Golden-Age Literature.” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 57 (1980): 189–198.
  914. DOI: 10.1080/1475382802000357189Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915. Reception study; compares what was popular then with which works from the period are still read in the early 21st century.
  916. Find this resource:
  917. Literature
  918.  
  919. The standard guide remains the monumental multivolume Historia y crítica de la literatura española, an anthology of extremely short, often abridged critical essays with accompanying bibliography that provide an excellent introduction to any of the period’s genres and subgenres. The two most relevant volumes, Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento (Rico 1980) and Siglos de Oro: Barroco (Rico 1983), are Volumes 2 and 3 of the larger series. Supplemental volumes have been added to update the original two, but they should in no way replace the older volumes for use as a general orientation to the field. All the volumes in this series have been beautifully indexed. General guides to specific genres include Dunn 1993 for picaresque fiction. Alborg 1992 and Díaz-Plaja 1968 are presented as traditional literary histories. Green 1968 is organized around the somewhat dubious notion of “the Castilian mind in literature”—an antiquated concept no longer invoked to explain regional differences—but remains useful despite this rather outdated paradigm. Ward 1978 is perhaps the single most useful reference volume not just for Renaissance but for all of Spanish literature.
  920.  
  921. Alborg, Juan Luis. Historia de la literatura española. 2d ed. 2 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1992.
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923. A very good overview but lengthy. A disadvantage to this series is that all the chapters are written by one scholar, who could not possibly be a specialist in all these areas. However, this factor also provides unity to the narrative.
  924. Find this resource:
  925. Díaz-Plaja, Guillermo, ed. Historia general de las literaturas hispánicas. 2d ed. Barcelona: Vergara, 1968.
  926. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  927. Heavy volumes with equally weighty analyses by different specialists. Contains many glossy black-and-white illustrations. Volume 2, Pre-Renacimiento y Renacimiento, and Volume 3, Renacimiento y Barroco, are the relevant volumes for this period.
  928. Find this resource:
  929. Dunn, Peter N. Spanish Picaresque Fiction: A New Literary History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
  930. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  931. Divided into three parts: genre and reading, fictive worlds, and beyond the canon.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Green, Otis H. Spain and the Western Tradition: The Castilian Mind in Literature from El Cid to Calderón. 4 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
  934. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  935. A panoramic, if somewhat antiquated, view in the sense that early-21st-century scholars do not invoke absolute regional or national distinctions to make generalizations about “mind” or “mentality.” Reliable survey written in English. Covers the medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque. Would have been more useful if a table of contents had appeared in the front of the first volume.
  936. Find this resource:
  937. Rico, Francisco, ed. Historia y crítica de la literatura española. Vol. 2, Siglos de Oro: Renacimiento. Edited by Francisco López Estrada. Barcelona: Crítica, 1980.
  938. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  939. Covers themes and problems of the Spanish Renaissance; Garcilaso de la Vega and poetry; prose; narrative histories; novels; picaresque; mystical poetry; theater before Félix Arturo Lope de Vega; and Miguel de Cervantes and the Quijote. In 1991 the Primer suplemento edited by Francisco López Estrada was published. It contains the same divisions as the original volume but with only three to four short essays per section.
  940. Find this resource:
  941. Rico, Francisco, ed. Historia y crítica de la literatura española. Vol. 3, Siglos de Oro: Barroco. Edited by Bruce W. Wardropper. Barcelona: Crítica, 1983.
  942. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  943. Covers themes and problems of the Spanish Baroque, Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, theater, Luis de Góngora y Argote, picaresque, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, poetry, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, classical theater, and Baltasar Gracián y Morales. In 1992 the Primer suplemento edited by Aurora Egido was published. It contains the same divisions as the original volume but with only four to five short essays per section.
  944. Find this resource:
  945. Ward, Philip, ed. The Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.
  946. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  947. The handiest single volume to keep on the desk. Not limited to Renaissance. Extremely accurate for identifying life dates of authors or determining correct renditions of names. The entries are very short, making this feel more like a dictionary.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Cervantes and the Novel
  950.  
  951. The novel is a genre of world literature widely identified as having arisen in Spain. Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quijote is generally considered to be the first and best of its kind. The Cervantes Project is the most complete digital resource devoted to the study of this author. Bandera 2006 gives an account of the genre’s genesis, while Gilman 1989 attempts to reconstruct a Cervantine poetics. Martínez-Bonati 1992 somewhat polemically sees the masterpiece as unrealistic. Presberg 2001 ambitiously capitalizes on its unreal elements to celebrate paradox as a key feature not just of this book but of the entire Western literary tradition. Quint 2003 and Redondo 1997 both promise “new” or “different” readings; they diverge in seeing Don Quijote either as a literary hodgepodge or summa, in Augustin Redondo’s terms, or as an unfragmented work of great artistic integrity, according to David Quint. This text continues to inspire such apparently contradictory responses. Montero Reguera 1997 offers a panoply of theoretical approaches to Cervantes. See also the Oxford Bibliographies articles Miguel de Cervantes and Spanish Literature.
  952.  
  953. Bandera, Cesáreo. The Humble Story of Don Quixote: Reflections on the Birth of the Modern Novel. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2006.
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955. Comparative study of Don Quijote in relation to both the picaresque tradition (specifically Mateo Alemán’s Guzmán de Alfarache and Francisco Gómez de Quevedo’s Buscón) and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo’s philosophical reinscriptions with some attention paid also to pastoral precedents.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. Cervantes Project.
  958. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  959. The most comprehensive website dedicated to the study of Cervantes. Begun in 1995, it includes the Cervantes International Bibliography Online, the Cervantes Digital Archive of Images, and the Cervantes Digital Library. Sponsored jointly by Texas A&M University and the University of Castilla–La Mancha.
  960. Find this resource:
  961. Gilman, Stephen. The Novel according to Cervantes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963. Posthumously published set of four lectures on how Cervantes perceived his own narrative innovation and how his work became the prototype for later novelists.
  964. Find this resource:
  965. Martínez-Bonati, Félix. Don Quixote and the Poetics of the Novel. Translated by Dian Fox. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
  966. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  967. Sees Cervantes’s masterwork as an “unrealistic allegory of realism.” Uses this novel to explore a larger “ironized universe” of literature.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Montero Reguera, José. El Quijote y la crítica contemporánea. Alcalá de Henares, Spain: Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, 1997.
  970. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  971. This prize-winning book offers an excellent panorama of the critical landscape.
  972. Find this resource:
  973. Presberg, Charles D. Adventures in Paradox: Don Quixote and the Western Tradition. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
  974. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  975. The first half is a history of Western paradox, culminating in its popularity during the Spanish Renaissance. The second half focuses on the novel, with chapters on the prologue, paradoxes of imitation, and the perennial paradox of self-knowledge.
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Quint, David. Cervantes’s Novel of Modern Times: A New Reading of Don Quijote. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979. Argues for a “practice and method of reading Cervantes’s book” (p. ix) based on the artistic integrity of Don Quijote. Insists upon a unified, integrated approach as opposed to previous “fragmented” criticism.
  980. Find this resource:
  981. Redondo, Augustin. Otra manera de leer el Quijote: Historia, tradiciones culturales y literatura. Madrid: Castalia, 1997.
  982. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  983. Views the novel as a summa of literary genres and historical events of its period.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Lyric Poetry
  986.  
  987. Lyric poetry was a genre practiced by courtiers and mystics, soldiers and priests, women and men in Golden Age Spain. The standard bilingual anthology is Rivers 1988. An indispensable critical guide to lyric poetry of the period is Prieto 1991, an in-depth study in two volumes. Terry 1993 is a one-volume survey. Traditional concerns for scholars of Golden Age poetic production have been classical mythology, as in Turner 1976, and oral transmission of popular verse forms, as in Rodríguez-Moñino 1976. Some studies, for example, Sánchez Romeralo 1969, are devoted to specific verse forms, such as the villancico. More recent critical trends are reflected in such studies as Fox 2008, devoted to recovering poetry—previously lost or ignored—produced by Iberian women. A delightfully idiosyncratic thematic approach is offered by Heiple 1983, a study of mechanical imagery that betrays engineering aptitude unusual in a humanist. See also the Oxford Bibliographies article Spanish Literature.
  988.  
  989. Fox, Gwyn. Subtle Subversions: Reading Golden Age Sonnets by Iberian Women. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  990. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991. Organized to reflect the overlapping roles and realms of influence in a woman’s world: politics, patronage, marriage, motherhood, friendship with other women, and romantic love.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Heiple, Daniel L. Mechanical Imagery in Spanish Golden Age Poetry. Potomac, MD: Studia Humanitatis, 1983.
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995. Nice interdisciplinary study of science and literature. Looks at technical instruments (such as the scale and the compass) and different types of clocks. These were all common topoi in Golden Age and Baroque poetry.
  996. Find this resource:
  997. Prieto, Antonio. La poesía española del siglo XVI. 2d ed. 2 vols. Madrid: Cátedra, 1991.
  998. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  999. Volume 1 contains chapters on major figures, such as Juan Boscán Almogáver and Garcilaso de la Vega, along with the romancero and Latin poetry traditions. Volume 2 contains chapters on Fray Luis de León, Francisco de la Torre, and Juan de la Cruz, among others. The last chapter focuses on Renaissance epic poetry. Two chapters (11 and 12) are devoted to the poetic circle in Seville.
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001. Rivers, Elias L., ed. Renaissance and Baroque Poetry of Spain with English Prose Translations. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1988.
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003. This is where most graduate (and even undergraduate) students receive their introduction to this field. It is a good starting place but does not offer enough depth for the serious scholar. Specialized editions of each of the poets anthologized here should be consulted instead.
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005. Rodríguez-Moñino, Antonio. La transmisión de la poesía española en los Siglos de Oro: Doce estudios, con poesías inéditas o poco conocidas. Barcelona: Ariel, 1976.
  1006. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1007. The focus of this book is on the romances, both popular and incorporated into “high” literature.
  1008. Find this resource:
  1009. Sánchez Romeralo, Antonio. El villancico: Estudios sobre la lírica popular en los siglos XV y XVI. Madrid: Gredos, 1969.
  1010. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1011. A vital tome for understanding Renaissance popular lyric poetry meant to be sung aloud.
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013. Terry, Arthur. Seventeenth-Century Spanish Poetry: The Power of Artifice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  1014. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511553851Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1015. Although the title might make it sound like a study of culteranismo, this book is actually more of an updated general survey. Covers Luis de Góngora y Argote, Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, Francisco Medrano, Valdivielso, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, Count Villamediana, and the colonial Mexican poet Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
  1016. Find this resource:
  1017. Turner, John H. The Myth of Icarus in Spanish Renaissance Poetry. London: Tamesis, 1976.
  1018. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1019. Examines attitudes toward the Icarus myth—emulation, mocking, chiding, and so forth.
  1020. Find this resource:
  1021. Religion
  1022.  
  1023. Any interpretation of Spanish Golden Age culture must be informed by a clear understanding of the Catholic faith. The anthropological approach to religion is perhaps best illustrated by Caro Baroja 1978. Specific areas of concern have been casuistry, as studied in Del Río Parra 2008, and exorcism, as explored in Lisón Tolosana 1990. Giles 2009 uses a lighter touch to look at parodies of the saints. Homza 2000 assesses various sources of religious authority, including some unorthodox ones. A popular trend is to focus on local practices, which could vary widely according to region. This approach is exemplified by Christian 1989 for Spain in general and Nalle 1992 for one region, namely Cuenca. Tausiet 2004 looks at witchcraft in Aragon.
  1024.  
  1025. Caro Baroja, Julio. Las formas complejas de la vida religiosa: Religión, sociedad y carácter en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Akal, 1978.
  1026. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1027. A classic anthropological study offering a panorama of Spanish religious life. This scholar is a historian of witchcraft, therefore the volume is slanted more toward that angle thematically. Its first part is titled “God, the Demon, Saints, and Men.” Contains chapters on art, anticlericalism, atheism and incredulity, the Antichrist, usury, the morality of warfare, beggars, casuistry, probabilism, and moral “bankruptcy.”
  1028. Find this resource:
  1029. Christian, William A., Jr. Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  1030. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1031. Includes chapters on religious vows, chapels and shrines, and relics and indulgences.
  1032. Find this resource:
  1033. Del Río Parra, Elena. Cartografías de la conciencia española en la Edad de Oro. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2008.
  1034. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1035. A truly groundbreaking study. The first panoramic view of Spanish Golden Age casuistry, or case morality, as prescribed in the encyclopedic confessors’ manuals and summas of cases of conscience that were printed and reprinted so frequently during the period.
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037. Giles, Ryan D. The Laughter of the Saints: Parodies of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.
  1038. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1039. Looks at parodies of Jesus and the crucifix as symbols of impotence. Considers Saints Emeterius and Hilarion in the contexts of necrophilia and pseudo-pilgrimage. Studies Saint Quiteria and Mary Magdalene as emblematic of the beata peccatrix. Offers Saint Martha and John the Baptist as parodic role models for procuresses and beverage peddlers.
  1040. Find this resource:
  1041. Homza, Lu Ann. Religious Authority in the Spanish Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  1042. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1043. Takes a creative approach to the topic of religious authority, even incorporating magical spells. Its basic thesis is that “ecclesiastics in sixteenth-century Spain resist easy categorization because they demonstrate autonomy as authors and readers, even in an intellectual culture dedicated to quotation” (p. 203).
  1044. Find this resource:
  1045. Lisón Tolosana, Carmelo. Demonios y exorcismos en los Siglos de Oro. Madrid: Akal, 1990.
  1046. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1047. Crucial study by a noted anthropologist. Contains such provocative chapters as “Blessed Women and Demons,” “Hispania, Believing and Creative,” and “Theologians, Mystics, Saints, and Devils.” Concludes with an assessment of the exorcisms conducted in the Alcázar Real during the reign of the feeble King Charles II.
  1048. Find this resource:
  1049. Nalle, Sara T. God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
  1050. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1051. Uses Cuenca’s diocesan archive to explore local reactions to religious reform.
  1052. Find this resource:
  1053. Tausiet, María. Ponzoña en los ojos: Brujería y superstición en Aragón en el siglo XVI. Madrid: Turner, 2004.
  1054. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1055. This study of witchcraft and superstition in Aragon in the 16th century begins with the witch hunt in Europe in general and then narrows the discussion to persecution of witches in this region of Spain in particular. Includes sections on recourse to the imaginary as well as “professionals” in the art of magic.
  1056. Find this resource:
  1057. Mysticism
  1058.  
  1059. A handbook or companion volume to this field is Kallendorf 2010. The towering giant remains, however, Peers 1951. For those who might find those three volumes unwieldy, several short one-volume introductions to the field are available. Andrés Martín 1994 is unique for its innovative organization, which centers on different “frames” for mystical experience, while Peñalver Gómez 1997 is theoretically up-to-date. Sáinz Rodríguez 1984 is valuable for the comparisons it offers with other mystical traditions and with art. Rousselot 1867 is an accessible study in French. Weber 1990 concentrates on a single mystical figure, Saint Teresa of Ávila, while Bilinkoff 1989 looks at the city where she lived. See also the Oxford Bibliographies article Hispanic Mysticism.
  1060.  
  1061. Andrés Martín, Melquiades. Historia de la mística de la Edad de Oro en España y América. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1994.
  1062. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1063. Organized around different “frames” for the Spanish mystical experience, including doctrinal, geographic, historical, linguistic, ascetic, and scholastic. Offers a new chronology as opposed to the more traditional scheme of periodization. Tries to answer the question of why there was such a confluence of mystics during the Golden Age in Spain.
  1064. Find this resource:
  1065. Bilinkoff, Jodi. The Avila of Saint Teresa: Religious Reform in a Sixteenth-Century City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
  1066. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1067. Focuses on the city where Teresa lived and worked. Chronological approach examining the transition from aristocratic dominance to monastic reform. Considers the relationship between public works and private goals. Also contains a chapter on how the city changed after her death.
  1068. Find this resource:
  1069. Kallendorf, Hilaire, ed. A New Companion to Hispanic Mysticism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010.
  1070. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1071. Essay collection offered within an ideological framework of expanding the mystical canon to include non-Spanish, nonmale, and otherwise marginal mystical experience. Divided into three sections on larger trends, specific figures, and interdisciplinary applications. Ranges from music to gardens and from Portugal to Colombia. According to the book’s prologue, penned by Colin Thompson, this book “sets a new agenda for the study of the Spanish and Portuguese mystics, in the Old World and the New” (p. xxii).
  1072. Find this resource:
  1073. Peers, E. Allison. Studies of the Spanish Mystics. 2d ed. 3 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
  1074. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1075. Still the primary critical study of most major mystical writers. Volume 1 covers Saint Ignatius, Luis de Granada, Francisco de Osuna, Saint Teresa, Saint John of the Cross, Luis de León, and Juan de los Ángeles. Volume 2 contains chapters on the dawn of the Golden Age, on an exponent of “quiet” (Bernardino de Laredo), and on mysticism in the pulpit, followed by the Teresan period, Augustinian mysticism, Franciscan mysticism, and post-Teresan mysticism. Volume 3 is divided by religious orders.
  1076. Find this resource:
  1077. Peñalver Gómez, Patricio. La mística española: Siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Akal, 1997.
  1078. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1079. This small volume is a good, theoretically informed introduction to the field. Begins with considerations of anachronism when mysticism is juxtaposed with “modernity,” followed by a study of the politics of mysticism and the languages of the Counter-Reformation. Includes a chapter on the concepts of mysticism and renaissance. In terms of specific figures, concentrates primarily on Saint Teresa of Ávila and Saint John of the Cross.
  1080. Find this resource:
  1081. Rousselot, Paul. Les mystiques espagnols: Malon de Chaide, Jean D’Avila, Louis de Grenade, Louis de Léon, Ste Thérèse, S. Jean de la Croix et leur groupe. Paris: Didier, 1867.
  1082. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1083. A still-useful survey of major authors. Contains chapters offering general considerations of Spanish mysticism as compared to other “flavors” within the Christian tradition. Some authors warrant more discussion than others: Fray Luis de León gets three chapters, Saint Teresa only two. The three final chapters provide broad context for the specific figures mentioned in the title.
  1084. Find this resource:
  1085. Sáinz Rodríguez, Pedro. Introducción a la historia de la literatura mística en España. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1984.
  1086. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1087. Still useful as an introduction to the field. Begins with a chapter on the historical problem of Spanish mysticism, followed by one on different concepts of mysticism. Chapter 3 traces points of contact between Spanish mysticism and other mystical traditions, including Indian and Jewish. Chapter 4 considers ascetic antecedents during the medieval period, while chapter 5 focuses on the chronological evolution and doctrinal content of Spanish mysticism. Chapter 6 touches on art.
  1088. Find this resource:
  1089. Weber, Alison. Teresa of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  1090. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1091. Sees a trajectory of changing rhetoric in Saint Teresa’s various works: she emphasizes humility in The Book of Her Life, irony in The Way of Perfection, obfuscation in The Interior Castle, and authority in The Book of Foundations. Opens with the chapter “Little Women” highlighting Counter-Reformation misogyny.
  1092. Find this resource:
  1093. Inquisition
  1094.  
  1095. The field of Inquisition studies continues to be a contested one. Indicative of this is the fact that in Kamen 1998, this senior, well-established scholar saw the need to revise his own previous conclusions. Such creative assessments as Roth 1996, while they make for entertaining reading, are more and more being rejected, because they perpetuate the Black Legend of Spanish cruelty, a set of historiographical assumptions and racial stereotypes that held the Spaniards to be more fierce, violent, and sadistic than other nations. Original procesos (trials) translated into English are available in Homza 2006 and Kagan and Dyer 2004. Homza 2006 is preferable in terms of chronological presentation. Menéndez y Pelayo 2007 is still inescapable for the study of heterodoxy. Vollendorf 2005 focuses more narrowly on women. Casado Arboniés, et al. 2006 and Urzáiz Tortajada 2009 both look at censorship, but the former’s treatment is necessarily fuller and more complete. See also the Oxford Bibliographies article Hispanic Mysticism.
  1096.  
  1097. Casado Arboniés, Manuel, Antonio Castillo Gómez, Paulina Numhauser, and Emilio Sola, eds. Escrituras silenciadas en la época de Cervantes. Alcalá de Henares, Spain: Universidad de Alcalá, 2006.
  1098. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1099. Large essay collection on the fascinating topic of censorship and censored works. Includes some New World material.
  1100. Find this resource:
  1101. Homza, Lu Ann, ed. The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2006.
  1102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1103. Divided chronologically by periods with representative documents for each. Primarily suitable for classroom use. Does not include the original Spanish.
  1104. Find this resource:
  1105. Kagan, Richard L., and Abigail Dyer, eds. Inquisitorial Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
  1106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1107. Contains a handful of case studies in the form of translated transcriptions from Inquisitional procesos (trials). The original Spanish is not included here, but it is available in the subsequent Spanish-language version of the same volume, Vidas infames: Herejes y criptojudíos ante la Inquisición (San Sebastián, Spain: Nerea, 2010).
  1108. Find this resource:
  1109. Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111. A major revision of his own conclusions, published thirty-five years before. In this new study Kamen reassesses the expulsion of the Jews, offers a revised view of blood purity’s impact on society, offers new statistics on numbers of heretics executed indirectly by the Inquisition, and presents a more tempered view of the censorship practiced during this period. He offers foreign propaganda as a frame for understanding the Black Legend that has been propagated for centuries about the Inquisition.
  1112. Find this resource:
  1113. Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino. Historia de los heterodoxos españoles. 4 vols. Madrid: Homo Legens, 2007.
  1114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1115. A traditional starting point for any study of heterodox Spanish mysticism or even of orthodox figures accused of irregularities. Volume 3 contains sections on alumbrados, quietists, and “mystical sects.” Originally published in 1880.
  1116. Find this resource:
  1117. Roth, Cecil. The Spanish Inquisition. New York: Norton, 1996.
  1118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1119. Classic study perpetuating the Black Legend of the Inquisition. Covers the Holy Office from its establishment in 1478 through its abolishment in 1834. Includes such telling chapter titles as “Pride and Precedent,” “The Unholy Office,” “Alarms and Diversions,” and “The Age of Unreason.” This view of the Inquisition as uniquely cruel has largely been debunked, but historiographically this book continues to be cited as a point of reference.
  1120. Find this resource:
  1121. Urzáiz Tortajada, Héctor. “El libro áureo: Un tótem cultural frente a los Índices de la Inquisición.” In Materia crítica: Formas de ocio y de consumo en la cultura áurea. Edited by Enrique García Santo-Tomás, 127–148. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2009.
  1122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1123. Looks at actual books as physical objects bearing quasi-totemic power in Spanish society as opposed to hypothetical lists of prohibited books appearing on the Inquisition’s indexes.
  1124. Find this resource:
  1125. Vollendorf, Lisa. The Lives of Women: A New History of Inquisitional Spain. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2005.
  1126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1127. Part 1 involves defining gender before the Inquisition, taking two individual case studies as points of departure. Part 2 looks at female authors and playwrights. Part 3 centers on convent culture, specifically nuns as mothers and writers. Part 4, “Women’s Networks,” extends to leadership and the community.
  1128. Find this resource:
  1129. Daily Life
  1130.  
  1131. Most of the work in this area can be divided into “daily life” panoramas filled with picturesque details, such as Defourneaux 1979. Alcalá-Zamora 1989 bears an unfortunate title that raises unfounded expectations of connections that could be made to art. Casey 1999 is a theoretically sophisticated approach to the writing of social history. González and Premo 2007 and Pike 1983 look at the plights of children and slaves, respectively. Chartier 2004 considers moralizing treatises on how to spend leisure time. Reher 1997 is dedicated to the history of the family. Saavedra 1994 is the single best source in this field.
  1132.  
  1133. Alcalá-Zamora, José N., ed. La vida cotidiana en la España de Velázquez. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1989.
  1134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1135. Daily life study with an alleged slant toward the art world but which primarily uses the dates of Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez’s life as handy boundaries for the essay collection.
  1136. Find this resource:
  1137. Casey, James. Early Modern Spain: A Social History. London: Routledge, 1999.
  1138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1139. This book focuses on the solidarities that held Spain together as opposed to the conflicts that tore it apart. Looks at patterns of fellowship and patronage at a local level. Considers Spain to have experienced a notable absence of popular revolts as compared to other European countries at this time. Engages a Foucauldian perspective to consider the policing of families.
  1140. Find this resource:
  1141. Chartier, Roger. “El tiempo que sobra: Ocio y vida cotidiana en el mundo hispánico.” Historia, antropología y fuentes orales 31 (2004): 99–112.
  1142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1143. This dense article, highly theoretical in nature, ultimately concludes that early modern Spaniards were expected to be intellectually productive even in their free time. Traces the etymology of ocio (leisure) and negocio (business) through Sebastián de Covarrubias to the Diccionario de autoridades but uses this traditional lexicographical beginning as the point of departure for excurses on Immanuel Kant, Jürgen Habermas, Norbert Elias, and Pierre Bourdieu. Basically an extended meditation on the dichotomy between public and private.
  1144. Find this resource:
  1145. Defourneaux, Marcelin. Daily Life in Spain in the Golden Age. Translated by Newton Branch. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1979.
  1146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1147. Originally published in French (Hachette, 1964). Contains separate chapters on the court, urban versus rural life, the church and religious life, public festivals and popular entertainments, the domestic sphere, universities, the military, and picaresque marginal figures. Reprint of the Praeger 1971 edition.
  1148. Find this resource:
  1149. González, Ondina E., and Bianca Premo, eds. Raising an Empire: Children in Early Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America. Santa Fe: University of New Mexico Press, 2007.
  1150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1151. A transatlantic study covering the period 1500–1800. Consists of essays by different authors on orphans, juvenile charity wards, aristocratic children, abandoned infants, and children used for slave labor.
  1152. Find this resource:
  1153. Pike, Ruth. Penal Servitude in Early Modern Spain. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
  1154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1155. Overview of slavery used as a punishment for crime. Covers service in the galleys, mines, and so-called presidios in both North Africa and the Caribbean. Slave labor was also used to build up naval arsenals and for the construction of public works. Includes a chapter on the Bourbon monarchs’ reforms to the penal system and the use of forced labor.
  1156. Find this resource:
  1157. Reher, David S. Perspectives on the Family in Spain: Past and Present. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
  1158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1159. The single most useful book on the history of the family in Spain.
  1160. Find this resource:
  1161. Saavedra, Pegerto. La vida cotidiana en la Galicia del Antiguo Régimen. Barcelona: Crítica, 1994.
  1162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1163. Firmly grounded in thorough archival research with implications stretching far beyond Galicia. The best book on daily life in early modern Spain.
  1164. Find this resource:
  1165. Ethnic Groups
  1166.  
  1167. People who claim that the United States was the first melting pot are clearly unfamiliar with early modern Spain. Ethnic groups represented there include black slaves, studied in Fracchia 2004; conversos, or forcible converts from Judaism, who are the focus of Martz 2003; and gypsies, as treated in Pym 2007. The most common three groups to be mentioned together are conversos, Moriscos (forced Muslim converts), and Christians. We find these three groups mentioned in the same breath in the title of Meyerson and English 1999, while Ingram 2009 only considers the first two of the three. Schorsch 2009 offers a transatlantic perspective, while Herzog 2003 is more of a meditation on what it means to be a citizen. Mariscal 1998 reveals some interesting speculations about contributions to be made to race theory by Hispanists writing within the United States.
  1168.  
  1169. Fracchia, Carmen. “(Lack of) Visual Representation of Black Slaves in Spanish Golden Age Painting.” Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies 10.1 (2004): 23–34.
  1170. DOI: 10.1080/1470184042000236251Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1171. Compares and contrasts two very different depictions by Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez of black slaves: one a lowly, androgynous kitchen maid and the other his own male slave (whom he later freed after taking him to Rome) dressed rather bizarrely in the garb of a Spanish nobleman. Includes some speculations as to why slaves (who numbered some thirty thousand in Seville alone), particularly black ones, seem to have been virtually erased from the surviving visual record of the period.
  1172. Find this resource:
  1173. Herzog, Tamar. Defining Nations: Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
  1174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1175. History of ideas study focusing on the 18th century. Looks at concepts of community and belonging. Key terms explicated include vecindad (community) and naturaleza (countryside). Considers the construction of the Other (gypsies, conversos, and foreigners) as well as the empire in crisis. Concludes with a provocative meditation on the question “Was Spain exceptional?”
  1176. Find this resource:
  1177. Ingram, Kevin, ed. The Conversos and Moriscos in Early Modern Spain and Beyond. Vol. 1, Departures and Change. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009.
  1178. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1179. First volume in a series on converso and Morisco studies. Branches out from this particular place and time to consider questions of Otherness, identity, tolerance, nationalism, and modernity.
  1180. Find this resource:
  1181. Mariscal, George. “The Role of Spain in Contemporary Race Theory.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 2 (1998): 7–22.
  1182. DOI: 10.1353/hcs.2011.0018Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1183. Argues persuasively that two modern assessments of race relations, Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s Racial Formation in the United States (New York: Routledge, 1994) and Etienne Balibar’s Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (London: Verso, 1991), do not take into account sufficiently the experience of medieval and early modern Spain. Above all, presents continuities as opposed to ruptures, particularly with regard to Spain’s treatment of the gypsies, who—Mariscal argues—had to be marginalized on ethnic grounds due to their professed allegiance to Catholicism.
  1184. Find this resource:
  1185. Martz, Linda. A Network of Converso Families in Early Modern Toledo: Assimilating a Minority. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
  1186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1187. This fascinating genealogy traces the destinies of Spanish families of Jewish ancestry from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The clans of special interest to this scholar were the more prosperous bankers and businesspeople. These conversos were key to Spain’s economic rise during the 16th century but then had to adapt to changed circumstances during the crisis of the Baroque period.
  1188. Find this resource:
  1189. Meyerson, Mark D., and Edward D. English, eds. Christians, Muslims, and Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Spain: Interaction and Cultural Change. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999.
  1190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1191. Well-rounded essay collection on the period of convivencia (coexistence) and its aftermath. Divided into sections on Christians and Jews in Muslim-controlled Spain, Muslims and Jews in Christian-controlled Spain, conversos (Jews forced to convert to Catholicism), and Moriscos (Muslims who were similarly baptized by force). The volume ends with a fascinating epilogue on Spain as seen through the eyes of non-Spaniards.
  1192. Find this resource:
  1193. Pym, Richard. The Gypsies of Early Modern Spain, 1425–1783. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  1194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1195. Impressive study spanning four centuries. Sees efforts to root out gypsies as attempts to “purge the body politic.” Looks at attitudes of the Spanish church toward this marginalized group. Considers relevant laws to have been a legislative failure. Bridges the Habsburg and the Bourbon monarchies.
  1196. Find this resource:
  1197. Schorsch, Jonathan. Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians, and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009.
  1198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1199. This book juxtaposes three partially assimilated groups within the Spanish Empire. An important installment for transatlantic studies. Draws on archival evidence from Inquisition documents. Suggestive chapter titles include “The Free and Not So Free,” “Slaves and Downtrodden Religion,” “Jailed Judaizers,” and “Under the Stare of the Cross.” Includes a section of maps at the beginning.
  1200. Find this resource:
  1201. Jews and Conversos
  1202.  
  1203. The story of the forced conversion and subsequent expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula is well known, and several important essay collections, such as Alcalá 1995 and Cooperman 1998, were published around the fifth centennial of this event. Of these, Alcalá 1995 is larger, but Cooperman 1998 is more accessible to English speakers. Egido López 1986 takes the case study of Saint Teresa to focus on the converso lineage of a prominent family. Graizbord 2003 and Melammed 2004 both center on questions of identity. Of these two, Graizbord 2003 is the more entertaining read. A popular new trend is to expand this field to include investigations of what happened to the Jews after they left Spain. Benbassa and Rodrigue 2000 and Díaz Más 1992 both highlight the fates of Jewish exiles, known as the Sephardim. Of these, Díaz Más 1992 is more linguistic in focus. Stillman and Stillman 1999 includes essays in French, Spanish, and English; it helpfully bridges the divide between pre- and post-1492.
  1204.  
  1205. Alcalá, Ángel, ed. Judíos, sefarditas, conversos: La expulsión de 1492 y sus consecuencias: Ponencias del congreso internacional celebrado en Nueva York en noviembre de 1992. Valladolid, Spain: Ámbito, 1995.
  1206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1207. Large essay collection packed full of useful studies. Organized into sections on Jews in Spain in the 15th century, the edict of expulsion, the exodus, the Hispanism of Sephardic Jews, “what Spain lost” when the Jews left, crypto-Jews remaining within Spain, and literary and mystical writings by famous conversos, such as Saint Teresa of Ávila and Saint John of the Cross. Available online with registration.
  1208. Find this resource:
  1209. Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th–20th Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
  1210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1211. Delineates the distinctively Spanish cultural self-identification of Jewish exiles from Spain and Portugal who fled to Asia Minor and the Balkans. There they flourished under the Ottoman Empire for over four hundred years. Only with the disintegration of this empire did the community disperse further. This valuable book traces their destiny through the time of the Holocaust and beyond. Originally published as The Jews of the Balkans: The Judeo-Spanish Community, 15th to 20th Centuries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
  1212. Find this resource:
  1213. Cooperman, Bernard Dov, ed. In Iberia and Beyond: Hispanic Jews between Cultures; Proceedings of a Symposium to Mark the 500th Anniversary of the Expulsion of Spanish Jewry. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998.
  1214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1215. Volume of conference proceedings that includes essays on Jewish philosophy and poetics in Spain, converso images and self-images, the role of women in identity transmission, and official government policy toward different groups.
  1216. Find this resource:
  1217. Díaz Más, Paloma. Sephardim: The Jews from Spain. Translated by George K. Zucker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
  1218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1219. This essential study gives a history of the Sephardim, an extensive chapter on the hybrid languages they speak, another on literature written by them, and a consideration of Spain’s complex relationship to this group. Ends with a look at Sephardic Jews in the late 20th century.
  1220. Find this resource:
  1221. Egido López, Teófanes, ed. El linaje judeoconverso de Santa Teresa: Pleito de hidalguía de los Cepeda. Madrid: Editorial de Espiritualidad, 1986.
  1222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1223. Modern edition of the lawsuit filed by Saint Teresa of Ávila’s family to claim noble status. Its historical interest lies in the fact that this documentation proves, beyond a shadow of a doubt, her descent from Jewish converso ancestors. This fact has been interpreted by literary and religious historians to have influenced her own mystical writings.
  1224. Find this resource:
  1225. Graizbord, David L. Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
  1226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1227. Thrilling exposé of a group of individuals known to history as the renegade conversos. These conversos, who had remained in Spain for over a century after the Jewish expulsion, were ultimately forced to leave the country. But the twist comes when they (or their descendants) returned to Spain and reconverted to the Catholic faith. At this point some of them became informers to the Inquisition.
  1228. Find this resource:
  1229. Melammed, Renée Levine. A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  1230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1231. This crucial book contrasts the fate of conversos who decided to flee the Spanish Empire with that of those who remained. Concentrates on questions of identity. Compares different possible destinations for the exiles in terms of the religious and cultural options afforded by each. Ends with a look at three converso communities in Majorca (Spain), Belmonte (Portugal), and the US Southwest.
  1232. Find this resource:
  1233. Stillman, Yedida Kalfon, and Norman A. Stillman, eds. From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1999.
  1234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1235. Collection of essays in English, French, and Spanish beginning before the expulsion and reaching beyond the Diaspora. Divided into six parts on Sephardic and Oriental communities, intellectual history, literature and folklore, linguistics, music and art, and education. Concludes with predictions for the future of Sephardic studies.
  1236. Find this resource:
  1237. Muslims and Moriscos
  1238.  
  1239. The Moriscos were Muslims forced to convert to Christianity and then expelled from Spain as the Jews had been earlier, as recounted in Harvey 2005. Their contributions to Spanish culture are celebrated in López-Baralt 1992. The traumatic event of their exile is placed in the spotlight by Ehlers 2006. After they were expelled, some Moriscos became pirates who actually returned to Spain to take Spanish prisoners. These prisoners’ experience is recounted in Friedman 1983 and García Arenal and Bunes 1992. The latter focuses more on Spain’s military intervention in North Africa. While in North Africa, some Spanish prisoners forsook the Christian faith to convert to Islam; these were known as renegades, as described in Bennassar and Bennassar 1989. Harris 2007 looks at what happened to previously Islamic Granada after the expulsion of the Moriscos. Fuchs 2009 invokes a neologism the author coined, “maurophilia,” to describe Spain’s love/hate relationship with all things Islamic.
  1240.  
  1241. Bennassar, Bartolomé, and Lucile Bennassar. Los cristianos de Alá: La fascinante aventura de los renegados. Translated by José Luis Gil Aristu. Madrid: Nerea, 1989.
  1242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1243. Published originally in French under the title Les Chrétiens d’Allah: L’histoire extraordinaire des renégats (Paris: Perrin, 1989). Fundamental study of the renegade experience. Divided into three parts on individual case histories, communal history, and the “Turkish dream” and Christian nostalgia. Some extremely helpful features of this book include a glossary, a chronology, and tables of Spaniards who converted to Islam according to Inquisitional documents.
  1244. Find this resource:
  1245. Ehlers, Benjamin. Between Christians and Moriscos: Juan de Ribera and Religious Reform in Valencia, 1568–1614. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
  1246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1247. Tells the story of a virulent racist and cruel xenophobe who came to be canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Juan de Ribera was archbishop of Valencia from 1568 to 1611. This book chronicles his career as he evolved from a young, idealistic prelate to the scourge of the Moriscos.
  1248. Find this resource:
  1249. Friedman, Ellen G. Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
  1250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1251. English-language account of the experiences of Spaniards who were captured and held as prisoners in North Africa during the Renaissance.
  1252. Find this resource:
  1253. Fuchs, Barbara. Exotic Nation: Maurophilia and the Construction of Early Modern Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
  1254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1255. Considers “maurophilia” (literally, love of Moors) as central to early modern Spanish self-perception. Ventures into Black Legend polemics. The thesis is that Spanish “Moorishness” was perceived paradoxically, by both Spaniards and non-Spaniards, as at once exotic and quotidian.
  1256. Find this resource:
  1257. García Arenal, Mercedes, and Bunes, Miguel Ángel de. Los españoles y el Norte de África: Siglos XV–XVIII. Madrid: Mapfre, 1992.
  1258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1259. Essential volume divided into two parts focusing on Spain’s military intervention in North Africa and the resulting “new frontier” with Islam. Contains sections on piracy, commerce, messianic expectations, the Crusader mentality, the Morisco expulsion, new forms of warfare, Christian captives, galley slaves, renegades, ransoms, and redemptionist orders.
  1260. Find this resource:
  1261. Harris, A. Katie. From Muslim to Christian Granada: Inventing a City’s Past in Early Modern Spain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
  1262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1263. Covers history of Granada in the 16th century. Topics include controversy and propaganda, historiography, civic ritual, identity, and piety. The book begins, intriguingly, with the exhumation of sacred relics to demonstrate Granada’s Christian roots.
  1264. Find this resource:
  1265. Harvey, L. P. Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  1266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1267. A basic history of when, why, and how the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity. Begins with crypto-Islam and goes through forcible conversions, crisis and war, assimilation and rejection, expulsion, international relations, and the inevitable aftermath. Contains ample appendixes of specimen official texts.
  1268. Find this resource:
  1269. López-Baralt, Luce. Islam in Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1992.
  1270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1271. A translation of Huellas del Islam en la literatura española: De Juan Ruiz a Juan Goytisolo (Madrid: Hiperión, 1989). Contains chapters on Saint Teresa and Saint John of the Cross.
  1272. Find this resource:
  1273. Gender and Sexuality
  1274.  
  1275. Two essay collections dominate the field of research on Baroque sex: Redondo 1985 and Saint-Saëns 1996. Of these, Redondo 1985 is the longest and most substantive, while Saint-Saëns 1996 is the most fun to read. Gender studies as a field has proven to be a suitable outlet for feminist scholarship; Stoll and Smith 2000 is one illustrative example. Perry 1990 sees female sexuality as threatening to men because of its capacity for disorder. Lehfeldt 2008 looks at men’s own sexual and military potency as already declining during this period. Berco 2007 considers homosexuality in Aragon. Stroud 1990 takes gender conflict to its ultimate consequences by highlighting instances of wife murder in the theater. Morant, et al. 2005 includes coverage of both Spain and Latin America.
  1276.  
  1277. Berco, Cristian. Sexual Hierarchies, Public Status: Men, Sodomy, and Society in Spain’s Golden Age. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
  1278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1279. Despite the broader claims of its title, this book focuses on Inquisition cases in Aragon. Considers such topics as local sexual economies, sexual geography, and the “dialectics of dominance.” Sees homosexual behavior as subversive of the social order. Looks at some technical aspects of actual trial procedure. Views the prosecution of sodomites as an effort at social control.
  1280. Find this resource:
  1281. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth. “Ideal Men: Masculinity and Decline in Seventeenth-Century Spain.” Renaissance Quarterly 61.2 (2008): 463–494.
  1282. DOI: 10.1353/ren.0.0024Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1283. Argues for the construction of a distinct discourse of masculinity (which ultimately proved to be nostalgic) in Spain during the 17th century. Centers on the figure of the ideal nobleman. Sees key criteria for manhood as derived from measurements of chastity, productivity, and military prowess. Sources include writings by moralists, arbitristas, and hagiographers.
  1284. Find this resource:
  1285. Morant, Isabel, Margarita Ortega, Asunción Lavrin, and Pilar Pérez Cantó, eds. Historia de las mujeres en España y América Latina. Vol. 2, El mundo moderno. Madrid: Cátedra, 2005.
  1286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1287. Without rival, the most wide-ranging and up-to-date synthesis in early modern Spanish women’s history.
  1288. Find this resource:
  1289. Perry, Mary Elizabeth. Gender and Disorder in Early Modern Seville. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  1290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1291. Classic feminist study that lays bare the tensions between prescriptive ideals and actual practice as regards living conditions for women. Uses such sources as writing by women, Inquisitional procesos (trials), legislative documents, and artistic depictions. This study centers on Seville, but its conclusions could potentially be applicable to the rest of Spain during the same time period. Specific female figures who appear in these pages range from mystics to prostitutes.
  1292. Find this resource:
  1293. Redondo, Augustin, ed. Amours légitimes, amours illégitimes en Espagne (XVIe–XVIIe siècles): Colloque International, Sorbonne, 3, 4, 5, et 6 octobre 1984. Paris: Sorbonne, 1985.
  1294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1295. Scintillating essay collection on sex in the Golden Age. Divided into two halves on norms and practices versus imaginary representations of sex and love in literature. Includes essays on impediments to marriage, clandestine marriage, love and marriage among gypsies and Moriscos, hermaphrodites, amatory spells, prostitution, and the remarriage of widows. Each subsection of approximately four essays concludes with a few pages of discussion.
  1296. Find this resource:
  1297. Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. Sex and Love in Golden Age Spain. New Orleans: University Press of the South, 1996.
  1298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1299. Indispensable essay collection on literary portrayals of romance and documented sexual practice. Divided into two suggestive halves: “The Demand for Pleasure” and “The Dark Side of Love.” Includes essays on courtship, seduction, and abandonment; the affective life of slaves; Counter-Reformation sexual repression; silence and violence; the theological context of wife murder; and the war between the sexes.
  1300. Find this resource:
  1301. Stoll, Anita K., and Dawn L. Smith, eds. Gender, Identity, and Representation in Spain’s Golden Age. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2000.
  1302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1303. Divided into two halves on men’s representations of women and women’s representations of their own gender. Includes essays on cross-dressing, performativity, marriage and subversion, violence, and gender ambivalence.
  1304. Find this resource:
  1305. Stroud, Matthew D. Fatal Union: A Pluralistic Approach to the Spanish Wife-Murder Comedias. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1990.
  1306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1307. Examines the persistently controversial topic of uxoricide in early modern Spanish drama. Contains at least some consideration of no fewer than thirty-one plays by fifteen authors. Includes chapters on guilt, shame, and epistemology. Ultimately concludes that no single view of the problem is sufficient.
  1308. Find this resource:
  1309. Women
  1310.  
  1311. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries feminism has become particularly relevant to the study of Golden Age Spanish culture. Here—unlike in some other countries and time periods—there were actually female playwrights, actresses, and so on whose stories are there in the archives, waiting to be recovered. We meet some of these actual women from Galicia in Poska 2005, while McKendrick 2010 shows their representations onstage. Armon 2002 analyzes three women novelists. Lehfeldt 2005 centers on formally professing religious women, while Dopico Black 2001 scrutinizes the twin figures of perfect wife and adulteress. Vicente and Corteguera 2003 is less literary in focus than Gossy 1989. Cammarata 2003 offers a New Historicist approach.
  1312.  
  1313. Armon, Shifra. Picking Wedlock: Women and the Courtship Novel in Spain. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.
  1314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1315. Focuses on three female novelists—María de Zayas y Sotomayor, Mariana de Carvajal, and Leonor de Meneses—who used fiction as a vehicle for developing ideas about courtship and marriage.
  1316. Find this resource:
  1317. Cammarata, Joan F., ed. Women in the Discourse of Early Modern Spain. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.
  1318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1319. This large and exciting essay collection ranges from traditional figures, such as Teresa of Ávila, to cultural studies materials, such as 16th-century advice manuals. Explicitly New Historicist in its appropriation of the term “self-fashioning.”
  1320. Find this resource:
  1321. Dopico Black, Georgina. Perfect Wives, Other Women: Adultery and Inquisition in Early Modern Spain. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.
  1322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1323. Focuses on discourses about wives’ bodies in the era of the Inquisition. Uses the psychoanalytic notion of the “gaze” and Foucauldian concepts of surveillance to depict early modern wives as appearing under multiple lenses for scrutiny. Contains chapters on Fray Luis de León, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
  1324. Find this resource:
  1325. Gossy, Mary S. The Untold Story: Women and Theory in Golden Age Texts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989.
  1326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1327. This extremely slender volume includes considerations of medieval texts. Essays on hymen and text; marriage, motherhood, and deviance; voyeurism and paternity; and convivencia (coexistence) and difference. Authors represented include Miguel de Cervantes, Juan Manuel, and Fernando de Rojas.
  1328. Find this resource:
  1329. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005.
  1330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1331. Examines religious convents within the larger context of their relationships with the outside world. Specifically looks at estate management, lawsuits, carpentry work and the built environment, networks of patronage, and monastic reform. Brings a refreshing new cultural studies perspective to bear on this research.
  1332. Find this resource:
  1333. McKendrick, Melveena. Woman and Society in the Spanish Drama of the Golden Age: A Study of the Mujer Varonil. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  1334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1335. Scrutinizes female characters who refuse to accept marriage, arguing that this pattern has been misinterpreted anachronistically by critics. Argues for a plethora of “types” within the umbrella category of mujer varonil, including the bandolera, bella cazadora, and mujer esquiva. Touches on Amazons, leaders, warriors, scholars, avengers, and career women. This classic study, first published in 1974, basically takes a chronological approach.
  1336. Find this resource:
  1337. Poska, Allyson M. Women and Authority in Early Modern Spain: The Peasants of Galicia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  1338. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265312.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1339. A social science view of Galician peasant women and how they defied male expectations. Departs from a single, crucial fact of mass migration by male gallegos (Galicians) to delineate a pattern of matriarchal households. Draws upon archival evidence from court cases, dowry contracts, last wills and testaments, and Inquisitional procesos (trials). Democratizing view of social power as not limited to the rich or well connected.
  1340. Find this resource:
  1341. Vicente, Marta V., and Luis R. Corteguera, eds. Women, Texts, and Authority in the Early Modern Spanish World. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.
  1342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1343. Geared toward history and cultural studies (some of the many “texts” considered here include convent autobiography, hidden Morisco manuscripts, legal representations, and paternity suits), this essay collection is an important contribution to the study of textuality in the period.
  1344. Find this resource:
  1345. Crossing Gender Boundaries
  1346.  
  1347. For queer studies, Blackmore and Hutcheson 1999 and Thompson 2006 are worthy of particular note. The former invokes the trope of “crossing,” while the latter takes the case of the notoriously homosexual stage actor Juan Rana. A notable trend is toward blurring gender boundaries by considering the mutual social construction of both genders (Martín 2008), although some studies retain the traditional male-female distinction. Carrasco 1985 incorporates original archival research. Donnell 2003 proclaims a “crisis of masculinity.” Garza Carvajal 2003 seems ideologically driven and should be used with caution. Perry 1988 is probably the best introduction to period-accurate concepts of the pecado nefando. Velasco 2006 remains unconvincing due to a paucity of relevant examples.
  1348.  
  1349. Blackmore, Josiah, and Gregory S. Hutcheson, eds. Queer Iberia: Sexualities, Cultures, and Crossings from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.
  1350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1351. Essay collection divided into sections on queering Iberia, Iberian masculinities, sources of Sodom, normativity and nationhood, and the body and the state.
  1352. Find this resource:
  1353. Carrasco, Rafael. Inquisición y represión sexual en Valencia: Historia de los sodomitas (1565–1785). Barcelona: Laertes, 1985.
  1354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1355. Solid archival study consisting of three substantial chapters on the repression of sodomy in Valencia, “word and deed,” and sociological aspects of the problem. A unique feature of this book is the fact that each chapter is followed by one or more appendixes. These are the actual trial documents on which the analysis is based. Considers issues of social class and sexual exploitation.
  1356. Find this resource:
  1357. Donnell, Sidney. Feminizing the Enemy: Imperial Spain, Transvestite Drama, and the Crisis of Masculinity. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2003.
  1358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1359. Playful deployment of gender theory to unpack the cultural practice of cross-dressing. Argues that this practice was frequent but is now widely misunderstood. Includes works by Rueda, Baltasar Gracián y Morales, Félix Arturo Lope de Vega, Monroy y Silva, and Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Not limited to peninsular Spain but includes its colonies as well. Ultimately argues that transvestism as practiced on both sides of the gender divide reveals a crisis of masculinity up to and including a “feminized self-image” for Spain.
  1360. Find this resource:
  1361. Garza Carvajal, Federico. Butterflies Will Burn: Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003.
  1362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1363. Argues, not entirely convincingly, that sodomites were prosecuted not so much because heterosexual Christians found their acts offensive as because they needed an excuse to justify domination of “effete” foreigners and indigenous natives. Sees the prosecution of sodomy as concomitant with empire building. Based upon three hundred actual trial documents from the period 1561–1699. Largely avoids the question of how sodomites were treated as compared to other heretics.
  1364. Find this resource:
  1365. Martín, Adrienne Laskier. An Erotic Philology of Golden Age Spain. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008.
  1366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1367. Includes chapters on prostitution, male homosexuality, lesbianism, female stereotypes, and cuckoldry.
  1368. Find this resource:
  1369. Perry, Mary Elizabeth. “The ‘Nefarious Sin’ in Early Modern Seville.” Journal of Homosexuality 16.1–2 (1988): 67–89.
  1370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1371. Much-cited article on prosecutions of pecado nefando, defined as anal sex or sex with an animal. Argues that executions for sodomy became a type of morality play within the larger context of sexuality as a theater of power. Draws extensively upon archival sources.
  1372. Find this resource:
  1373. Thompson, Peter E. The Triumphant Juan Rana: A Gay Actor of the Spanish Golden Age. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
  1374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1375. This book embodies the trend toward studying this notorious figure. Looks at phallic innuendos, cross-dressing, and doppelgängers.
  1376. Find this resource:
  1377. Velasco, Sherry M. Male Delivery: Reproduction, Effeminacy, and Pregnant Men in Early Modern Spain. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2006.
  1378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1379. Entertaining but too grounded in the concerns of its own historical moment. The “evidence” for an early modern preoccupation with male pregnancy is limited to two extant sources: an unpublished comic interlude and a broadside collection of four ballads. Also guilty of excessive reliance on the fashionable jargon of gender politics.
  1380. Find this resource:
  1381. Colonial Empire
  1382.  
  1383. Any consideration of Spain during this time period would be unthinkable without an analysis of its relationship to its colonies. The standard account is Elliott 1989, updated by Elliott 2006. Hanke 1974 looks at religious elements of the conquest, while Thomas 2005 pays more attention to economic factors. De Armas Wilson 2000 looks at literary portrayals of New World colonization in Spain, while Griffin 2009 in some sense does the same for England. Fuchs 2001 considers New World exploration and dominion in the context of a continuation of the Reconquest. Simerka 2003 traces a somewhat surprising strain of counter-epic discourse.
  1384.  
  1385. De Armas Wilson, Diana. Cervantes, the Novel, and the New World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  1386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1387. Argues that both Don Quijote and the Persiles are “coloured by” imperialism and that Miguel de Cervantes’s novels “internalize” colonial discourse. Examines Cervantes’s works in relation to four other genres: chivalric romance, utopian fantasy, colonial war epic, and American ethnohistory.
  1388. Find this resource:
  1389. Elliott, J. H. Spain and Its World, 1500–1700. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.
  1390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1391. Divided into four sections on America, Europe, the royal court, and the question of decline. Collected studies representing thirty years of the author’s research. Includes such suggestive essays as “Art and Decline in Seventeenth-Century Spain” and “The Discovery of America and the Discovery of Man.”
  1392. Find this resource:
  1393. Elliott, J. H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
  1394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1395. The clearest and most ambitious survey of the early modern Spanish transatlantic empire.
  1396. Find this resource:
  1397. Fuchs, Barbara. Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  1398. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511486173Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1399. A transatlantic view of Spain’s multiple empires. Includes a chapter on England focusing on pirates and renegades.
  1400. Find this resource:
  1401. Griffin, Eric J. English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain: Ethnopoetics and Empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
  1402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1403. Explores English origins of the Black Legend projected onto Spain. Six chapters cover such English dramatists as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Thomas Kyd. Defines a key term, “ethnopoetics,” as “the making or marking of ethnicity.”
  1404. Find this resource:
  1405. Hanke, Lewis. All Mankind Is One: A Study of the Disputation between Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indians. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974.
  1406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1407. Analysis of the famous public debate held in Spain on the question of whether the New World natives had souls.
  1408. Find this resource:
  1409. Simerka, Barbara. Discourses of Empire: Counter-Epic Literature in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.
  1410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1411. Traces an alternative history of counter-epic discourse. Hears a cacophany of dissident voices and uses it to challenge assumptions of hegemony. Offers rare scholarly treatments of such marginalized genres as burlesque epics and indiano literature.
  1412. Find this resource:
  1413. Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2005.
  1414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1415. Panoramic view in ten “books” divided into thirty-eight discrete chapters of Spain’s inexorable march toward New World dominion. A minor irritation is the author’s decision to use translated catchphrases to name every chapter. The result is that this lengthy book is somewhat hard to navigate. Contains extensive appendixes of registered ships, family trees, and the costs of becoming an emperor in 1519.
  1416. Find this resource:
  1417. Economy and Material Culture
  1418.  
  1419. One of the hottest trends in cultural studies is an emphasis on material culture. Thus Marxist-influenced studies of consumption, such as García Santo-Tomás 2009, come to coexist side by side with more traditional economic studies, such as Comín, et al. 2002. Sempere y Guarinos 2000 and Kallendorf 2007 both look at fashion, the former in the context of sumptuary laws and the latter in the context of drama. The religious element is still strong, even in an area as apparently secular as money; thus we find Clavero 1984 dwelling on usury and Flynn 1985 writing about charitable ritual. Lehfeldt 2000 casts convents for nuns in the unlikely role of protagonists for lawsuits. Vilches 2010 sees money as provocative of cultural anxiety.
  1420.  
  1421. Clavero, Bartolomé. Usura: Del uso económico de la religión en la historia. Madrid: Tecnos, 1984.
  1422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1423. Short history of usury opens up broader considerations, such as the religious function of judicial categories. Consists of three main chapters, “Religion and Law: Mentalities and Paradigms,” “The Prohibition of Usury,” and “Interest: The Translation and Incidence of a Concept in Castile in the Sixteenth Century.”
  1424. Find this resource:
  1425. Comín, Francisco, Mauro Hernández, and Enrique Llopis, eds. Historia económica de España, siglos X–XX. Barcelona: Crítica, 2002.
  1426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1427. Chapters 2 and 3 cover the relevant period. An easy-to-read, general work on the early modern Spanish economy. Chapter 2 covers Castilian hegemony, while chapter 3 traces historical roots for Spain’s economic “backwardness” to the so-called crisis and decadence of the period from 1590 to 1714.
  1428. Find this resource:
  1429. Flynn, Maureen M. “Charitable Ritual in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain.” Sixteenth Century Journal 16.3 (1985): 335–348.
  1430. DOI: 10.2307/2540221Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1431. Clear, well-written description of the confraternities’ role in providing poor relief and practicing the seven corporal acts of mercy. Argues that confraternities competed successfully with government-organized programs in Spain until the 18th century. Illustrates the ritual functions fulfilled by almsgiving performed in biblical or saintly “scenes” of charity.
  1432. Find this resource:
  1433. García Santo-Tomás, Enrique, ed. Materia crítica: Formas de ocio y de consumo en la cultura áurea. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2009.
  1434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1435. Suggestive essay collection focused on material culture. Contains contributions on such varied topics as bullfighting, sumptuary laws, diplomatic gifts, horse-drawn carriages, food, tobacco, and textile consumption.
  1436. Find this resource:
  1437. Kallendorf, Hilaire. “Dressed to the Sevens; or, Sin in Style: Fashion Statements by the Deadly Vices in Spanish Baroque Autos Sacramentales.” In The Seven Deadly Sins: From Communities to Individuals. Edited by Richard Newhauser, 145–182. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007.
  1438. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004157859.i-312Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1439. Focuses on stage directions conserved with manuscripts of 17th-century Spanish devotional dramas to offer insights into the clothing that was scripted to be worn by actors and actresses playing the parts of the seven deadly sins onstage. Argues that costumes worn by the vices both illustrate and problematize certain racial and social tensions and stereotypes operating within Spanish society of this time period.
  1440. Find this resource:
  1441. Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. “Convents as Litigants: Dowry and Inheritance Disputes in Early-Modern Spain.” Journal of Social History 33.3 (2000): 645–664.
  1442. DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2000.0027Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1443. Examines the tensions between professed nuns’ religious and secular identities as they sought restitution for unpaid dowries and other financial support promised from their families. Legally the only way these nuns could file a lawsuit was for their convents to act on their behalf. Apparently, out of financial interest, convents were willing to do this. The result was a hybrid social identity for the convents themselves.
  1444. Find this resource:
  1445. Sempere y Guarinos, Juan. Historia del lujo y de las leyes suntuarias en España. Edited by Juan Rico Giménez. Valencia, Spain: Alfons El Magnànim, 2000.
  1446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1447. History of Spanish sumptuary laws in two parts. The first part covers the ancient Spaniards and the Romans down to the 16th century. The second part is very handily divided into distinct chapters on each of the major monarchs from Carlos V to Carlos III. Concludes with three chapters on morality, politics, and parallels with modern dress.
  1448. Find this resource:
  1449. Vilches, Elvira. New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
  1450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1451. Brilliantly original study that exposes the dark side of conquest not for its effects on indigenous peoples but instead for its results in Spain’s psyche. Sees massive infusions of bullion as destabilizing to Spain’s economy and society. Interdisciplinary approach combines economic treatises with fiction, chronicles, poetry, drama, and the assessments of contemporaneous moralists and theologians.
  1452. Find this resource:
  1453. Popular Culture and Rural Life
  1454.  
  1455. A useful counterpoint to the study of urban life is the study of life in the countryside. Salomon 1973 gives the clearest idea of what it would have been like to live in Renaissance rural Spain. Salomon 1985 offers a view by the same author of peasant themes in popular drama. Chevalier 1978 is the point of departure for early modern Spanish folklore, much of which has been collected in digital form in the Pan-Hispanic Ballad Project. Redondo 2007 brings to the table the Annales School’s emphasis on mentalities (mentalities). Ynduráin 1978 takes a look at humorous folktales. Revista de Folklore is a publishing outlet for folklore research. Vassberg 1984 takes a more economic and legal approach by looking at actual practices of landownership.
  1456.  
  1457. Chevalier, Maxime. Folklore y literatura: El cuento oral en el Siglo de Oro. Barcelona: Grijalbo, 1978.
  1458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1459. Still-important study about the incorporation of folktales into canonical Spanish literature. An updated view of essentially the same material is in the same author’s Cuento tradicional, cultura, literatura (siglos XVI–XIX) (Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 1999), which is larger in chronological scope.
  1460. Find this resource:
  1461. Pan-Hispanic Ballad Project.
  1462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1463. Collective site for several interrelated databases hosted by Washington University in St. Louis. Not terribly user-friendly. Consists of four principal elements: (1) exhaustive critical bibliography; (2) corpus of representative primary texts of Hispanic ballads worldwide, dating from the 15th century; (3) cartographic display of primary and secondary data; and (4) digital versions of oral performances (in audio archives) accompanied by musical notation.
  1464. Find this resource:
  1465. Redondo, Augustin. Revisitando las culturas del Siglo de Oro: Mentalidades, tradiciones culturales, creaciones paraliterarias y literarias. Salamanca, Spain: Universidad de Salamanca, 2007.
  1466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1467. This book by a French scholar is a holdover from the French theorists of mentalités exemplified by the Annales School. Divided into three sections reflecting the three components of the volume’s subtitle. Looks at such manifestations of folk culture as invocations of the devil and legends surrounding old mills. Situates picturesque details within broader contexts of messianism, Erasmianism, and reform. The last section is the least interesting for its tendency toward traditional philological exposition of canonical texts.
  1468. Find this resource:
  1469. Revista de Folklore.
  1470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1471. Spanish journal devoted to ethnography. Published monthly since 1980. Founded and directed by Joaquín Díaz and funded by a Spanish bank, Caja España. All past issues available for free online.
  1472. Find this resource:
  1473. Salomon, Noël. La vida rural castellana en tiempos de Felipe II. Translated by Francesc Espinet Burunat. Barcelona: Planeta, 1973.
  1474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1475. Broad, sweeping survey of rural life during the reign of Philip II. Includes chapters on the rural population, agriculture and animal raising, artisans and systems of exchange, land ownership, the rural nobility, division of labor, and social class distinctions. Offers extensive charts and maps in the form of appendixes.
  1476. Find this resource:
  1477. Salomon, Noël. Lo villano en el teatro del Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Castalia, 1985.
  1478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1479. Juxtaposes three types of villanos, or villagers, on the Spanish Golden Age stage: the comic, the exemplary and useful, and the picturesque and lyrical. Considers such topics as costume, religious devotion, marriage, celibacy, charity, games, pilgrimage, and “physiocratic” literature. Offers detailed chapters on popular rural festivals.
  1480. Find this resource:
  1481. Vassberg, David E. Land and Society in Golden Age Castile. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  1482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1483. The best general treatment of the subject. Covers the communitarian tradition, municipal property, private property ownership, privileged versus nonprivileged estates, changes in production and ownership, and the increasing “rural malaise.”
  1484. Find this resource:
  1485. Ynduráin, Domingo. “Cuento risible, folklore y literatura en el Siglo de Oro.” Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares 34 (1978): 109–136.
  1486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1487. Substantive article that tackles many definitional questions plaguing the study of folklore. Considers the Renaissance vogue for miscellanies as germane to Iberia’s folkloric tradition. One debatable methodological assumption its author makes is not to distinguish between folktales transmitted orally and those that were written down. His reasoning is that now all we have are written texts, so their transmission history is irrelevant. Many folklorists would disagree with this assumption.
  1488. Find this resource:
  1489. Law and Philosophy
  1490.  
  1491. Law and philosophy may seem like an unlikely combination, but they were combined frequently in the early modern period in the work of such thinkers as Francisco Suárez. Doyle 2010 is an up-to-date assessment of his works. Gracia 1993 is a useful survey of Hispanic philosophy; at the same time it takes the opportunity to engage in polemic over terminology. Girón-Negrón 2001 takes a look at one of the crowning figures of philosophical rationalism in Spain, Alfonso de la Torre. On the law side of the equation, a fundamental starting place is Kagan 1981. A popular trend is to study law in conjunction with literature. González Echevarría 2005 illustrates this for Miguel de Cervantes, as does Carrión 2010 for the comedia (comedy). Taylor 2008 looks at nonelite legal cases dealing with honor and violence. Owens 2005 examines the problematic concept of absolute royal authority.
  1492.  
  1493. Carrión, María M. Subject Stages: Marriage, Theatre, and the Law in Early Modern Spain. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
  1494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1495. An introduction, including a brief excursus on marriage in classical comedy and ancient law; two chapters on marriage laws and archival evidence for failed marriages; a chapter tracing the history of the comedia as a genre and especially synergies between royal weddings and plays performed to celebrate them; and four chapters on specific canonical dramas followed by a brief conclusion.
  1496. Find this resource:
  1497. Doyle, John P. Collected Studies on Francisco Suarez SJ (1548–1617). Louvain, Belgium: Louvain University Press, 2010.
  1498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1499. Essay collection of secondary sources on the man who was arguably Spain’s most influential philosopher.
  1500. Find this resource:
  1501. Girón-Negrón, Luis M. Alfonso de la Torre’s Visión Deleytable: Philosophical Rationalism and the Religious Imagination in Fifteenth Century Spain. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001.
  1502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1503. Examines the philosophical content of a 15th-century allegorical fable. This is the first systematic study of this text by a scholar who can claim to be both a Hispanist and a Hebraist. Divided into three sections: the allegory’s didactic mission within the frames of Jewish and Christian educational systems; a reading of the allegory as “a comprehensive articulation of a rationalist Weltanschauung”; and the text’s later reception during the 17th century in Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.
  1504. Find this resource:
  1505. González Echevarría, Roberto. Love and the Law in Cervantes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  1506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1507. Traces intersections of Cervantes’s fiction with legal discourse. Not limited to Don Quijote, this assessment also covers the Persiles and two exemplary (short) novels by the same author. Concludes with a chapter on the novel after Cervantes that limits its treatment to Jorge Luis Borges and Alejo Carpentier. Examines the implications for Cervantes of writing during a period when legal codes were being consolidated.
  1508. Find this resource:
  1509. Gracia, Jorge J. E. “Hispanic Philosophy: Its Beginning and Golden Age.” Review of Metaphysics 46 (1993): 475–502.
  1510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1511. Fundamental article divided into two sections, one debating the appropriateness of the term “Hispanic philosophy” and the other offering a survey of this discipline as it was practiced during the Golden Age, here defined as the beginning of the 16th to the middle of the 17th centuries. Ultimately concludes that Hispanic Golden Age philosophy was more encyclopedic, expository, eclectic, defensive, apologetic, and theological than its European counterparts.
  1512. Find this resource:
  1513. Kagan, Richard. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
  1514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1515. Divided into two parts on the legal revolution and devolution in Castile. Begins by asking whether perhaps Castile was a particularly litigious society. Contains chapters on the appellate court in Valladolid, the law of the letrados (lawyers), and conflicts between municipal governments and the king. Includes extensive tables on duration of lawsuits, court decisions, social profiles of litigants, appeals, and disputed issues.
  1516. Find this resource:
  1517. Owens, J. B. “By My Absolute Royal Authority”: Justice and the Castilian Commonwealth at the Beginning of the First Global Age. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
  1518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1519. Examines attitudes of early modern Castilians toward their form of government, absolute monarchy. Sees justice as the ultimate purpose of this particular political community. Contains distinct chapters on King John II, the Catholic Monarchs, and Philip II. Considers questions of due process and adjudication. Looks at Philip II’s reign as characterized by “the great fear” and by a new form of authoritarianism. Ends with an assessment of the paradox inherent in the phrase “absolute royal authority.”
  1520. Find this resource:
  1521. Taylor, Scott K. Honor and Violence in Golden Age Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  1522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1523. Outstanding contribution by a meticulous historian using actual cases from the archives. Of particular interest to literary critics who normally approach these same themes as depicted in literature. Profoundly original view of honor as a rhetorical discourse to be manipulated instead of an essentialized cultural value. Focuses on nonelites. Contains chapters on duels and on adultery and uxoricide.
  1524. Find this resource:
  1525. Science, Medicine, and Technology
  1526.  
  1527. The Golden Age was a peculiar era when science intermingled freely with superstition. Some of the age’s greatest inventions are illustrated in García Tapia and Carrillo Castillo 2002, while some of its greatest superstitions are in Rojo Vega 2008. Kallendorf 2008 examines tensions between medicine and religion and between Morisco versus Christian curative traditions. Asamuno Sárraga 2003 describes attempts to regulate the practice of medicine by the Catholic Monarchs. Croizat-Viallet 2000 reads natural history treatises not for what they can tell us about volcanoes and earthquakes but instead for what they contain in the way of deliberate plagiarism. Vicente Maroto and Piñeiro 2006 deals with applied science, while Goodman 1988 examines royal fascination with (and limitations on public access to) the occult. Navarro Brotóns and Eamon 2007 is an indispensable bilingual resource (English and Spanish) on medicine and science.
  1528.  
  1529. Asamuno Sárraga, Marcelino V. “The Royal Physicians as Alcaldes and Examinadores Mayores: Royal Interference in Medicine and Law in Castile under Isabel and Ferdinand.” In Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. Edited by David A. Boruchoff, 121–154. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  1530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1531. Intriguing essay about the consolidation of royal power in the field of medicine. Explains how the Catholic Monarchs appointed their personal physicians to the posts of alcalde (mayor) and examinador mayor, thus effectively granting them the authority to issue all licenses to practice medicine within the Kingdom of Castile. Politically, this set up a clash with municipal authorities that was never fully resolved. Also discussed here are lepers’ hospitals and spice vendors and apothecaries.
  1532. Find this resource:
  1533. Croizat-Viallet, Jean. “Un ejemplo de reescritura científica en el Siglo de Oro: Los terremotos y los volcanes en los tratados de Historia Natural (1597–1721).” Criticón 79 (2000): 123–142.
  1534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1535. Keen analysis showing that in the Golden Age, science and literature were not yet divorced. Takes as its starting point the Commentarii conimbricenses (1597) and as its ending point Vicente Tosca’s Compendium philosophicum (1721). Points out that scientific writing in the early modern period was less about concrete observation of natural phenomena than about reading and commenting upon inherited tradition. In fact, this author isolates the practice of rewriting as symptomatic of this genre during this period.
  1536. Find this resource:
  1537. García Tapia, Nicolás, and Jesús Carrillo Castillo. Tecnología e imperio: Ingenios y leyendas del Siglo de Oro; Turriano, Lastanosa, Herrera, Ayanz. Madrid: Nivola, 2002.
  1538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1539. Wonderfully illustrated case studies of four Spanish Renaissance engineers: Juanelo Turriano, Pedro Juan de Lastanosa, Juan de Herrera, and Jerónimo de Ayanz. Accessible even to the technically challenged.
  1540. Find this resource:
  1541. Goodman, David C. Power and Penury: Government, Technology, and Science in Philip II’s Spain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  1542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1543. Takes a look at cosmography, military technology, silver mining (both domestic and colonial), medicine, and the occult (both royal interest in it and control of access to it by commoners). Contains specific chapters on shipbuilding, medical services for the military, poor hospitals, and criticism of Aristotelian cosmology.
  1544. Find this resource:
  1545. Kallendorf, Hilaire. “Exorcismos y sahumerios: Religión cristiana versus medicina morisca en la Cuenca del siglo XVI.” Edad de Oro 27 (2008): 147–165.
  1546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1547. Takes the Inquisition trial of Román Ramírez (Cuenca, 1594) as illustrative of convivencia (coexistence) and its limits in theory and practice. Shows the competition between two curative traditions, Christian and Islamic. These traditions came into direct conflict in economic and theological terms. But ironically there were also multiple points of contact between these two approaches to illness.
  1548. Find this resource:
  1549. Navarro Brotóns, Víctor, and William Eamon, eds. Más allá de la Leyenda Negra: España y la Revolución Científica / Beyond the Black Legend: Spain and the Scientific Revolution. Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentación López Piñero, 2007.
  1550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1551. A bilingual collection providing the state of the question in research on early modern Spanish science and medicine.
  1552. Find this resource:
  1553. Rojo Vega, Anastasio. “Brujería, ocultismo y medicina en el Siglo de Oro.” Edad de Oro 27 (2008): 267–293.
  1554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1555. Specifies the differences among practitioners of medicine, homeopathic remedies, and witchcraft. Expert use of book history. Divides medical practitioners into categories according to their level of literacy by language. Explores the little-known fact that medical auxiliaries, from curanderos (quacks) to midwives, were required to be licensed by a governing body called the Protomedicato.
  1556. Find this resource:
  1557. Vicente Maroto, M. I., and M. Esteban Piñeiro. Aspectos de la ciencia aplicada en la España del Siglo de Oro. Valladolid, Spain: Junta de Castilla y León, 2006.
  1558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1559. Delightful survey of scientific and mathematical knowledge during the reign of Philip II. Sees the diffusion and development of science as a political and social necessity. Describes the mathematics academy Philip founded even as his subjects remained indifferent to scientific advances. Includes chapters on astrolabes, planispheres, astronomical rings, circular quadrants, and other instruments used to develop Euclidean geometry.
  1560. Find this resource:
  1561. Historiography and European Perceptions of Spain
  1562.  
  1563. The austerity of Philip II’s court was legendary, leading to what José Ortega y Gasset called a “Tibetanizing” of Spain (referring to Tibet’s isolation from China). Gutiérrez Nieto 1973 offers a repetition of this argument with a specific focus on anti-Semitism propagated by the monarch. Cascardi 2005 seeks to go beyond such traditional figures as Américo Castro and José Antonio Maravall, preferring instead the theories of the Frankfurt school as embodied in Louis Althusser. In Cascardi 1992 the same critic had argued previously for an internalization of cultural mechanisms for control of subjectivity. Subjectivity is likewise the concern of Mariscal 1989, which expresses frustration at the fact that postmodern attempts to deconstruct the subject have left a paucity of duly historicized critical narratives. A critique of how Spanish history is written is also the topic of Mackay 2006, although it concentrates on racial and national stereotypes. Nieto 1997 focuses on religion and its role in historiography. Sieber 1997 argues for the inclusion of “literary” sources in the ways early modern historians actually practiced the writing of history. Kamen 2007 presents the trope of exile as fundamental to Spaniards’ self-conception and others’ perceptions of Spain.
  1564.  
  1565. Cascardi, Anthony J. “The Subject of Control.” In Culture and Control in Counter-Reformation Spain. Edited by Anne J. Cruz and Mary Elizabeth Perry, 231–254. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
  1566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1567. Subtle and sophisticated exploration of subjectivity in Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s La vida es sueño, Tirso de Molina’s Don Juan, and Baltasar Gracián y Morales’s Oráculo. Argues for an internalization of cultural mechanisms of control. Sees in early modern Spain a “crisis of subject formation.” Delineates the paradox that only by internalizing control as self-regulation could early modern subjects present themselves as having free will. Thus sees the Counter-Reformation as assisting in subject formation instead of presenting an obstacle to this dialectical process.
  1568. Find this resource:
  1569. Cascardi, Anthony J. “Beyond Castro and Maravall: Interpellation, Mimesis, and the Hegemony of Spanish Culture.” In Ideologies of Hispanism. Edited by Mabel Moraña, 138–159. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2005.
  1570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1571. Argues for the relevance of Louis Althusser’s notion of interpellation for processes of subject formation during the Golden Age. Advocates a model of “fractured mimesis” based on broken-mirror imagery in peninsular and colonial texts. Three examples highlighted are Lazarillo, Miguel de Cervantes, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Goal is to supplement and/or modify the “existential historicism of Castro and the socio-economic analyses of Maravall” (p. 156).
  1572. Find this resource:
  1573. Gutiérrez Nieto, Juan Ignacio. “La discriminación de los conversos y la tibetización de Castilla por Felipe II.” Revista de la Universidad Complutense 22.87 (1973): 99–129.
  1574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1575. Argues that Spain was effectively cut off from the rest of Europe in much the same way as Tibet has been isolated from China. This article offers a specific focus on anti-Semitic prejudice propagated by the king himself. Philip II is very much the villain in this narrative.
  1576. Find this resource:
  1577. Kamen, Henry. The Disinherited: Exile and the Making of Spanish Culture, 1492–1975. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
  1578. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1579. Expounds a provocative thesis about the construction of Spanish national identity. Argues that Spaniards’ perceptions of themselves—and other nations’ perceptions of them—have largely been rooted in the experience of exile. Traces a genealogy of humiliation and expulsion through which Spain drove out or exterminated one marginalized group after another. Likely to generate controversy for current and subsequent generations of scholars.
  1580. Find this resource:
  1581. Mackay, Ruth. “Lazy, Improvident People”: Myth and Reality in the Writing of Spanish History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  1582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1583. A critical examination of the categories and prejudices informing the writing of the history of early modern Spain.
  1584. Find this resource:
  1585. Mariscal, George. “History and the Subject of the Spanish Golden Age.” Seventeenth Century 4 (1989): 19–32.
  1586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1587. Proposes a radical rethinking of the notion of subjectivity based upon little-known theoretical formulations within Spain’s own tradition, such as that of Enrique Tierno Galván. This essay also draws upon, while at the same time critiquing, such formidable figures as Miguel de Unamuno, Américo Castro, and José Antonio Maravall. Resists the New Historicists’ and cultural materialists’ tendency to deconstruct the subject but also calls for more thoughtful historicization.
  1588. Find this resource:
  1589. Nieto, José C. El Renacimiento y la otra España: Visión cultural socioespiritual. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, 1997.
  1590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1591. This large, ambitious tome aims to offer a new history of the “other” Spain ignored by standard historiography. It covers such topics as humanism and heresy, the Castilian Bible in exile, crypto-evangelical communities, philosophies of history, and the revenge of language. It employs the methods of psychoanalysis to uncover hidden subtexts.
  1592. Find this resource:
  1593. Sieber, Diane E. “The Frontier Ballad and Spanish Golden Age Historiography: Recontextualizing the Guerras Civiles de Granada.” Hispanic Review 65.3 (1997): 291–306.
  1594. DOI: 10.2307/474949Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1595. Insists on avoiding anachronistic readings of Golden Age texts such as Ginés Pérez de Hita’s Guerras civiles de Granada (1597), which were self-consciously crafted as histories according to the standards of their time. In particular, focuses on the differential use of ballads or romances as eyewitness accounts or documentation of oral history. Distinguishes old from new romances, the latter being written by soldier-minstrels, such as Pérez de Hita, himself on the front lines of the Alpujarras revolt.
  1596. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!