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\begin{document}

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%	POSTER HEADER
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% The header is divided into two boxes:
% The first is 75% wide and houses the title, subtitle, names, university/organization and contact information
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\begin{minipage}[b]{0.50\linewidth}
	\veryHuge \color{Black} \textbf{Urban Ecology: Dengue} \color{Black}\\ % Title
	%\Huge\textit{An Exploration of Complexity}\\[1cm] % Subtitle
	\huge \textbf{Felipe Ribas}\\ % Author(s)
	\huge Universidade de Aveiro\\ % University/organization
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\includegraphics[width=12cm]{dengue}
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%	ABSTRACT
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\begin{abstract}
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Dengue fever, is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, skin rash and even hemorrhagic fever. Dengue fever occour in several tropical countries, where is currently the most important arthropod-borne viral disease. Recently  large outbreaks being detected. Dengue can be used as a model for study urban ecology, as can be related to the topics from this discipline, such as urban fauna and habitats (habitat preferences ;  intraspecific competition and  ecological modeling), buildings characteristics (Water management in building and gardens),  city climate (impact of daily temperature fluctuations and microclimate) and city planing (geographic information systems ; water management and urbanization).

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%	INTRODUCTION
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%\section*{Introduction}


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%	OBJECTIVES
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\color{Black} % DarkSlateGray color for the rest of the content

\section*{Vectors}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Two species of mosquito, the female \textit{Aedes aegypti} and \textit{Aedes albopictus} (Figure 1).

\item \textit{Aedes aegypti} prefers artificial containers, while \textit{Aedes albopictus} uses various kinds of human-made and natural larval containers and is not restricted to habitats associated with humans. (Table 1).

\item Such ecological adaptability may favor linkages of \textit{Aedes albopictus} between sylvatic cycles of pathogens, and the urban area ,thus, this species may serve as a bridge vector.

\item Dengue virus is an arbovirus primarilly found in tropical regions. Clinical symptoms include: Fever, sever headaches, hemorragic manifestations and shock.

\item Transmission cycle begings when an adult female feeds on a person infected by the virus. Incubation period: 8 - 12 days.

\item Laboratory studies of dengue virus indicate an increase in temperature increases the rate of replication in the vector.

\end{enumerate}

\begin{center}%\vspace{1cm}
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{vectormap}
	\captionof{figure}{A: In blue, countries or areas where dengue has been reported. B: Dengue virus. C: Female \textit{Aedes aegypti}; Dark torax, with two straight lines in the center and two curved lines on torax side. D: Female \textit{Aedes albopictus}; Dark torax with only one line on center.}
\end{center}\vspace{1cm}

\begin{center}\vspace{1cm}
	\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l}
		\toprule
		\textbf{Mosquito species} & \textbf{1 m} & \textbf{10 m} & \textbf{100 m} & \textbf{500 m} & \textbf{1 km} & \textbf{Total} \\
		\midrule
		\textit{Ae. albopictus} & 9.602 & 7.364 & 2.813 & 857 & 943 & 21.579 \\
		\textit{Ae. aegypti} & 1.091 & 532 & 31 & 0 & 0 & 1.654 \\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabular}
	\captionof{table}{\color{black} Number of mosquito immatures collected in ovitraps set on the ground at different distances from house into Tijuca Forest, city of Rio de Janeiro, from July 1997 to June 1998. \cite{lourencco2004invasion}}
\end{center}
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%	MATERIALS AND METHODS
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%\section*{Historical}

%In the end of 1981, dengue fever (DF) reemerged in Brazil after 58 years of absence (Figure 3). In recent years, all 26 Brazilian states had reported DF cases (Rio de Janeiro city has reported the largest numbers), outbreaks being responsible for more than 2 million accumulated cases and 200 deaths.

%\begin{center}\vspace{0.9cm}
	%\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{casos}
%	\captionof{figure} Number of reported cases of dengue in the state and municipality of Rio de Janeiro, from 1986 to 2001.}
%\end{center}\vspace{0.5cm}

%------------------------------------------------

\subsection*{Urban planning}

\begin{enumerate}

\item The success of Dengue invasion has two main reasons: 1) re-infestation of the country by its mosquito vector, and 2) unplanned urbanization. \\

\item The urban growth can be a source of succecitible and infected individuals, concentrated in restrict areas. This fact, associated with poor sanitation and housing conditions, plus cultural and educational factor, are in favor to the virus transmission. Previous studies showed higher dengue incidence in areas characterized by growing urbanization and deficient running water and water supply.\\

\item Geographic information systems (GISs) are making practical contributions to public health, identifying high-risk areas.measured spatial associations between clusters of dengue cases and vector populations to identify areas of increased transmission (Figure 2).

\begin{center}%\vspace{1cm}
	\includegraphics[width=0.5 \linewidth]{gis2}
	\captionof{figure} {Clusters of dengue cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh superimposed on a map of the ward population density (quantile distribution). skm = square kilometers.\cite{ali2003use}}
\end{center}
%\vspace{1cm}

\end{enumerate}

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%	RESULTS
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\section*{Climate and dengue infection}

\begin{enumerate}

\item The incidence, seasonal variation, and global distribution of mosquito vector-borne diseases,  including malaria, yellow fever, and dengue are known to be influenced by climate. Studies support the hypothesis diurnal temperature range affects important parameters underlying dengue virus transmission by \textit{Ae. aegypti}. Additionally, suggests that the alteration of microclimate exerts the strongest influence on \textit{Ae. aegypti} presence/absence. (Figure 3)\\

\begin{center}%\vspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{climate}
\captionof{figure}{ (A) Reported cases of dengue fever (DF). (B) Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in degrees Celcius. Notice that only the 1997–1998 El Niño exceeds the 2°C threshold (gray line). (C) El Niño (filled bars) and La Niña (white bars) events (zero frequencies indicate neutral phases) \cite{colon2011climate}.}
\end{center}%\vspace{0.5cm}

\item Controlling for potential confounders related to inter-annual variability, study location, and human housing, vegetation, and microclimate strongly influenced the distribution of U.S. \textit{Ae. aegypti} \cite{hayden2010microclimate}.

\end{enumerate}

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%	CONCLUSIONS
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\color{black} % SaddleBrown color for the conclusions to make them stand out

\section*{Solutions}

\begin{enumerate}

\item Tradicionally, the control of \textit{Aedes aegypti}, has chiefly been based on chemical insecticides. Cost/benefit ratio of insecticidal control increases as the size of the pest population increases

\item Dengue prevention at the household level is essential. Adding sand or cover with a net the plant vases also help to prevent the development of mosquito larvae in gardens and next to windows. Installing nets to cover windows can also be effective (Figure 4).

\begin{center}%\vspace%{0.9cm}
	\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{education}
	\captionof{figure}{A synthesis of the important socio-ecological predictors for the presence of Aedes aegypti during rainy and post-rainy (dry) seasons \cite{ibarra2013dengue}.}
\end{center}%\vspace{1cm}

\item The sterile insect release method (SIT), which the natural reproductive processes of insects are disrupted by the use of mutagens such as gamma radiation thus rendering the insects sterile. These sterile insects are then released into the environment  in order to mate with the native insects to produce eggs that will not hatch \cite{alphey2011model}.

\item Although research about outbreaks can help to control de disease, it will not be effective without the local habitants help. Basic education it is a good starting point , as it is important to improve education to inform people how such behaviors may undermine dengue control (Figure 5).

\begin{center}%\vspace{1cm}
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{combate}
	\captionof{figure}{Another prevention methods to avoid mosquito larvae growth.}
\end{center}%\vspace{1cm}

\end{enumerate}
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%	REFERENCES
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%	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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