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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- Reading test practice - ETS 1.2
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- Questions you got wrong:
- 1 - fact - B
- Serpentine soils, for example, … = For example, serpentine soils…
- “[subject], for example, [predicate]” is the same as “For example, [subject] [predicate].”
- Your understanding would be, “Serpentine soils are deficient in many minerals, for example calcium.”
- 12 - purpose - B (Mustard and pennycress are both examples of plants that could be used in phytoremediation to remove those particular minerals.)
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- BREAK
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- 17 - vocabulary - A
- 23 - paraphrase - D (This is the option that correctly expresses the contrast in the original.)
- 24 - vocabulary - C (If it’s not disputed, it means people agree and acknowledge that it’s true.)
- 34 - purpose - B (On the TOEFL, you’ll see the entire text on the right side of the screen, so it will be easier to correctly identify which paragraph is which.)
- 14 - summary - B D F (D is a summary of paragraph 4, while A C E are smaller details.)
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- Grammar: dummy subjects “there” and “it”
- “dummy” subjects don’t really mean or refer to anything, but they’re necessary for English grammar
- Practice A - Write sentences with the same meaning that begin with “there” or “it”.
- 1 There has been a great deal of research carried out...
- 2 There are several criteria scientists use to determine...
- one criterion / many criteria (irregular plural)
- 3 There is some evidence that animals can solve problems.
- 4 It appears that scientists were…
- It was possible to teach…
- (Both of these change the meaning a bit, so I wouldn’t recommend them in real life.)
- 5 It is unusual that animals are able to recognize their own image.
- It is unusual for animals to recognize their own image.
- Practice B
- 1 research
- 2 some evidence
- 3 some expressions
- 4 likely
- 5 important
- 6 easy (Actions can be easy, but not clauses.)
- 7 many examples
- 8 considered
- Practice C
- 3 There are some basic differences between human and animal behavior.
- 4 “the chimpanzees’ behavior” = the behavior of some specific chimpanzees
- 5 There is some evidence to show that dolphins and chimpanzees are two/some of the most intelligent animals.
- 6 It is not certain whether animals’ intelligence may evolve or not.
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- Apostrophe usage for possessives:
- the animal’s intelligence = the intelligence of one animal
- the animals’ intelligence = the intelligence of several animals
- the child’s books = the books of one child
- the children’s books = the books of several children
- the boss’s books = the books of one boss
- the bosses’ books = the books of several bosses
- Rule: If the possessive noun is a regular plural (add ‘s’ or ‘es’), put the apostrophe after the ‘s’.
- In all other cases, add the apostrophe and then the possessive ‘s’.
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- Grammar: relative clauses
- Relative clauses (or adjective clauses) give more information about nouns (subjects or objects), and sometimes about entire sentences.
- That’s the homeless man. (adjective + noun) = That’s the man who has no home. (noun + adj. clause)
- That’s the man who wrote my favorite series of novels. - there’s no single adjective that would say this
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- who = person or people
- He’s the man who wrote my favorite book. (“who” is the subject of “wrote”; he wrote it)
- (whom = person or people, as the object, in formal situations)
- He’s the man whom I met yesterday. (“whom” is the object of “met”; I met him)
- which = thing or things, or sometimes a whole sentence
- It’s the book which inspired me to become a teacher.
- It’s raining outside, which is why I’m staying at home.
- that = “who”, “whom”, or “which”, when it’s NOT after a preposition or comma
- (We can’t use “that” for relative clauses after prepositions or commas.)
- whose = possessive (could be a person or a thing in relative clauses)
- He’s the man whose book inspired me. (his book inspired me)
- It’s the car whose engine was replaced. (its engine was replaced)
- where = place
- That’s the park where we got married. (we got married there)
- when = time
- That was the year when I graduated. (I graduated then)
- why = reason (pretty much only to modify the word “reason”)
- That’s the reason why I called you.
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- That’s the park where we got married.
- That’s the park in which we got married.
- That’s the park which we got married in. (uncommon)
- That’s the park that we got married in.
- That’s the park we got married in.
- - We can remove “that” if it’s not the subject of the relative clause. (Here the subject is “we”.)
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- Homework: practice B
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