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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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- Homework this week:
- Write a postcard from a real or imaginary vacation. You can use the example on p. 65 for reference. Try to use grammar and vocabulary from this unit.
- Read p. 75 and do parts 3, 4, and 5 on p. 74
- part 3
- 1 chocolate
- 2 drug
- 3 energy
- 4 food and drinks
- 5 sleep cycle
- part 4
- makes you more alert
- relieves pain
- reduces asthma symptoms
- increases reaction speed
- is habit-forming
- raises blood pressure
- increases the risk of heart disease
- part 5
- 1 People work by the clock, not by the sun.
- 2 Electric lights and caffeine
- 3 The body won’t function at its best.
- 4 (It’s not a paradox, but a vicious cycle.) People need caffeine to stay awake because they don’t get enough sleep because they drink caffeine.
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- Tell your partner about one of the best meals and one of the worst meals you’ve ever had.
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- https://disgustingfoodmuseum.com/
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- p. 70 - Read “Pizza with a pedigree”
- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010R0097 - full official EU documentation of “Pizza Napoletana”
- connoisseur = expert in something (usually very specific), literally “knower”
- Usually we think of connoisseurs as having refined tastes and spending a lot of effort to find the best of something.
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- Which basic pizza ingredient was definitely not on the pizza in 997?
- Tomatoes are from the Americas.
- What other common basic ingredients come originally from “here”?
- - potatoes
- - corn
- - avocado
- - cranberries
- - pumpkin
- - pineapple
- - peppers
- - chocolate
- - vanilla
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- Grammar: Modals for advice and recommendations
- modal verbs: always go with another verb (in the base form), always the first verb, always the same form
- will, would, may, might, can, could, shall, should, must, had better, ought to
- similar expressions: function like other verbs, but similar meaning to modals, usually with infinitive
- be going to, have to, be able to, be allowed to, be supposed to
- (Similar expressions change for he/she/it, they can be in different tenses, they don’t have to be first.)
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- obligation/necessity/this is your only choice:
- You have to leave. You must do that. You need to learn.
- no obligation/this is not your only choice (you have other options):
- You don’t have to leave. You don’t need to learn.
- negative obligation/this is NOT an option:
- You must not do that. You can’t do that.
- advice/this is your best option:
- You should practice every day. You ought to do this by yourself. You had better take it with you.
- negative advice/this is NOT your best option/this is a bad choice:
- You shouldn’t leave that open. You had better not do that. (If you do, there will be consequences.)
- permission/this is an option (that I’m permitting you):
- You may go to the bathroom. You can go now. You’re allowed to park here.
- no permission/prohibition/this is not an option:
- You may not leave now. You can’t go. You’re not allowed to park over there.
- possibility/this is an option for you to think about:
- You could take a bus. You can take a train.
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- BREAK
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- FOOD
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- p. 71 part 5 - Rewrite the food labels using the correct modals.
- 1 Vegetarians can eat this food.
- 2 People with nut allergies shouldn’t (/ can’t) eat this.
- 3 You shouldn’t exceed the recommended daily intake of salt.
- 4 You are not allowed to buy this sample product.
- This food is not allowed to be sold. (passive)
- 5 You have to heat this thoroughly before serving it.
- 6 Diabetics shouldn’t eat this product.
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- “diabetic” is both an adjective and a noun (for a diabetic person).
- “allergic” is only an adjective
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- thorough = careful and complete
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- English is difficult. It can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.
- = …, but you can understand it if you think about it hard and carefully.
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- For me, these are pronounced differently, but for many people they are the same:
- cot/caught
- bot/bought
- not/naught
- hottie/haughty
- tot/taught
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- http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101209-chocolate-obesity-science-mind-diet-weight-loss-eat-food/ - National Geographic article about this research
- http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1530.full.pdf - Science magazine article about the research (if you register for free you can see the article)
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- p. 72 part 4 - Listen and match the parts of each sentence
- 1 I’ll believe it when I see it.
- 2 If you don’t train your mind, you won’t be able to lose weight.
- 3 I won’t find out unless I try.
- 4 When I want to eat a snack, I’ll try just imagining it.
- 5 I’ll never have to buy chocolate again if this technique works.
- 6 As soon as it starts working, I’ll let you know.
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- Grammar: First conditional = future real conditional
- form: if + [present], [future] / [future] + if + [present]
- If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
- If it’s raining when I wake up tomorrow, I’m staying home.
- If it hasn’t stopped by tomorrow, you’ll need to call the doctor.
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- p. 73 part 7 - Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms.
- 1 believe, will be
- 2 will need, want
- 3 don’t buy, won’t be able
- 4 find, will you let
- 5 go, will check
- 6 will give up, do
- 7 don’t try, will never know
- 8 will you do, doesn’t work
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- The same present/future rule exists for all conditoinals and time clauses.
- If I get home tonight, I’ll cook dinner. = I don’t know whether I’ll get home tonight (or tomorrow). In the condition that I do get home tonight, I’ll cook.
- When I get home tonight, I’ll cook dinner. = I will get home tonight, and then I’ll cook.
- Unless you learn this grammar, you won’t pass to the next level.
- Until you learn this grammar, you won’t pass to the next level.
- I’ll call you after I get back. = I’ll get back, and then some time later I’ll call you.
- I’ll call you when I get back. = I’ll call pretty soon after I get back.
- I’ll call you as soon as I get back. = The first thing I’ll do is call you.
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- Tense rule: don’t use future grammar in time or conditional clauses
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- p. 73 part 9 - Make sure you understand all of these words and expressions.
- cut down on = reduce
- cut out = remove (from “in” something like a diet)
- give up = stop doing something (e.g. smoking)
- take up = start doing or practicing something (especially a habit or hobby)
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- Some phrasal verbs are separable, which means the object can go between the parts of the verb.
- Put on the jacket. = Put the jacket on.
- If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the parts of a separable phrasal verb.
- Put it on. (NOT Put on it.)
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- Homework: units 5-6 test (If you graduate today, you don’t have to do the test.)
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