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Study Vegetable growing organic permaculturel Part 2

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Mar 30th, 2016
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  2. 33 The Mandala, in zone 2, a required the least of work (0.85 hour / m² to average). The sector River has asked for his part 1.21 hour / m², the sector Apple, 1.48 hr / m². The difference between the two sectors is largely attributed to the layers hot for Apples , on the other plots, the time of work means annual is that 1.22 hour / m². It is logically in the greenhouse that time annual to m² is the more high , the number of cycle of culture it is the more high, with a immediate impact the time of work (2.12 hour / m² to average). It is also the sector where the variability of time dedicated to the different boards is the most important. This held for part to investment of important work on the construction of bins for the layers hot, task that may be assimilated to an investment and no to a activity normal and who did not concerned that some plots. On the other land, productivity of work remains however always much more high than in the sectors of full air (1.84 hour / m²). Figure 14 : time work annual per m² in the different sectors March period 2014 to March 2015 Note This period does not take account in the installation of warm layers in the greenhouse Productivity of the and work intensification of surfaces Productivity schedule of work, it estQàQdire the value of vegetables products with hours worked, a globally increased the course of 3 years, as the shows the table 2. In the case of the greenhouse, investments made ​​ to convert them Hot is translated layers a drop of this productivity (24 € / hour between April 2013 and March 2014, where the majority of layers have been made against 37 € / hour between April 2014 to March 2015, where less hot layers have summer made). But do not forget not it is a in this case a dimension of investment, including the profit could be to feel for several years. Thanks to the layers hot, the fertility the planks increases and ergonomics is better , more high, they require less of
  3. Page 2
  4. 34 is lean. On the last period to study, between April 2014 and March 2015, it is a pretty big homogeneity between the different gardens (Figure 15) : celleQci is in average to 30 € / hour in the Mandala, 37 € / hour in the greenhouses 35 € / hour in the sector Apple, 32 € / hour in the industry River. Year seen Sector April 2012 on March 2013 April 2013 in March 2014 April 2014 in March 2015 greenhouses 21 24 37 Mandala 12 17 thirty apple 31 31 35 River 14 26 32 Overall 19 23 35 Table 2 : Evolution of the Productivity time labor the in the different sectors the Courses of the study (€ of figure includes business by time work ) Figure 15 : Productivity of labor (euros / hour) in Departments studied the The period 28 March 2014 to 27 March 2015
  5. page 3
  6. 35 On note that stronger variability are seen in the greenhouse : more the level intensification rises more the problems and the failures will pay because they intervene often after that the big of work is was agreed and in the Mandala. On this sector located in zone 2, the relationship between investment in work and production is particularly striking : intensification of the production by unit of surface accompanied increased to somewhat close linear to the productivity of work (Figure 16a). In the 3 sectors the zone 1, this relationship is much less net or nonexistent. The best fit is done with logarithmic curve (Figure 16b). Figure 16 : Relationship between the Productivity in the area and the productivity of work on the boards studied (16 a, to = left Mandala; 16 b, to = right of Sectors the area 1) These curves we show it exists a threshold intensification auQdelà which the productivity of work progressing little or most of all, then that the consequences related to a failure or an incident continue to increase, because a invested more of job. The intensification allows increase productivity to the area and therefore the value produced to the firm. It is obviously essential to ensure a level of Basic of figure business to a small surface. But soon when this that level of base is assured, and it can be interesting of the devote resources work in still available to of surfaces less and less intensive risky, where the relationship productivity of surfaces / productivity of work will be optimal. In the case of our study these surfaces optimal fit rather the area of sectors river and apple the better pipes to sum those from sector zone 1 full air , where the conduct is the plus effective, with successive cultures having given to good results, including the cultures to high productivity to development relatively fast (in the study the plus emblematic of this type is without doubt the zucchini). This issue of arbitrage between productivity of surfaces and productivity the work related before everything the cultural estates and the choice of crops in these estates, and is null without doubt a key element to take into account in the design the gardens and their conduct.
  7. page 4
  8. 36 Of The Production The Income This part of the job resumes widely Article of Kevin Morel and François Léger title A farm vegetable organic viable without motorization ? The case a holistic approach inspired by the permaculture Available in archive to open the address next Some of https://hal.archives0ouvertes.fr/hal001200636 figures presented in this section can be slightly different of those presented above . This takes mainly to terminals of time considered, here year calendar. The method of modeling of Income A from raw data measured (harvest and time of work), we have realized a work of modeling to from of different assumptions to estimate income and the time of work of a gardener who would work only to this surface. The results presented is therefore the fruit of a theoretical and modeling not are not them economic results of firm of the Bec Hellouin who cultivates 4500 m2 to vegetables on total area of 20 ha. To estimate the figure business of each year the quantities sold have been multiplied by the price of vegetables. For the vegetables current, price means of vegetables organic sold to circuitsQcourts in HauteQNormandie have been used. For to vegetables less common and no referenced regionally, the price charged with the firm have been applied. The cost costs and associates taxes this production have been deduced from the figure business to estimate a income. These data have summer estimated to from of documents of the firm and from discussions with an expert agricultural accounting with (i) a hypothesis of coûtsQ low (B) : equipment bought used building of storage / sale rudimentary and no of vehicle to delivery (all production is sold to the farm) and (ii) a hypothesis of coûtsQhauts (H) : equipment bought new building more sophisticated and vehicle of delivery (that which means the consumption of fuel). The hypothesis (B) This from extra cost maintenance as equipment bought is not nine. We have chosen to multiply the time of work measured to field with 150 % order from hold account administrative tasks and commercial no measured. In effect according to the traditional references gardening in circuitsQcourts, these activities represent a third party to the burden global working on the firm. Of scenarios that lead to an acceptable income 3 in case of 4 In 2013, CA estimated was to 32788 € (TTC) with a charge annual global to work to 2006 hours or 43 hours to week, this that may be considered like acceptable. This work could therefore be insured from a unique market garden to full time receiving point aid in time the more responsible. In 2014, CA estimated was to 57284 € (TTC) and the load annual to work is to 3026 hours. This load represent an average to 58 hours to week for a person alone This who has been deemed unacceptable by the gardeners respondents. So in estimates du income created in 2014, we have considered that the gardener has worked 2006 hours like to 2013 and that 1020 hours surplus were insured by job of a employee paid to 9.61 € of Time (value of the SMIC crude). In a firm vegetable
  9. page 5
  10. 37 real, this time surplus would work also have to be absorbed by use of hand to implement voluntary (trainees or members of a AMAP), this that would permit to create an income superior. However, we have chosen to consider employment of a employee to show a fair income can be generated even without hand to implement voluntary. To use of this employee, we have considered the fillers employer to 42.3 % of the salary raw without any relief. In effect these fillers can be lowered to about 9 % in the case casual contracts from minus to 3 month , we did not seen this hypothesis because it we seems to encourage a form of precariousness of employees gardeners and have therefore considered full rate to 42.3 %. The hypothesis of low cost (B) leads to a monthly income net of € 1132 2013 in and of 1571 € in 2014. These two revenue have been tried acceptable by the gardeners. The hypothesis (H) leads to a monthly income net of € 898 in 2013 ( not acceptable) and of 1 € 337 in 2014 (acceptable) the like the shows Table 3 above [ below. In the case scenarios 2014, it must remember that if we includes the pay of employee, remuneration total net of work on the 1000 m² rises in the scenario B, à 28651 € sur l'année, soit 9,47 € par heure travaillée, et, dans le scénario H, à 25881 € or 8.54 €. In 2013, this pay schedule net of work was to 6.77 € in the scenario B and to 5.37 € in the scenario H. The difference related to intensification is significant, but it means more of work. Table 3 : Estimates of Revenue for generated a gardener function in of the annual production and the assumptions of costs (€)
  11. page 6
  12. 38 That is happen [if it the load of work of the employee (1020 Hours) was assured by a or a partner (s) and having a agricultural status to time full, working Also, like in 2013, 43 hours to week (2006 hours), the surface cultivated total being increased in proportion of time complementary and available (944 hours)? The surface cultivated reach 1350 m², the monthly net income would be then to 1680 € in the scenario B and of 1520 € in the scenario H. The microfermes vegetable a model competitive under Reserve a sufficient level of effectiveness economic techno = In the case of the scenario 2013 / High level investment, income attainable (898 euros monthly net) is significantly more low that the level of private proposed withdrawals in the event type Creation of activity in gardening biological and direct sales of the room agriculture to High Normandy 4 (1280 €). It is more low, but the way less significant in the script 2013 / Low level investment (1132 €) equivalent in the script 2014 / High level investment (1337 €) significantly greater than in the script 2014 / Low level investment (1571 €). These two models casQtype and microferme, correspond to a situation to cruise well controlled by of gardeners experienced with an investment in work comparable. The microfermes scenarios impose however that all the strength of work available for vegetable production is invested to a space very strong intensified. This is not necessarily be in a farm permaculture real , where attention will wear to the other areas, y inclusive spaces less producers of income but who have a role irreplaceable in green operating the firm and who to guarantee the resilience and sustainability. Though is in, and what work of modeling tends to demonstrate the hypothesis that that we hear test is checked : it is possible to of of produce way large of a small vegetable area cultivated mainly in the hand and release of and a earnings sufficient for make a decent income with a having a person agricultural status. 4 http://partage.craQnormandie.fr/bio/castypeQ1.pdf
  13. page 7
  14. 39 Of Study To The Microferme Vegetable Permaculture The m 1000 2 make studied part of a whole ecological The study a focused on the production carried to 1000 m 2 Cultured. But these 1000 m 2 grown not must not be regarded as is sufficient to euxQmêmes. They are in permanent interaction their environment designed and converted to make them ecosystem necessary services to good functioning of the system. These interactions are essential to guarantee the fertility, thanks to the transfer of material collected on the firm or in his entourage immediate : no the club Horse neighbor not of dung, not hot. layers The trees, the hedges, the grazing that circle the part that we have studied up as habitat for species various who contribute to the regulation of pests of cultures. With the ponds, the river, the buildings, they contribute to install a more microclimate to the production vegetable. It is critical that this environment exists, that these links are created, that it is the breast of the farm elleQmême or in interaction with the territory near. He said otherwise he must come out of only planks of culture, not stop to only vegetables but consider the system in his set to the times of its components and in his functioning ecosystem (hedges, pools groves, etc.) and in its infrastructure necessary to activity of gardening (local to tool zone of washing, boutique eventual etc.). The 1000 m 2 cultivated are the heart of the system they in is the party the more neat (and the greenhouse is to what point of view the heart of the heart ), but they do are that the heart. The choice depend intensification of the economic context The results obtained to the 1000m to study have greatly surprised as they seemed high to look commonly admitted standards for the firm biological oriented to the circuits short. These results Amazing will explain with the very high level intensification of planks that we have studied. A level allowed by the technical set to work (associations, cultures relay layers hot, etc.) as that with the diversity of the cultures. By average, 76 types of products have been cultivated every year in the gardens : 17 type aromatic herbs and edible flowers (7% in the CA), 16 types of légumesQfruits (41% of the CA), 11 types of légumesQracines (20% of the CA) and 32 types of légumesQfeuilles (32% of the CA). This diversity offer a large number of possibilities associations and of inheritance of culture, which contributes to intensification and creates a heterogeneity without doubt very favorable to immune system ecosystem cultivated, therefore in the health of plants grown and to their productivity. But she is possible that because that the diversity markets of the farm allows absorb this diversity of products.
  15. page 8
  16. 40 In a system that does commercialize its products as under form of baskets some of products that allow to achieve a as level of productivity in the devoted party to study, not find not necessarily their place. And, to fill these baskets, he miss of products that consumers, even when they are consum'actors engaged, waiting to some seasons. On the 1000 m² little to vegetables hold, yet present in the baskets sold by the farm the Bec Hellouin. But ceuxQci y are products in other sectors or when they come to miss bought to a gardener organic neighbor. This is here that the idea of a microferme to two associates shall all his sense in to better spread the force available work between a sector very intensified to image of the study, and of sectors minus intensified where would produced other categories of vegetables. It offers more of flexibility adaptation to on strategies commercial more conventional , primarily based on the sale in Cart from a network commercial to close all in remaining in a model microferme to a surface much more reduced as those recommended for of gardening organic facilities circuit court, which is required of investments significantly more important. The microferme and appears as a cheap model for realistic installation of carriers of projects sitting without land and have a capacity Investment Limited . Think the microferme permaculture at = of beyond the study Because they are not the farm , the 1000 m² to study not we speak to the farm but only potential and of interest offered a high level intensification, relying on of techniques of culture little greedy to inputs : in outside good course of layers hot, the contributions of material organic on cultures might only come only the other sectors of the farm (area 4) what that is possible good safe than if cellesQci exist. The design of a microferme permaculture not can summarize the heart very intensified that we have studied. She should consider the entirety of zones that guarantee the good operation metabolic (the flow of materials in and between zones) and immune (the organic positive interactions in and between areas) of the firm view as an ecosystem. These agroecological dimensions deserve to be studied to how thorough. And it besides good one, targets considered for the continuation of the work of collaborative research undertaken from 3 years. The study we give of valuable information productivity of the heart intensive a farm Permaculture and on ways that she is built. A holding even more thorough of considerable weight data collected we allow to go more far in this knowledge.
  17. page 9
  18. 41 These details are very important for arming the central thinking in design of a microferme vegetable organic , realize what arbitrage in allocation resources, spaces and hand at work before everything to different zones who should compose a as farm arbitrage where the question of report productivity of area / productivity of work is, as we have seen essential : o intensive Heart (in end of of productivity surfaces) very consumer of work ; o Zones dedicated to the Production of crops bulky often hard to lead with exclusively technical manual ( of apples earth by instance) ; o Spaces dedicated to the Additional productions (fruits, small livestock) ; o Spaces Reserved to the generation of ecosystem services , sources of materials and of favorable interactions for the other sectors ( regulation of the microclimate , biological control of the health of the crops, etc.). Of arbitrage who can do than taking to Account context ecological of the firm. But as its context economic, existing or markets to create when she can position, and its context social, the aspirations of the carriers of project personal as that led to their territory and their network, expectations expressed or latent in this territory and of these networks visQàQvis of the farm. Conclusion Each project is located singular and . The results of the study is not in any case references or of the recommendations to apply walk in of the letter. All just sketch [they a still part and too limited a horizon of possible. In this report, and we wanted stay more in around the Data actually produced, and precisely for each that can be in seize the and interpret for her own account. The study to conduct and by the Organic Farm of Bec Hellouin has attracted many of and debates controversies continue and without doubt the to do. His function was precisely of the cause of and the feed. It was definitely not of the to slice.
  19. page 10
  20. 42 The Item Of For A Naturalist Biomiméticien Gauthier Chapelle (= Biomimicry Europa) I have seen the farm of my eyes seen first time in this (cold) month of June 2013, before y back early in July. My witness is therefore cost less '' objective '' more anecdotal qualitative , subjective and therefore complementary ? I the déclinerai in more feedback, a mosaic to take with the precautions package, but that may However - I hope - make extra lighting to may enjoy an initiative based on and reflecting if good complexity of the world living. My first reaction will be based on my passion of naturalist : I was immediately struck by the presence important and the diversity of the species wild present to the firm (without talking to the diversity of the species and varieties domesticated). If this biodiversity uses in party to one of biotope gathered to this low surface (waters common, dormant prairie, thickets, wood, etc.), ​​I would like however share two observations that allow to give a minimum of flesh to what that is first one felt instinctive. The first observation of naturalist respect the birds and more particularly a sousQgroupe from sparrows, a seed-eating family with excellence, that the Finches (including a of more known is the finch). A my big surprise, the two days of the MIQ June me enough to observe 7 species 5 different, or all nesting theoretical possible to this piece of Normandy. But the all to a working farm viable And this in a context of scarcity progressive species once common (like with like the linnet melodious and the bullfinch 6 ). The second to reports to the insect : note already the presence ephemeral and from several species of dragon whose caloptéryx virgin, proving of the quality eco for Water circles the firm. But I above all was arrested by abundance of a beetle red and black good especially the Clarion of bees 7 ; the adults were present on to many flowers different from vegetable and of the forêtQ Garden, occupied to graze and therefore pollinate More significant above . their larvae are ellesQmêmes parasites of several species bee solitary, what that sign obviously a presence massive to those last on all the firm. When we know their importance in term of pollination complementary to bees domestic 5 Le pinson des arbres ( Fringilla coelebs ), le verdier d'Europe ( Chloris chloris ), le chardonneret élégant (Carduelis carduelis ), the linnet melodious ( Linaria cannabina), the canary cini (Serinus serinus ), the bullfinch peony (Pyrrhula pyrrhula ) and the grosQbec casseQnoyaux (Coccothraustes coccothraustes ) 6 In decline respectively to 70 and 60% in France on 20 recent years 7 Trichodes apiarius . A titre de comparaison toute aussi anecdotique : en 2 jours en juin, j'ai pu observer au moins une vingtaine d'individus. Soit 3 fois plus que toutes les observations belges rentrées sur la plateQ form www.observations.be between the 1 er June and 15 July
  21. page 11
  22. 43 we do can only be happy. AuQdelà of these raw observations, I do not know that recommend refine knowledge and evolution of the wildlife present on different plots , it y a of work and certainly students that it enchant. My second reaction is more connected to my journey agronomist, one who is worried by report to climate and change to our addiction collective to fuel fossil. If Charles evokes the already in his point of view of farmer , I want insist làQdessus : no be one absolute expert matter, I think that I have yet not seen or heard in our country of the North to this scale that go if far in the direction of a gardening weaned from oil. While it is a still the path to do seen use even the plastic and sometimes a bit of mechanization 8 , But for the first time I had the impression that this vision not appeared more unattainable. Stay to the put into value This we back elsewhere as to the importance of ecosystem services provided By this approach of gardening. AuQdelà of their list by Charles, he me seems that would be useful to give a quantification bioQphysique in the future. No. not both for the transform in euros (pourraitQon get out of this logic of financialization to excessive ? Vast matter to discuss ... from a next report ?) that for just the put into evidence and contrast this approach regenerative based to the flow (such as all the other ecosystem you say the biomiméticiens) with the approach from agriculture industrial, extractive and exhausting gradually the stocks of organic, fertility atoms of phosphorus of fuel fossils, of biodiversity, etc. This y would still very much in to speak. I will add yet a point which me seems to less as essential that other why aiQje wanted to attract more of my compatriots to this visit 9 ? A single word : beauty of Produce a food in place. abundance, to diversity to quality and more in the beauty But that pouvonsQnous wish of more ? 18 July 2013 8 Mais des solutions biomimétiques sont ou seront disponibles pour remédier à ces deux questions : le secteur des bioQplastics d'origine végétale est en pleine évolution, même s'il doit encore luiQmême être bioQsourcé depuis une agriculture régénératrice et non industrielle ; même chose pour d'éventuels bioQ carburants produits à même la ferme, comme cela se pratique déjà ailleurs (cfr notamment les travaux du Land Institute to the Sunshine Farm project, http://www.landinstitute.org/vnews/display.v/ART/2000/08/01/377bbca63) 9 We were 12 Belgian to have done the movement this 5 July with a represented the support to innovation in Brussels ... area for Agriculture urban.
  23. page 12
  24. 44 Two years after my first notes the Farm the Bec Hellouin takes the road as to its ability Home in material of biodiversity. Specify she did not yet made subject systematic study and rigorous to present, lack that will however filled to certain groups in the new study that starts in this autumn 2015, in particular to the birds in partnership with the LPO to the bees lonely in the direction of the Dr. Nicolas Vereecken of the University Free to Brussels and to the beetles (beetles 'predators' that some of slugs) with Eskani Siruguet. The specific diversity of other groups deserves probably the detour, as the Odonata (dragonflies), the microQ Hymenoptera (especially the parasites from aphids) or the annelids (to land). For anecdote, but the way always as intriguing and gratifying, a few visits even more short than 2013 me permission from add three species of birds to new significant for a working farm. The first was known it is of the Owl Owl, which benefits of the diversity and of abundance of insects all in benefiting from the presence of old trees to nest. More outstanding are other, all two sparrows insectivorous nesting demanding , the redstart to front white inseparable from the presence of trees, observed to family to the Farm to August 2015, and including the people themselves are significantly scarce (55 to 70% in Europe on 40 recent years) suite to droughts of Sahel and to intensification of agriculture ; and the Flycatcher gray, he also in train of feed its youth in July 2014 and to new to August 2015. Once enough common, There has it also showed a sharp decline those last decades more to one impoverishment his habitat intensive use of pesticides. 14 October 2015 Gauthier Chapelle is naturalistic, engineer agronomist, Dr. in biology and Dad. It a Co = founded the International Association Biomimicry = Europa and the Office Greenloop of studies, based in Brussels, relying of the biomimicry.
  25. page 13
  26. 45 During The Time There The Side Of ... Gardeners The study, For A Team Of The Farm Charles HERVE [GRUYER The study Vegetable growing bio and permaculturel economic performance a was an opportunity an exceptional cooperation between of agronomists to first place François Leger and gardeners, in a climate of high listening and of respect mutual. It is as that vegetable that I expressing myself here, without any claim scientific. We know this report will be read by many colleagues, is to them than I address me in particular. The points addressed in this text overlap generally those of the report scientific, differences of treatment reflect all naturally the positionings different scientific and of gardeners around a same object study. On the background, we are perfectly in phase. Agronomists and vegetable, we have all was aware of the opportunity that represented our differences. The Farm of the Bec Hellouin a was created from way essentially intuitive, with the desire to support to our needs from way too natural than possible to giving a large up to the quest of beauty. The will of progress to technical plan is coming that in a second time. The agriculturists we have led even more far to we learned to ask a look objective scientific, to our gardens. This is probably this alliance idealism and from creativity, intuition and of rigor, which has given birth to the system bioQinspiré who characterized the farm now. There are a not of words to describe all this as Francis, Kevin, Sacha and the other investigators who have driven what work we have taught. The heavy pressure that we we are imposed to should note and describe each of our actions in the gardens for several years was eminently rewarding. François us, always left freedom total on our practice cultural, this that did not prevented from long debates on relevance of this or this approach. The term of this study important media of our farm to false probably the perception to breast of the profession : for some, she is one Ideal inspiring, while she to exasperating other (that we understand ) , It happens even that we let accused of distort the statements, as the results of the study to stand out data technicoQéconomiques issues approaches from market gardening bio more classic. We do have or model, or of fantasists, just maraichers passionate with their business, animated a sincere desire to share their work with their colleagues in the risk to expose to their judgment. We want seek with them solutions to green issues and societal contemporaries all to easing the daily often good heavy of gardeners organic.
  27. page 14
  28. 46 The original Essential questions Perrine and me have caught the status farmers in October 2006, without any training. During the first years we worked the totality of our gardens in Animal traction (in 2015, a part of the farm is still driving to pull animal). We have met the permaculture end 2008 and that the concept of mounds of cultures permanent, and integrated to our practice the work Eliot Coleman and John Jeavons the course of two years following. We have discovered the legacy of jardiniersQmaraîchers Parisian of the nineteenth, that rest for us an object of study, thereby that practical issues of Japan and of Korea as the cultures of microQorganismes. We crossed the other inputs and seeking a coherence between those practices. When the come agronomists different continents have started to visit our farm in 2010, we were still very infancy in us approach. Our main gardens were always to course of creation. We the drove into mounds permanent Q of the mounds round in a first time and we have introduced the boards' flat '' Coleman adjusted to his drill to precision multiQrangs. The heart of the farm in which 1 000 m2 would become the object of study, is drawing under his form current. The soil very poor was the object of care attentive. The agronomists, the gardeners and gardeners experienced that beginning, to this time to make to the firm - and among them, quelquesQuns of fathers founders from Agriculture organic, were usually arrested by our gardens. Unlike to our fear, person not we laughed at the nose , he is pushed nice and good of vegetables Although only pipes to the hand of how intuitive and avouonsQle, often messy and erratic, cultures were productive in all. Despite our mistakes many and our lack of technicality, these annéesQlà we were producing to more 100 baskets AMAP y inclusive in winter to a small surface to the hand. The researchers were arrested by permaculture approach who revealed natural, minimizing the use fossil energy, and nevertheless effective. PouvaitQelle constitute a beginning of solution a way to explore to imagine a agriculture postQ Oil - an agriculture of the sun ?Yet nousQmêmes were confronted to real questions, we buttions to problems that could have lead our business to his loss. The absence of benchmarks we led to the edge of our main question was exhaustion. What the is that area you can actually grow to the hand? Fault indicators, our gardens were too big to report to what that we could actually grow the mounds enherbaient is, of cultures are lost, with lack of care. From more, we did truly no idea of economic relevance our approach : in the absence an accounting analytical, we do know not exactly the value produced and the hits of hands of trainees enough many had blur yet more the visibility. For all those reasons when, spring 2011 we have, François Light and nousQmêmes concept of lead a study technicoQéconomique on this system, the Central issue was quite naturally to determine the optimal surface that can be cultivated entirely to the hand , we have, according to our experience and our readings located around 1 000 m 2 Cultivated. As the precise the report scientific, it mattered So determine, for this surface the number of hours of work invested and the
  29. page 15
  30. 47 value of the production commercialized. These data would to respond to issue : 1 m 000 2 Cultivated in the hand as the at developed approach Bec Hellouin permettent0ils of support a viable activity in terms of income and load of work ? Of Gardeners Beginners Perrine and me not enjoy thin 2011 to start of the study that to five years of practice. In addition, we were all two relatively little in the gardens caught by the fast growth of our business of training : the écoQcentre was completed to somewhat close to this time and we have received from open several hundreds of trainees every year. The stress rained down on the Bec Hellouin, fast (too fast ?) identified as a farm innovative, stresses good too many to report to our capacity reply. The role of Perrine and me was thus substantially to pilot advise our vegetable, and try to adjust in the gardens practices interesting than we could glean in our research. All to long of study, cultures were mainly pipes with a team benefiting from little or no experience, but animated of a large capacity to go for forward. We welcome here perseverance and the seriousness of our colleagues who have lived with all time, a book in the pocket and one eye to the watch and this for 40 month (it is not nothing ). They were identified with conscience tens of thousands of data : JeanQClaude, mason who built the écoQcentre reconverted to gardening, Yohanna outgoing from BPREA, who was fast promoted leader of cultures, Thomas, trained to gardening to the farm that he has succeeded, Teddy, also trained to the farm and JeanQPierre, a long duration , unemployed who is come spontaneously we help and a was hired to 2015. From the building or the world of the restoration, the burden of work not their has not been scared. This team includes, formed from personality strong diverse issues the world rural or NIMA (Not Issues of the World Agricole), a su offset his little experiment with his curiosity and its strength of work. It is everything to their honor of emphasize that the good results of the study had not been obtained by of practitioners benefiting from a long career from market garden A Ground Ungrateful These results not are not no more the fruit of a floor of an exceptional fertility, good to contrary , our bottom of valley will includes a low thickness of land arable (from 15 to 20 cm), and celleQci, essentially slimy, excessively limestone, not benefit that a very low coefficient of fixation of nutritious. Two elements series analyzes Hérody, before and after study, show than the ground original a little evolved to thread of years ; our cultures to develop primarily to a thickness of ground anthropogenic 10 , built thanks to the mounds of cultures to the contributions of compost and to the mulching repeated, auQdessus of the soil of origin. This land a tendency to be compact quickly she holds little water. For all those reasons we discover each year more the importance of mulch, and therefore the need to dispose of material organic for 10 Sol anthropogenic, anthrosol (classification FAOQUNESCO) , soil strongly modified by man.
  31. page 16
  32. 48 the true. The fertility must be maintained constantly, intensity of the flow compensating the stocks reduced or somewhat available. All proportions guarded, this situation is not without remember the context of Forests tropical, where the vegetation is lush in spite of the soil constantly washed out and little fertile intensity of exchanges between the many components of the ecosystem from address to the low availability of nutrients. He is good for a agriculture based on the and the bioavailability flow, and rather than on the stocks . This perspective fits in the dynamic of living. In this meaning she is Permaculture, since Permaculture offers to imagine the human installations inspired, as only do is can, the ecosystem natural. The fact of power obtain plentiful crops a floor to priori unfit to cultures (according to the archaeologists our valley has never been grown from the Neolithic) is bearer of hope : humanity of tomorrow will to feed in valuing the land widely degraded or desertified. Of Experiences Many All to long of 40 months of the study, we have attempted of experiences different and sometimes risky. Some were happy with example the fact of cross approach Eliot Coleman and one of gardeners Parisians. Coleman a put to point a seeder multiQrangs that allows to a allerQretour, of sowing 12 rows of vegetables to a board of 80 cm to large only. But it not practice not of cultures associated. We have attempted an association carrots / radish to which we add sometimes the salads or sprouts ; 24 or 25 rows for vegetables coexist then over the board This association, very classic in the gardens of nineteenth, will reveal relevant. In win to confidence we have attempted to thread of years of associations of more in more daring (the more out standards is likely to implement start January in greenhouse : a rank of small dots to train, two rows of apples to land vegetables, two rows of salads and a seeding of radish to 80 cm to off ... In our context, the 4 cultures are Successful ). Although obviously we know as many failures. In 2014, conscious the benefits that y a to densify the cultures that authorized a work fully manual, we have attempted to know how far we could go in this way. Deliberately, we have yet tightened of cultures already good dense. It is clearly appeared that we had crossed the limit to do not exceed and of many cultures were lost. But this experience we a given of pins. The intensification of Cultures is valid until a some point in [ beyond the results decrease. In 2015, we are income to a density strong, but more reasonable, the crops are in all more successful, with of vegetables from beautiful Templates , economic into results feel the results of the study reflect those . testing and trial and error.
  33. page 17
  34. 49 The Diapers Hot Inspired by reading of the manual of jardiniersQmaraîchers Parisian old we have tested the culture of layers hot. After a trial of small size to 2013 we have realized from large hot layers to 2014 (10 boards to the 77 that account the study), in next protocols of the nineteenth crusaders with approaches Contemporary (seeder of precision ...). The results were interesting , of cultures transplanted start January to a land to 20 ° C could offer a beginning of harvest from the end January (young shoots). Summer cultures who took the relay not benefited more heat, but a fertility high and is revealed more early and more productive. In end of season it left 15 to 20 cm to compost in place this that transforms sustainably the weak thickness of the substrate original. Create on the ground is to we a need, almost an obsession. The works of the nineteenth show to what point our predecessors were animated the same worry. We clearly the feeling that our soil enriched and wins in depth of the year in year. The economic results study does not say anything of this aggradation from Agroecosystem, yet good real, for as that we can to judge : creation humus, sequestration of carbon, biodiversity ... It is important to emphasize that the high Productivity of this approach comes with an improved the environment . From many hours of work are invested in this research sustainability. We we place ourselves in a prospect to medium and long term and yet from the first years economic results are encouraging. The achievement of this experience of hot layers need close to 400 hours working in the gardens, primarily the fact of a bad design of our design original. Being to the beginning to pull animals, we had neglected to create a path of service of accessible gardens a tractor to size average. The tractor the club horse of the Bec Hellouin, who we offer the manure was therefore forced to benner celuiQci to input of gardens, and is then to the wheelbarrow or with the horse that we have caused the transport to bottom of the greenhouse in the mud deep to winter If the manure had been dump to side of the location of layers hot, time to realization would have been significantly lower. This experience a was carried with the competition to numerous trainees, this that we had allowed to invest these 400 hours to few days only ( time of work includes good obviously the hours of trainees). In the framework of the study this total hours a was increased to 50 % as all other tasks of the garden. These almost 600 hours dedicated to the layers hot have made it grow the burden of work to 2014 auQdelà an equivalent time full. The quasi totality of time of work surplus a time full is attributable to this experience of Hot, layers generates therefore the necessity of salarier someone for several month, according to the modes of calculation to study. This point is discussed precisely in the report scientific. This can contribute to distort some little the reading of data of this year 2014 to why is based evaluation of the compensation potential , what that was to we than experience was impacted grossly results. In our vegetable economy ( good farmers count their under), we would have no invested much of time if he had had to pay each hour worked, or hired someone to realize the hot layers The total hours a then dropped
  35. page 18
  36. 50 returning to an equivalent time full to end of study, this which increases even the remuneration potential. This experience hot layer a often been wrong understood and we has earned from many critical, sometimes an aggression surprising coming of people who had not caught the care of come we visit or to we question. For discredit the study, some have done run a rumor as what the good results obtained were linked to the use colossal amounts of manure. The numbers staggering have sometimes been Advanced ... We do pensions no than test a technique of XIX century allowing to create the ground and cause of the heat without a drop of oil we would be both of critical ... The ongoing alternative are sometimes more violent than the society that they condemn. Internet gives to everyone the power of roll in the mud of people that does not know not hidden behind anonymity of his screen ... A time where Arable land the planet disappear to a pace accelerated, we hope that the importance to create to humus will be better perceived : it is for our children, the ours as yours, we work PardonnezQmoi this digression and understand that the lines that you have under the eyes represent thousands of hours of work shared freely with community of farmers Q on can not be in agreement with our findings, but peutQêtre méritentQelles a minimum of benevolence Until 2014, we did not imported significant amounts of manure fresh. In 2014, that manure a was destined almost exclusively hot and layers to the mulching the aisles. EstQil useful to the clear , we have carefully ensured to what that this contribution or largely to below of the limit allowed by the regulatory European from Agriculture organic. La Farm Instead Of Transformation Of Energy Sun We have learned to our expense (but y a price to pay for each education ), a good network of Traffic to breast of the farm is a need. This Point shows the importance of a great design for the performance of the farm. Many work can be saved thanks to a optimal design. For example of little useless repeated trips each day between the workshop and the gardens end to represent many hours of lost each week and it is translated in fatigue and to cost - . employee costs even more heavy that the hand of work is Other limit of our farm : the gardens are located in the south of the river, while that shop, where are conditioned and shipped the harvest is set to approximately 200 meters from here to input of the firm. All the harvest all the year with all the time are transported to the boutique, located that more is to high of a slope to wheelbarrow ... And it necessary to tens of wheelbarrows to fill a truck from vegetables That efforts useless, as of costs hidden, that could have to be avoided if this point was summer considered in upstream Potential calculated remuneration in the report scientific reflects the defects of design that saddled the result of several hundred . Hours This education deserves to be pondered ... The y elements of solutions : I am 'm done a wheelbarrow workshop container to somewhat close all this that I need for work, which prevents me to return of multiple times with day to the greenhouse workshop. In 2015
  37. page 19
  38. 51 we finally made it realize a path passable that connects the center of gardens to remains of the firm. This we is just took ten years to take this decision to cause of the cost the path ... bad calculation More we thinking to those questions more it we appears that the farm is a Central Energy and having to of object transform the sun through between to another the photosynthesis, and in a edible landscape likely to meet the needs of food human, and all in of providing many other functions the Service of all of the biosphere. Efficiency from this process of transformation and of storage energy solar in the soil, the trees, the ponds, the plants grown, the body of animals and human, dependent of different factors : relevance of design, efficiency of practical cultural, efforts saved thanks to to good tools and a good organization. When we working to the hand, and we transform solar energy stored in the and plant the Animals that we feed in strength of work. Each path may be avoided each move unnecessary each task to be repeated two times of the fact of a wrong organization, every tool too heavy, each wheelbarrow unnecessarily surge is in this perspective, a waste energy that is translated with a lesser efficiency economic from the firm ... He must fight against entropy. The laziness is sometimes good Advisor Think the flow of energy in the inside of the farm to help a better perception of its effectiveness. The hour of work reflect the quantity energy spent to get a harvest. Money that results of the sale of this harvest is also a form of energy. By reducing a tool with example with a handle of more low on (the hoeing requires the repetition of thousands of gestures to Time, a few grams spared to every gesture is translated into hundreds of kilos to the end of the day), or by creating a tool for to perform better and more fast a task (Like the Campagnole) on savings of hours of work, what that is translated into a better compensation or with of time free than we can spend to his family ... Taken in the emergency of the daily, we not we give not always the decline indispensable to those taken from conscience may lead to a better efficiency and therefore to best opportunity to survival of the project. But a design is never successful, it is always in evolution Q that may be boast to consider all the constraints all options come, when of its realization initial? Efficiency of the farm depends so also of our ability to perceive them signals, the loops of feedback, and of our creativity to developing to every time of answers adapted. Fertility The thread of years, and including the fact of exchanges with of many researchers technicians and practitioners we understand better the cycles of the fertility. We searching for a self-fertility of the firm and have many resources original plant and animal in his bosom. The permaculture design the firm allows to close the cycles. We seeing and intensifying the connections possible
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  40. 52 between our gardens and the trees fruit of the pools of the hedges of alleys, a forest, one small breeding, a habitat, a culture of plants to biomass ... All these elements are present around our land cultivated, and come to support the fertility and the durability. The outer do contributions are not overlooked for much and our strategy is relatively opportunistic : who always the desire to create the ground and increase the content in organic material our garden (that who is a means to store the carbon and to ensure to leave a land fertile for generations future), when we we offer a trailer to manure or to BRF we not the reject no This contributes to complete the cycles to scale of the territory and shows a principle of the permaculture : all waste an activity that is not recycled to inside of a system becomes a pollutant to outside celuiQci ; the waste of ones must become resources of other. The valuation of multiple sources of organic materials from to or inside outside of of the firm we has freed of the need to purchase of fertilizers. On the 10 years of vegetable cultures passed, we did bought the fertilizer organic than during 3 years just (from 2010 to 2013), and do not have Today not need. La Marketing The geographical location of the farm in clean campaign, far of centers urban to heart of a region where organic agriculture represents only 1 % of the SAU ne promotes not the marketing of our products. Honesty we push to add that we are good more interested with the quest of agriculture natural than with put on the market of the fruits, small fruit, vegetable flowers edible plants aromatic and processed products out of the firm. The marketing rest our point low. A portion of the production is past under form of baskets weekly to breast of the boutique of the farm, but this direct sales only represents only a few tens of baskets with week despite our efforts. Another party of the production is self-consumed, by team and the family, but especially the within of écoQcentre when of training (the trainees, trainers and them permanent form then a team of a fifty of people ). Other products go home to wholesalers , of plants aromatic, with example in our friend Benjamin Decooster of ALTERNOO, that the touts then to the signs distribution or the restaurant. He is a therefore two intermediate between the consumer and our farm. We sell from low to Biocoop Greendy and Dada with who we maintain a relationship of trust. We feed it also a wholesaler specialized in a segment high to line. We provide to live a few restaurants, essentially for restaurants gourmet.
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  42. 53 Finally, a leader working full time to firm and true different products transformed sold in the boutique of the farm ( application is high). We are proud to work for quelquesQuns best restaurants to France. The requirement of great leaders, who seek actively our products and attest of gustatory quality of fruits and vegetables who pushed to way extremely natural, we push to progress constantly. The fact that a portion of gardeners are derived from the restoration we had helped to develop a expertise in internal to this segment. Our clients baskets benefit of these research. The wholesaler to chef multiQétoilé in on by the sale direct, we experiment So markets extremely diversified, this that constitutes a heavy load for team in words of management and organization. Our dream to feed the canteen school of our children do not is not yet directed to this day... During this program of research, our project is therefore never been to produce, to title principal or exclusive of baskets of type AMAP. If as had been our goal, we we y would be taken differently with example to integrating more of vegetables from full field (we should be sought the ways to intensify their culture, in paling the squash with example this that works well). The time of work would probably been lower to same as the sales business. We think he is everything to is possible to produce the baskets balanced all year to a small area we have done nousQmêmes with the past. In this outlook, purchases of vegetables from hold may to need to be made promptly to winter to complete production. However, it would probably more sensible to grow, with example, 500 m 2 About to vegetables very diverse (zone 1 according to the concepts of the permaculture), and 1000 m 2 Supplementary to vegetables from hold to a system less ouvrageux that the mounds permanent (area 2). The time of work not would be no necessarily very different from the one made during the study. Note that, during the study, we had developed a partnership with a project ambitious to Paris, and the progressive opening their restaurants a absorbed a part growing of our production. However, this project was suddenly collapsed to Autumn 2014 and we have lost to a week most of our markets. The we a necessary for months for us to recover. From many cultures implanted not were not harvested from September 2014 and March 2015 date of the closing of the study. This explains the fall of economic results in end of study, after that the gardens were particularly good filled. La Shut up Fact More Of 1000 M 2 Another aspect of the study was sometimes wrong interpretation : some have thought that we advocating the firm to 1000 m 2 Only (remember that in the framework of the study we have studied 1000 m 2 Cultured, that it must add the alleys, the frame and the rest of the farm). It is not our goal. Certainly, to medium urban, where the land is rare and expensive, very intensive approaches developed to Bec Hellouin can afford to pull the quintessence of all small spaces. But to medium rural, he we large seems to
  43. page 22
  44. 54 consider the firm in its all , of the design as a whole which each party fulfills multiple functions, as the offers the permaculture. According to them contexts and objective, the firm may be to size variable. The us is 20 hectare including 12 hectares of wood from 4000 to 7000 m 2 To vegetable crops according to years, the rest in préQverger and forêtQjardin. The scientific report puts to light the fact that the production sold the 1000 m 2 Cultivated allows to ensure an income equivalent to other forms of gardening organic diversified, but to a surface very substantially lower. This is particularly interesting and deserves to be developed : if 1000 m 2 Cultivated help ensure the generation vegetable equivalent of a full time, on releases, to production substantially equal , 9000 m 2 About for other uses : planting of fruit trees (that are the trees that save the world, not the cultures annual plants They can cover 80 % of the microferme, implanted in form of hurdles fruit of forêtQjardin, from préQverger, from vergerQmaraîcher), raising of animals, build a écoQhabitat, dig of the pools install the hives, etc . A microferme Permaculture a hectare can therefore provide of vegetables but also many other agricultural products , and to from work more to a person in all constituting a true diversified agro-ecosystem, producing him [the same biomass needed at maintenance of the Fertility of the plot vegetable. On therefore a middle more self-fertile and more resilient. And more on time pass, more it wins in autonomy. This is each day verified to Bec Hellouin. Interests To Do Coexist Different Systems As spoke in the report scientific, the gardens of 1000 m 2 Studied in the framework of this program were so a zone in all good neat, a Zone 1 ', according to reading permaculture Q as was the least our project original. However, more study advanced, more we findings that in our approach, these 1000 m 2 Were still too big we not could cure effectively every plot (hence the fact that the mandala was chronically neglected, becoming of fact one Zone 2 ). Outside, we will insist never enough on on is that intensity of care is absolutely critical for the success of this form of gardening manual. We think so that for an equivalent time full if the goal is to cultivate the vegetables very diverse, a surface less big would be more suitable. He is a a lot of interest to cure intensely to all small spaces (to some degree of intensification However, as the highlights the report Scientific). Being small is a benefit, in our perspective as claimed already the jardiniersQ gardeners Parisian in 1845 It must good understanding essential difference between mechanized approach du gardening organic and our approach Manual. When on features of a tractor prepare a demiQhectare earth extra no takes only a few hours. A hand, 100 m 2 Of too much you dip in a real galley ... The Beak we see that every system a cultural its benefits and his disadvantages: it can be interesting to make cohabit different approaches .
  45. page 23
  46. 55 We only think not that culture on permanent mounds or a panacea, even if the benefits of this approach are many. We have the rest of the mounds of different types and forms as raised : of mounds rounds of planks Coleman » flat and to large mounds round tarpaulin dedicated to perennial (rhubarb, artichokes ...). The sides of 1000 m 2 studied, we have always kept the gardens to pull Animal for the vegetables field full of type squash, apple earth, turnip carrot, etc. We same many advanced in animal traction during the study (Grace especially to harrow comb and the cultures associated to ridges flattened). The time invested with unity of surface is considerably less than for the mounds permanent and the results interesting. But the big advantage of the hills is that we can the grow all the year, then that to compensate the loss of fertility generated by the work in traction animal we do succeed a culture fertilizer green to the cultures of vegetables. The number of rotations practiced on the mounds permanent is always more importantly (up 8) that in the gardens in animal traction. The study does is not really leaning on this side, but all our gardens are conducted in Agroforestry (orchards [gardeners) . A other program study dedicated to vergersQmaraîchers, the program CASDAR SMART is in progress, and the farm the Bec Hellouin y is involved. The tools Work fully to the hand or with a horse, to minimize the use to energy fossil, is not, in our business of growers and of gardeners, a return to the past. A day we have not more of oil or it will be unaffordable. Seen the impact of Agriculture on on warming climate , seek to avoid soon today to each time that possible use the the thermal engines and the Work Soil is a posture Ethics before being a choice agronomic . This stress that we we impose has proved liberating. We put focus on the research to suitable tool a microQagriculture Manual in next three tracks : study the tools dating before the mechanization perform a sleep on tools adapted contemporary and put to point to new tools. We have had happy to surprises these last years. The more beautiful is the creation of the Campagnole, in partnership with Vincent Legris of the Fabriculture, a tool manual that allows to prepare fast and very effectively of planks flat permanent. The Campagnole demonstrates a manual Tool can conveniently replace a machine Heat, with costs investment and of operation incomparably lower, and that, in the respect of the ground. Those who want to know more find a report on the tools to our site web : http://www.fermedubec.com/outils.aspx . The Campagnole is sold from few months to the Fabriculture. The beginning of the study, we happened sometimes use occasionally a small tiller to win the time in the preparation of planks. The use to Grelinette was ouvrageux and slow in particular because that Grelinette up of lumps of
  47. page 24
  48. 56 earth that must then crumble ; this a tendency to destroy the mound that must reform the rake. But during the last year of the study the tiller has more never been unused. The Campagnole we allow to unpack very quickly our boards flat (the width is to 80 cm as the board), and the gain of time and effort, with report to the Grelinette or the tiller is considerable. This tool little expensive we freed from the use to energies fossils, engenders no cost of maintenance and allows to reconcile the imperatives of the gardener (an earth deep and light), and those of soil (the ground is not attacked or returned). From more, as we straw more nos boards flat, the ground a less trendy to compact. The Way Of The Shut up The Bec Hellouin The reading of lines which precede demonstrates that study has not been realized in one context ideal but good to breast of a real farm constantly destabilized by a media and the stress excessive suffering of extra other contingencies business. The results of the study not are in nothing a record directed by few gifted in a context optimal, as the are the records of the sport of high level. Abraham and the committee science, we have to the opposite constantly sought to what that the results reflect the operation of a farm Normal results means therefore. For this reason, remuneration potential has been determined than for the two firsts civilian years of study. This must be reassuring, a hand for our colleagues. We are very aware of the limits of our farm. The a was designed to thread of years without a real design overall initial. We look every year to correct this absence of design overall. We did no, with example of station of washing, or cold ... bedroom From more like spoke, we had to this study no point a benchmark for to calibrate the size of the gardens of efficiently. If was to remake with experience acquired in way, the farm would certainly good different The advice that we can give when of our training just any as of our mistakes that our success. For as we not can only see that team of the firm enjoys today a unique experience what type of agriculture bioQinspirée, experience fed of our research for ten years and to the study, but also the look of all experts who we visit without talking to the one thousands of interns often strong competent, that we have welcomed in the framework of our training. A half of collaborators, permanent or regular working to the firm around of those questions. Of trainees perform to the farm their memory to end of study. Other institutes scientists and technical we with it. May this experience serve to other If y a difficulty when we develop a form of agriculture that slice enough radically with previous approaches , is good to him to a coherence Overall, and to ensure with its relevance economic everything like of its relevance ecological. This requires the taking in account to very large parameters agronomic, environmental and human. How to unite all these concerns
  49. page 25
  50. 57 in a process coherent and get an effect maximum with a great economy of means energy and technology ? We we are exercise from good to years and have described this approach under the name of Method of the farm the Bec Hellouin. EntendonsQnous good , this method is called to the name of our farm because she y is born. We did no will hegemony. Never it has been considered to clone our firm and to sprinkle the territories : this would be contrary to the spirit of the permaculture, who wants than each project or adapted to the best to its context environmental, worldly and only aspirations of the carriers of project. This method, and consulted on our website, and do not offers guidance Technical accurate. It is rather to give the conceptual benchmarks, and up help those who wish the to create a organic system [inspired. We think that this approach can afford to other avoid setbacks and to win the time and from money. If you want to Read more http://www.ecoledepermaculture.org/images/methode%20de%20la%20Ferme%20 % of 20Bec% 20Hellouin.pdf The boom Of Microfermes We have done the choice to host the stress of the media and open widely the firm to public different, in particular in the framework of training, including some are specific dedicated to market garden professionals because we we feel we have said, a duty to share this approach. The media allow to on New ideas are spread quickly. Each national tour broadcast to the farm allows to hundreds of thousands of persons to discover the concepts innovative load to we to respond to most of our work daily, to hundreds of calls and to e-mails that generates A time where as of threats weigh to the planet peutQon keep to self from possible solutions ? Strength is to recognize that this choice of openness, it does we is no given that friends, a trained a movement of a magnitude of which we are the first surprised the inside of the profession as the in and the institutions , of the Company civil, as en France as foreign. A number each day crescent of initiatives inspired of the Permaculture and the concept of microferme permaculture is spreading like a drag of powder. The firm will create, and of thousands others without exaggeration, are during gestation. The structures in the charge of agriculture are surprises and often poor to accompany requests of carriers of projects atypical. The microQagriculture Permaculture escapes to the benchmarks and the criteria traditional, in particular in matter of land, access to the status of farmer techniques. routes from new answers must be found, the strategies accompanying imagined. We are to link with various bodies and work with them to these themes. A to request from the Ministry of Agriculture, it we arrived with example organize the sessions for the instructor of teaching agricultural. We welcome also
  51. page 26
  52. 58 responsible of cities and European capitals eager to implant to like forms of microQagriculture on their territory, in order to enhance their security food. We are sometimes invited to present experience of the Bec Hellouin to in institutions like the Parliament European and the Board Economy, Social and Environmental, sign that these institutions open to new paradigms. The need urgent to struggle against the warming climate creates an interest emerging to this form of agriculture that stores of carbon in the soil and the trees, and we hope that a day the farmers settling on this model benefit of new forms of support to the title of the offset carbon - it already the case to Bec for the planting trees fruit. Number of carriers of project are animated in a deep aspiration to reconnect to nature, tainted sometimes to some naivete of idealization of the life rural. We the understanding perfectly, us approach to we as was idealistic and naive. It the rest Moreover, strong fortunately , what to worse than for fall into a approach strictly utilitarian But we do never emphasize enough How to the point live bio gardening is a craft to part full, and one of more complex of and more demanding that be. No business does not learn to some months. A good preparation is indispensable. It must y spend, and if it is not of the party, and several years : is of time efforts of and the investments of earned for the suite. For those who want to settle on the model of a microferme Permaculture, it there is unfortunately not yet to this day, training dedicated (Except to Bec for the specificity of the approach permaculture bioQintensive we develop, to complement of a BPREA with example. We we are close also of our friends of the farm of Holy Martha and propose a training town). Our technical have almost not been described in details on that day. We are aware of this gap and trying of the bridge , we have contributed to create a desire , without having still had time to describe precisely, a point of Technical, view solutions that we put into work 11 . We would emphasize that good economic achievements in the framework to study not are not linked only to the permaculture. The permaculture is fundamental in our approach because she gives a conceptual single frame and efficient allowing to design a firm which works, as that do to may to Like an ecosystem natural. The permaculture may inspire the achievements extremely different, and it is very good as well. But it appropriate to recall that permaculture is not a set of technical agricultural. Au Bec Hellouin, we have set to work the Design concepts of the permaculture, but we have also gleaned and assembled from many technical bioQintensives, and developed practical and tools specific, which allow to achieve economic results presented in these 11 Strength is to see that many of carriers project adventure in this way without a baggage technique suffisant. Pour cette raison, nous allons concentrer l'accueil des visiteurs au Bec Hellouin, en 2016, sur quelques jours seulement, afin de nous libérer du temps pour réaliser les supports techniques indispensables décrivant le microQmaraîchage tel que pratiqué ici – un projet sans cesse retardé par les urgences du quotidien. Que l'on nous pardonne donc notre moindre disponibilité… Malgré les efforts de any team we toil to respond to each eQmail and every call telephone, but we strive to work on the essential files that benefit to the community.
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  54. 59 pages. The permaculture without these techniques not would not get for much that we can to judge of such results. In other words, it does enough no to follow a training in permaculture same excellent to be fit to create a microferme. We do would know too much stress on fact that to succeed in this adventure difficult it appropriate to our meaning to be good formed in gardening organic in arboriculture organic, and in the other fields of production that we want exercise (livestock, transformation, WFP ...), according to approach classic. When we mastered the practice of Basic, it appropriate to be add the specificities permaculturelles or bioQintensives - in drawing of the method of the Bec Hellouin if on the wishes or in developing its own approach ... Well, of course it is not what that we have done, our learning have been erratic, but only time and to fatigue saved if to had been and Said otherwise is one , conceptual system before all, the permaculture do replaces in no case the indispensable technical knowledge that allow reaching one level of production viable. But she brings to these techniques a dimension Extra and allows to imagine a 'system' bioQinspiré, which seeks constantly to put to value the services ecosystem, this that is not always the case in the practice of farmers, even organic. The permaculture pourraitQelle bring a second breath to Agriculture organic and him give a coherence increased in him to integrate more the big issues environmental contemporary (protection of the climate of the soil water and of the biodiversity), to time where industrialization becomes a trend heavy ? Accompany The Holders Of Project The microfermes permaculturelles may adapt to countless contexts and come in term mesh whole of the territory to responding to the needs of communities local. This y potentially, in Europe, millions of people to form the course of years to come. The needs and the issues are huge. It seems necessary to work on several fronts : Q Develop the and scientific research studies technicoQéconomiques (this first study has already served a catalyst to programs of research in various places and country). Q Train of trainers and of practitioners to measure to pass. Q Offer of training tailored. Q Create carriers educational. Q accompany the creation of premises resources (farms, centers of training, ANQ tenns specialized in the womb of institutions ...). Q Activate of devices to support specific (loans adapted, mechanisms of soliQ ity, aids to install, credits carbon ...). We work to all of these fronts with our small means, to link with partners miscellaneous. We feel a wave which swells and of more into more actors undertake to the way of agriculture bioQinspirée, or aspire to the how. But it must of time to form of the people and the places resources - several years Q, and he is a strong to bet that we will cross yet few years messy, with a
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  56. 60 flowering of initiatives more or less good prepared, that will contribute to explore progressively new territories cognitive. We invite the candidate to adventure to make evidence of measure and humility, especially to no self-proclaimed not expert in gardening or train before having really dabbled in the business and acquired an experiment to field credible. If put in situation to accompany Holders project is a responsibility that it must not take to the light , every failure - and it y in a - can mean of dreams exploded, families ruined for couples which separate ... Everyone must do proof of discernment and from prudent ... without forget to as the dose audacity indispensable to dare tackle this terra incognita that represents Agriculture bioQinspirée Be from dreamers pragmatic The Bec Hellouin, we , could achieve a book 12 That explains the proposals quickly exposed in these lines and allows deepen the concepts essential, and four movies teaching with to agriculture permaculture 13 . Others Movies more practical are in gestation. We also joined to many resources on our base documentary 14 . A large manual practice of 500 pages is in course of writing, it contain to very many conceptual information and technical which are often not available to this day. The publication is expected to the spring 2017. The Leading Teachings Of The study For to have if often talked all those who have realized this study - scientists, engineers and vegetable Q, are rather agree to agree that ' Encrypted data tell to the time many and few of things. Many, because the study demonstrates the potential wonder of a microQagriculture bioQ inspired completely Manual. And it from the first no. It is therefore very pertinent explore more this way Many also because the data set of points essential marks for gardeners tempted to engage in this approach - precisely those who we were default to start To do remember that the key, learned data of 12 last months to study (1600 hours of work in the gardens have generated a production marketed to 54600 €) : Q It must approximately 1.6 hours work by year for intensely cultivate 1 square meter of mound permanent, according to our method (more if it is débuQAs, and less with of the experiment). Q Each square meter can produce a value of about € 55 , in a Conqtext like the Bec Hellouin (with of the experiment). Q Each time work in the gardens Product therefore a figure Business approximately € 34 . 12 « Permaculture – Guérir la Terre, nourrir les hommes » Perrine et Charles HERVEQGRUYER, Actes Sud 2014. 13 Http://www.ecoledepermaculture.org/filmsQetQlivres.html 14 http://www.ecoledepermaculture.org/accueil.html
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  58. 61 Q In add to hours worked in the gardens 50 % for time supplémenQ silence for the other tasks, each time worked generates a figure Business approximately € 23 . Q The cost to all of tools having served to achieve this Production (Greenhouses, and irrigation, and various tools ) is approximately 22,000 € 15 . Q A person can cure effectively a surface range between 500 and 1000 meters squares. Q A intensity of work equal, more the surface is reduced over the value created augQ mente (to a certain threshold). These simple data can do the difference between advance to blind and to be in measure to design their cultural system so more realistic. For much better is not consider these indications and that the like landmarks instead of as take them to the letter. As of influential parameters on the results: 're [you fast or slow Your land is [she and fertile or Are ungrateful [? you very organized or rough Are [you location distance of your customers or to their door Do [you good for commercial skills Sell you live in or to a wholesaler ... the Answers According to these issues, and your result can be well lesser, or much better that ours. We really seen that the production of our gardens increases substantially and promptly Year to year - this trend is pursuing the remains very significantly after stop to study. The reasons are clearly made in the report scientific. A the end of the study, productivity of certain plots we astonished nousQmêmes. And we see as of possibilities improve our practical In final, this first study represents the level mother little in of Agriculture bioQinspirée : margin of progress remains very important if the effort of research is intensifying, if the means are set to available to scientific, the practitioners, the trainers no doubt as we go faster and away set. Compensation Potential The report scientific present assumptions potential income for two first civilian years to study. The data have been processed to way too objective as possible to how to provide guidance reliable. This is and that totality of hours dedicated hot layers have been integrated to outcomes 2014 we have seen, then they had been made with of trainees in training. During the last months to study the number of hours of working in the gardens is income to an equivalent time full (a very big equivalent time full if it integrates the 50 % of Time dedicated related tasks ), including because that we did not renewed this experience great hot layers ( small are made, between other for the production of plants). But economic results reflect the contribution of fertility result of the work of the year past. 15 Cette donnée est extraite du mémoire de fin d'étude master 2 à AgroParisTech de Morgane Goirand.
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  60. 62 The reading of the data of the last months to study leaves glimpse the possibility of a remuneration potentially superior, but the calculation has not been realized as we not disposions not a year civil complete. Emphasize also that these results are obtained without hold account of any subsidy (ADI credit tax AB). The ADI covers grossoQmodo the cost of equipment and tools of a microferme vegetable, this that lightens all the investment if we can and will get this that has not been our case. Another element in favor of high potential what type of practice is the difference of productivity of the boards , during the 12 last months of study, production of several planks in greenhouse has exceeded the 200 € with meter square, but other, in the mandala in particular, have product less to 2 € the meter square (plants aromatic not harvested or cultures failed) This confirms the fact that is better work a area small, but very neat, rather than scattering its strength of work to a area too high. We think a gardener experienced to a land fertile, with a good network commercial, may achieve pay substantially higher to those calculated in the framework of two first year of the study. It should however to temper this assertion with the fact that the conception even of the microferme Permaculture, Land complex system and diversified, the makes greedy in care ... A some number hours of work do not be dedicated to gardening, but to maintenance of trees, of small fruits, and of animals ... Who will be potentially as much of sources of income , if they are valued. A Obviously the steering a microferme Permaculture is different of the a operation vegetable classic. Force is to recognize it does not exist not to this day, of data accounting bearing on the Economy Global of the type of farm. Receiving of these data would be the rest probably impossible, as the configurations may be different from a farm to the other. The peasant who settles must do proof of good sense. If not has not a capital of start enough, he will interest to will concentrate in a first time to the cultures vegetable, the plus profitable to short term and then only to take care of the rest of his territory, the fur and to measure that his means the it will (plantation of trees hedges digging of a mare, etc.). It can add to what that precedes a microferme permaculture produced good more than of the food , she meets many features environmental and societal, like us the see. Some of these functions are if necessary that justify the devices aid specific. The microferme permaculture, innovative and little system describes, is very attractive, we have mentioned, it can also (she must ?) become one place of training. Welcome from trainees in the framework of a BPREA with example or organization of yards collective (plantation of orchards ...) may possibly lighten the burden of work Farmers. But it does not need not sousQestimer time and energy that represents reception of interns if we want to make available for that their stay to the farm or really trainer ...
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  62. 63 The question of the potential remuneration so complex and dependent to very many parameters. Our spot view, it is difficult to give of landmarks encrypted accurate, our experience we shoot however to think it may be broadly equivalent or superior to it obtained in the framework of exploitation classic. This Kind Of Practice EstYil Hard To To It Out ? EstQil more difficult to practice the beautiful art from market garden bio as this approach rather than having recourse to the mechanization ? In a sense the way of the Bec Hellouin offers a real simplification the manual tools if friendly, the meaning where heard Ivan Illich But she request by against more of knowledge on nature more of observations, more eyes to ha by words of Wess Jackson, one of the pioneers of Agriculture bioQinspirée to USA. It is also undeniable that the intensification of Cultures represents a challenge for the gardener : associations, densification, cultures relay require a steering accurate and weather influential data to the results (for example with time wet, more of risk to rot in the cultures tight). Experience from vegetable account so a lot. A New Agriculture A time where artificial agricultural to land widespread, this approach bio [ inspired features of deliberately complicate the farm. Car renature Agroecosystem implies of the make each year a little more complex to image . of the nature The farmer must are positioned differently : of accept do not all control, do trust observe much, and know only not intervene use his reason, but also give up to his intuition Q as intuition is reveals often better to same apprehend systems of high complexity ... The report the time also change : on do is not necessarily a Maximum productivity to each harvest, but the durability of agro-ecosystem. Many hours of work are invested in the tasks which are not immediately profitable (create the ground, planting a hedge, a forêtQjardin, dig a mare), but who contribute to run to intensify the services ecosystem. Make a contribution, and even minimal, and in the good health of the Biosphere is in our outlook more meaning than wholesale sales business. Earth we leave to our children seraQtQelle more fertile than that found when of our Setup ? The happy new is that in this approach the nature we gratified to Beautiful crops and sustainable We take care of the earth and she takes care of us. A other aspects of Agriculture this is Permaculture its strong density Human : the farm is more than place of work , it is also a space of life, and often invested a strong emotional load . Innovative Practical if to is, to rupture with certain codes of the Company dominant (the priority given to the
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  64. 64 equipment to profit to short term to the competition), she meets to ethics of the permaculture 16 , To the quest of new paradigms. In this meaning she attracts gathers creates the link social. It invites to imagine new modes Installation, often collective, forms of governance unprecedented ... Nothing to everything this is not simple and Yet we have to reply to those essential challenge In final, this new agriculture returns also in our ecology inner and pose the question of our values ​​ of meaning that we give to our life of the idea that us we do of happiness, our relationship to nousQmêmes, other and to the nature. A Breach Open In Our Imagination Collective The thread of years, we have really made aware that the sustainable economic of the Farm depends of its sustainability ecological . In other words when agroecosystem wins in diversity and mature, services ecosystem intensify, the matter organic is to more into more available, the soil enrich the auxiliary useful are present and effective and the peasant is gratified to harvest generous with a charge of work that will to be easing. The firm wins in autonomy and resilience, time plays in our favor, us we inscribe in a true sustainability. We are entering, in a kind, a spiral bottom. He must much effort to early to initiate the movement, but ceuxQci dwindle to measure that agro-ecosystem will deploy. In renaturing with conscience and discernment his farm the peasant wins in productivity. This last is not tied to significant quantities fossil energy or inputs, but in the use of free services we makes the nature. The thought dominant, in matter agriculture, sees generally the necessity of protect the environment as a hindrance to productivity. This reflects the fact that since the Neolithic our agriculture West a constantly simplified artificialised . the ecosystem spontaneous This study offers a vision exactly opposite , us seek to imitate the ecosystems spontaneous car the Nature is supremely productive and sustainable , and is in watching, and in us inspiring her, and that our become firm , they also productive and sustainable. In other words, he is can to reconcile improvement of the environment and development of activities Human - in the industry that is the ours founded on the recovery of resources organic. The Externalities Positive The numbers of study show than this approach manual of gardening is reveals relevant to a point economic. view But she is also for the nature and the Company, as the externalities are positive and many important. We did not able to this stage the demonstrate scientifically that which follows will establish object of work future , 16 Take care of the Earth and men, share fairly.
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  66. 65 Key environmental externalities Q Creation humus. Q sequestration of carbon in the soil. Q sequestration of carbon in the trees. Q improvement of the biodiversity. Q Creation of microclimates favorable. Q Protection of water (ponds, rivers, rovings ground). Q Etc. Major societal externalities Q Creation jobs. Q Relocation of the production of food. Q Lesser recourse to energies fossils. Q Production local food organic quality , impact to the health . Q Link social. Embellishment Q from landscapes. Q Etc. The second Program of Research , that a started at Bec in 2015 will focus among other to evaluate the sequestration of carbon ( and therefore the contribution brought to the fight against climate warming the ) and the impact on the Biodiversity of the type Agriculture - two Issues essential for become our common. In conclusion, this study will be [to be well [ beyond for his initial objective : she lets imagine new form of agriculture that focus a part important of production the food on on small Territories intensely cared for, and free up huge spaces that could be planted forests of edible or made to the Nature Wildlife. It can then become of sustainably reconcile the needs of human and those of the planet. But it, and it is a history other Pros team of the farm Charles HERVE [GRUYER The Bec Hellouin , the 19 November 2015
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  68. 66 Thanks Even if the task was rude, I want to express my huge gratitude toward all those who have made it possible this adventure that was revealed to end to end deeply friendly and easy : François Light , who has had the audacity to engage their institution in a program of search with to a agriculture marginal and a controlled the ship with both of discernment. Yohann Jourdan, John [Claude Bellencontre, Thomas Henriot Teddy Perez John [ Pierre Bellencontre , the brave gardeners who have found the data of study so that the trainees who them have effectively supported. Sacha Guégan , the engineer who a treaty and analyzed the data a real work from Benedictine, without losing his humor Edith Legay Fabien Prudhomme , team of the farm, which has created the context favorable to study with competence and good mood for that the work be fulfilled in the best conditions. Kevin Morel , that performs in the framework of his doctorate work from bottom to the microfermes, and that the students in master 2 agronomy who have directed their internship End studies to the firm and brought to brilliant contributions : Morgane Goirand Alexis from Lidekercke, Clara Carrayrou and Eskani Siruguet. The Member of Scientific committee : Christine Aubry UMR SADQAPT Paris, INRA SAD, agronomy Stéphane Bellon, UR eco-development AVIGNON, INRA SAD, AGROECOLOGY Gauthier Chapel, biomiméticien, Greenloop Nathalie Corroyer, Room Agriculture to Normandie Philippe Desbrosses Farm from Santa Martha, agronomy Mark Dufumier, UFR Agriculture comparative and developing agricultural, AgroParisTech Pablo Servigne seek, writer Pierre Stassart, University of Liege, sociology Serge Jack, agronomy Nicolas Vereecken, Agroecology University Free to Brussels laboratory Ecology the Landscape systems of Production Vegetable The Member of the Board Administration of the Institute Sylva: Philippe Desbrosses, Lucile From Cossé Brissac, Sebastian Henry, Frederic Proniewski LouisQAlbert From Broglie, Lawrence From Chérisay, François Lemarchand, Alexander Chick.
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  70. 67 Our partners, and which are often become friends of precious and the institutions they represent : Foundation Lemarchand for balance between the men and the Earth Foundation Lunt Foundation Leah Nature Foundation Terra symbiosis Foundation Pierre Rabhi Foundation Picard Charlotte to Mévius Nicolas and Marina Plowiecki Q BALT The Ivory Foundation And all people who we were surrounded by their encouragement and of their sympathy, too many to be cited all here We hope of all heart lots of success and of happiness to those that undertake to a better world
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