2020-02-29 Saturday: 8 Weird news

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: Write a promotional description of your town or neighborhood in the US (like p. 89).
	Also: read p. 87 and do p. 86 parts 3, 4, 5
part 3
a - 3
b - 2
c - 5
d - 4
part 4
1 They’re graceful and they parade through the town on holidays.
2 It’s elegant and large with fountains and stone benches.
3 It’s small and immaculate.
4 Men meet there to share stories and songs and have a drink.
part 5
1 a town where the main industry is coffee
2 good and polite behaviors around other people
3 water in the house that comes through pipes
4 the main person that she loved during her life
5 the islands where their ancestors came from
6 share or exchange stories
7 the information traveled fast between people
8 something that people don’t know how to do any more
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p 89 - “like” and “as”
I cried like a baby. = I cried similarly to how a baby cries (sometime more recently).
I cried as a baby. = I cried when I was a baby.

She’s dressed like a witch. = Her clothing looks similar to what I imagine for a witch.
She’s dressed as a witch. = Her costume is a witch (e.g. for Halloween).

As your lawyer, I can’t advise you to do that.
= I am your lawyer, and in that capacity, I’m telling you that’s a bad idea.
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There are many cheap food options, like McDonald’s or Burger King.
There are many cheap food options, such as McDonald’s or Burger King.
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p. 89 part 6 - Complete the sentences with “like” or “as”
1 As
2 like
3 as
4 like
5 Like (the one in my town is similar to all good cafes)
6 like
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p. 94 - What are these pictures?
part 2 - Complete the sentences with words from the box. If you and your partner don’t know a word, use a dictionary or an image search (not a translator).
(A good dictionary for you is https://learnersdictionary.com/)
1 Oxygen, nitrogen, atmosphere
2 butterflies, flies, insects (Yes, some beetles and ants can also fly, but all flies fly.)
3 Radiation
4 Ants, beetles
5 stem (The vertical part of a tree is the trunk.)
6 Particles
7 Predators, species
8 spikes
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Listen to the audio and check your guesses for the pictures.
part 4 - Listen again and decide if these statements are true or false.
1 F
2 T
3 T
4 T
5 F (Plants can catch animals, but not chase them.)
6 T
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- If there’s a silent ‘e’ at the end of a word, the previous vowel usually sounds like its name (“long” vowel)
make, cake, lake, take, mate, hate
mete, eke
like, kite, hive
hope, stove, stone, home
cute, pure, huge
- If the vowel is alone in the word, it gets the “short” sound:
map, had, bat
met, let, bed, red
ship, hit, big
lot, not, hot
cut, hug, nut
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Grammar: modals for speculation and deduction/conclusions about the present
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p. 95 part 6 - What do these sentences mean in other words?
1 They can’t be natural. = I think it’s impossible that they’re natural.
2 They must be man-made. = I conclude/deduce that they are (most likely) man-made.
3 This might be a painting. = I guess it’s possible this is a painting.
4 It may not seem logical. = I guess it’s possibly not logical.
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She must be sick today. = This is the only explanation I can think of. (Anything else would surprise me.)
She may/might/could be sick. = This is one explanation, but there are other possibilities.
She may/might not feel well. = Not feeling well is one possible explanation.
She must not feel well. = Not feeling well is the only explanation I can think of.
She can’t/couldn’t be sick. = I think sickness is impossible. For example I just saw her at the beach.
(Just like with advice, “should” is between “may” and “must”.)
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part 8 - Write the options that are possible (sometimes both are possible)
1 must be
2 (both are fine)
3 (both are fine)
4 could mean
5 can’t be
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p. 98 part 4 - Complete the sentences with these words.
1 funding
2 reveal
3 archive (“arch” before a vowel is pronounced with /k/)
4 ensure
5 assumption
6 profile
7 identical
8 log
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BREAK
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Vocabulary: history
p. 96 part 1 - Complete the sentences with words from the box. Then ask your partner the questions.
1 ancient = very old (“ancient history” makes sense, because some history is very old)
2 period
3 prehistoric = before history / before anything was written down
4 century (1901-2000 or more commonly 1900-1999)
5 sacred
6 society
- belief = something people believe
- tradition = something people do and have done for a while
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Read “Desert Art”

Which sentences in the article are speculations or deductions about the past?
- The Nazca people couldn’t have seen them from above.
- The lines must have been part of an astronomical calendar.
- They might have been ancient Inca roads or irrigation systems.
- They could have been landing strips for alien spacecraft.
- Water must have had an incredible significance to these societies.
- This must have seemed an astonishing phenomenon.
- The same group of people can’t have created them.
- The Nazca lines may have been part of a long tradition.
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Grammar: modals for speculation and deductions about the past:
- To make a modal sentence about the past, use the perfect form of the verb after the modal.
He might be sick today. = It is possible that he is sick today.
He might have been sick yesterday. = It was possible that he was sick yesterday.

She must have been sick yesterday. = This is the only explanation I can think of.
She may/might/could have been sick. = This is one explanation, but there are other possibilities.
She may/might not have felt well. = Not feeling well yesterday is one possible explanation.
She must not have felt well. = Not feeling well yesterday is the only explanation I can think of.
She can’t/couldn’t have been sick. = I think sickness was impossible.
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Pronunciation (reduction of “have”):
She must have been sick. -> She must’ve been sick. -> “She musta been sick.”
She couldn’t have been sick. -> “She couldn’t’ve been sick.” -> “She couldna been sick.”
She must not have felt well. -> “She must not’ve felt well.” -> “She must notta felt well.”
(Sometimes native speakers will write “must of”, which is incorrect.)
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p. 97 part 8 - Rewrite these sentences using the correct modal in parentheses. Don’t include words like “we know” or “perhaps”. That information is included in the modal.
1 Water can’t have been easy to find.
2 The rivers might have dried up.
3 The lines must have been very important.
4 The lines may have had a religious significance.
5 The animal drawings couldn’t have been roads.
6 The animals must have lived in the region.
7 The Nazca people could have used simple tools.
8 People must have maintained the lines carefully.
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Passive voice = [be] + past participle

active: People might have used this as a footstool.
passive: This might have been used as a footstool.
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Handout - Speculate with your group about what each thing might have been. Try to reach a conclusion you all agree with.
1 It might have been used for decoration.
  People might have used it as a pillow.
  It could have been a foot rest.
	- It was a pillow.
2 It might have been used as a brooch or pin.
  People might have used it as a bracelet.
  People might have used it to hold their hair.
  This might have been used as a belt buckle.
	- It was a brooch or clasp to hold clothing.
3 People might have used it to cut their hair or shave.
  The other one might have been a mirror.
  People might have used them to cook.
  People might have used this also to hold their hair.
	- These objects were a razor and mirror.
4 People might have used them as instruments.
  They might have used them to make noise to send messages or attract or warn animals.
  People may have used them to keep knives or other tools.
  People could have used them as a mask.
  They might have used them as glasses.
	- These were snow goggles.
5 People might have used it as a map.
  People might have used it for fishing or catching small animals.
  People might have used it to find gold.
  People might have used it to knit or weave.
  People might have used it in their hair.
	- This was a map.
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-polynesian-wayfinders-navigate-the-pacific-ocean-alan-tamayose-and-shantell-de-silva
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Homework: 7-8 test