AP World History
Chapter 22 Reading Questions
“The Global South on the Global Stage”

1. What challenges did the people in developing nations face after decolonization?
	Declining legitimacy of both empire and race as a credible basis for political or social life; promised not only national freedom but also personal dignity, abundance, and opportunity

Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
2. What was distinctive about the end of Europe’s African and Asian empires compared to earlier cases of imperial disintegration?
Asserted political independence
Affirmed the vitality of their cultures which had been submerged and denigrated during the colonial era

3. Describe the approach to explaining the end of colonial empires that involves contradictions in the entire colonial enterprise.
	The decision of end empires came from the idea that humankind was naturally divided into distinct people or nations, each of which deserved an independent state of its own rather than all led by a large emperor-figure

4. What international circumstances after WWII contributed to the end of global empires?
	The end of the German and Japanese empires

5. What social changes within the colonies contributed to the end of global empires?
	The searching for independence through states rather than empires

6. What is the “agency” approach to explaining the end of colonial empires?
	Empires that still lasted were attacked by highly nationalist governments

7. Why were independence movements in Africa and Asia rarely cohesive?
	They were fragile alliances representing different classes, ethnic groups, religions, or region; struggled with one another over questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material benefits






The Case of India: Ending British Rule
8. How did British colonial rule promote an “Indian” identity?
British never assimilated into Indian society because the Indians and British were not kept alike, but completely different, retaining the Indian identity for the Indians
The British’s railroads, telegraph lines, postal services, administrative networks, newspapers, and English language bound India’s many regions and peoples together more firmly than ever before

9. What was the Indian National Congress (aka Congress Party)?
	Established in 1885; an association of English-educated Indians (lawyers, journalists, etc.) drawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste Hindu families; represented the beginning of a new kind of political protest, quite different from the rebellions, banditry, and refusal to pay taxes that had periodically erupted in the rural areas of colonial india

10. Describe Gandhi’s political philosophy.
	Known as satyagraha (truth force); confrontational/nonviolent approach to political action

11. What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence? (How did he transform the INC?)
	Ghandi’s conduct and actions (simple and unpretentious lifestyle, support of Muslims, reference to Hindu religious themes) appealed widely in India and transformed the INC into a mass organization

12. What conflicts and differences divided India’s nationalist movement?
	Ghandi rejected modern industrialization and violence while others embraced science, technology, and industry as a necessity to overcome the weakness of the past

13. What did the Muslim League argue the Muslim minority in India should have?
	Demanded separate electorates for local councils, with a fixed number of seats for Muslims rather than only for Hindus since they feared that the Muslim voice would be swamped by a numerically dominant Hindu population

14. (A) How was colonial India partitioned when it became independent in 1947?
	Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that Muslims and Hindus must be separated from one another
       (B) Describe the process of this partitioning.
	Muslims were separated by Indians by living in their territory of Pakistan, land of the pure, while the Hindus remained in India




The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
15. How was South Africa’s freedom struggle different from the one in India?
	South Africa already had its independence, however, it had been granted to a government wholly controlled by a white settler minority, which represented less than 20 percent of the total population

16. (A) Describe the South African economy in the 1960s.
	Benefited from extensive foreign investment and loans
      (B) How could black Africans use their labor as a weapon?
	By withdrawing from their essential labor

17. Describe the African National Congress (ANC). Include who led it, what its goals were, and how they tried to achieve these goals.
	Led by male, educated, professional, and middle-class Africans who sought to be accepted as “civilized men;” appealed to liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed; for four decades, leaders pursued peaceful and moderate protest (petitions, multiracial conferences, and delegations appealing to the authorities); women were denied membership until 1943

18. (A) How did the ANC (now including Nelson Mandela) change its strategy in the 1950s?
	Launched nonviolent civil disobedience (boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and the burning of the hated passes that all Africans were required to carry; similar to Ghandi
      (B) How did the South African government respond to these new tactics?
	Tremendous repression, including the shooting of sixty-nine unarmed demonstrators at Sharpville in 1960, the banning of the ANC, and the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC and its other leaders

19. How did the freedom struggle in South Africa change following the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela?
	Began taking a violent approach; underground nationalists turned to armed struggle, authorizing selected acts of sabotage and assassination, while preparing for guerrilla warfare in amps outside the country; even young people were recruited in order to gain the majority-black favor

20. What international pressures urged South African leaders to end apartheid?
	Exclusion from most international sporting events, refusal of many artists and entertainers to perform, economic boycotts, withdrawal of private investment funds, etc.

21. What were the outcomes of discussions between white South African leaders and African nationalist leaders in the late 1980s?
	Abandonment of apartheid policies, release of Mandela, legalization of ANC, and a prolonged process of negotiations that resulted in national elections, bringing the ANC into power
Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India
22. What conditions did countries all across the developing world have to contend with in their efforts to create a political order?
	Rising populations, expectations for independence, and cultural diversity

23. What happened in countries with widespread poverty and weak economies?
	Groups and individuals sought to capture the state, or parts of it, both for the salaries and status it offered and for the opportunities for private enrichment that public office provided

24. By the early 1970s, what types of regimes had evolved in most African countries?
Multi-party democracy

25. (A) Describe the political evolution of India after decolonization?
	Eliminated a major source of internal discord as independent India was born
       (B) Why was this political set-up relatively easy to achieve in India?
	Indian statehood could be built on common cultural and political traditions that were far more deeply rooted than in many former colonies

26. What are the three major explanations as to why democracy was initially rejected in Africa?
Ethnic conflicts
Economic disappointments; economic performance since independence has been the poorest in the developing world
Class resentments

27. What three conditions undermined popular support for post-independence governments in Africa that initially attempted democracy?
Economic disappointments
Class resentments
Ethnical conflicts

28. What are two examples of when ethnic divisions led to violent conflict in African nations?
	1) 1960s = Ethnically based civil war in Nigeria cost the lives of millions
	2) 1990s = Ethnic hatred led Rwanda into the realm of genocide

29. How were military groups able to take over power in 30 out of 46 independent African states by the early 1980s?
	These three problems allowed numerous military takeovers; the takeovers swept aside the old political parties and constitutions, promising to return power to civilians and eventually restore democracy

30. What factor(s) led to the resumption of democracy in Africa?
	Failure of authoritarian governments to remedy disastrous economic situations, to provide jobs for the young, and to curb pervasive corruption

Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
31. What obstacles hindered economic development in developing nations? Use bullet points to list all of them.
	Private economy was weakly developed, few entrepreneurs had substantial funds to invest, state control held the promise of protecting vulnerable economies from the ravages of international capitalism

32. (A) How did views about the role of the state in the economies of developing nations change over time?
	Abandonment of communist planning in China and return to private farming
 (B) Why did they change?
	Reflected the failure, mismanagement, and corruption of many state-run enterprises, providing a better system

33. What variables help to explain the wide range of economic results in developing nations?
	The appropriate balance between state action and market forces in the management of modern economies

Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
35. (A) After World War I, what type of nation did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk want his country of Turkey to be?
	Sought to transform his country into a modern, secular, and national state
(B) What did Atatürk argue “becoming modern” meant? Be detailed!
	It meant “to enter European civilization completely;” he believed this meant that Turkey also had to become secularized in order to maintain its modernity

36. List all of the religious, political, and social reforms Atatürk made in Turkey. Use bullet points to list all of them.
	Caliphate was abolished; Sufi organizations, sacred tombs, and religious schools were closed with a number of religious titles abolished; Islamic courts were dissolved, including the removal of the sharia, placed with secular law codes modelled by Europeans; Turkish language became more a more Western-styled alphabet rather than Arabic
	Polygamy was abolished; women were granted equal rights in divorce, inheritance, and child custody; 1934: Turkish women gained the right to vote and hold public office; public beaches were open to women



37. What reforms were made under Shah Pahlavi’s “White Revolution”?
	White Revolution intended to promote the country’s modernization, redistributed land to many of the Iran’s impoverished peasantry, granted women the right to vote, invested substantially in rural health care and education, initiated a number of industrial projects, and offered workers a share in the profits of those industries

38. What issues did each of the following groups have with reforms being made in Iran?
(A) Traditional merchants = threatened by an explosion of imported Western goods and by competition from large businesses
(B) Religious leaders = ulama, offended by secular education programs that bypassed Islamic schools and by state control of religious institutions
(C) Educated professionals = found Iran’s reliance on the West disturbing
(D) Rural migrants to the cities = faced rising costs and uncertain employment

39. (A) Who was the leader of the opposition movement against Shah Pahlavi’s regime?
	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
(B) What political, educational, and social reforms did this person make as the part of “Islamization” of public life in Iran? Use bullet points to list all of them.
	Had a Council of Guardians who reviewed new constitution/parliament/legislation and supervised elections all in relation to Khomeini’s vision of Islam; opposition was harshly crushed with 1,800 executions in 1981 for those who were regarded as “waging war against God;” Khomeini believed that the purpose of government was to apply the law of Allah expressed in the sharia, thus everything was Islamicized

40. What restrictions were placed on women during this Islamic revolution?
	Women were required to wear the modest head-to-toe covering known as the hijab; those found without it were subject to harassment, lashings, or imprisonment by roving groups of militants or “revolutionary guards;” sexual segregation was imposed in schools, and other public areas; legal age of marriage for girls was nine with parental consent; married women could no longer file for divorce

41. (A) What did Khomeini’s desire to replace insufficient Islamic regimes in the Middle East lead to with Iraq?
	An eight-year war with Saddam Hussein’s highly secularized Iraq
(B) What did this conflict highlight?
	Generated enormous casualties; reflected differences between a secular Iraqi regime and Khomeini’s revolutionary Islamic government