2014-10-31 Structure: gerunds and infinitives

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Saturday night: turn your clocks BACK one hour (so you have an extra hour of sleep between Saturday and Sunday)
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Homework: p. 292-3, exercises 1 and 2
	  p. 295, exercise 6
exercise 1A
2 object (of the verb "want")
3 subject
4 subject complement (very common after [be])
5 object (of "want")
6 object (of "expects")
7 subject complement
8 subject
9 object (of "try")

subject-verb-object / subject-copula-subject complement
                               [be]
1B
1 T (stop + infinitive = infinitive of purpose)
2 F (forgot the obligation, not the action)
3 F (passive)
4 T
5 T
6 F (advice is NOT to avoid those things)

2
2 warned me not to put off
3 wanted me to make
4 was important to experience
5 forced me to study
6 was fortunate to graduate
7 expected to pass
8 required us to write
9 refused to accept
10 caused me to fail
11 advised me to retake / advised retaking
12 encouraged me to start
warn, force, require, cause, encourage: always with object

I expected     to pass. = I expected that  I  would pass.
I expected you to pass. = I expected that you would pass.

exercise 6
courage to do this
decided to confront Sarah
reluctant to force
...and me to have dinner
plans to go to her house
call Sarah to ask (infinitive of purpose)
She told us to plan on it
expect to be treated
allow her to make my life
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Remember: lists 12 to 18 (pages A-6 to A-8) are useful
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p. 302 part A
1 to do
2 to accept (he quit one job in order to accept another)
3 to give up
4 smoking
5 to lock
6 locked = I'm sure THAT I locked it.
7 to confront = afraid OF confronting
8 to be criticized

I tried to open the window: I made an effort but I failed.
I managed to open the window: I succeeded after the effort.

adjective + infinitive / adjective + preposition + gerund
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to begin to take
to begin taking
beginning to take
* beginning taking
(If possible, we prefer not to have gerund+gerund, though sometimes it is necessary: He is enjoying watching TV.)
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handout Part 1

answer		reason

having		subject = usually gerund ("to have" is OK)
getting		avoid + gerund
having		enjoy + gerund
to buy		beg + infinitive
to get		forbid + object + infinitive
to buy		permit + object + infinitive
to allow	convince + infinitive
to purchase	allow + object + infinitive
buying		resist + gerund
to take		promise + infinitive
having		understand + gerund
		(In this case: understand + sentence
		and "having" is the subject of that)
I understand that you are unhappy about this.
-> I understand you are unhappy about this.
Different from: "I understand you."

to think	stop + infinitive of purpose
to think	important = adjective
to own		want + infinitive
cleaning	for = preposition
feeding		("for" still applies)
having		about = preposition
to take		expect + infinitive
(to) learn	help + infinitive OR help + base form
to be		learn + infinitive
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You need to learn spelling. (noun)
Spelling things correctly is very important. (gerund)
She is spelling the word for the students. (pres participle)

Boring your audience is not a good idea. (gerund)
He is boring his audience with details. (pres. participle)
The movie is boring. (participial adjective)

(It's not important to memorize all of this grammar terminology, but it is important to remember that verb+ing can have many different functions, not only gerunds.)
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handout Part 3
prohibited me from buying a pet
I begged them to get
let me buy a goldfish (let + base form, no infinitive)
loved to take care / loved taking care
I learned to take care of it
I could not stop
sad to lose him
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Homework: p. 302 B and C (we will have a test on Monday)