===================================================METADATA===================================================
TITLE: Philosophical Trends in the Feminist Movement
AUTHOR: Anuradha Ghandy
YEAR: 2006
TOPICS: feminism, critique, liberal, radical, anarchist, eco-feminism, socialist, post-modern, proletarian

==================================================TEXT NOTES==================================================
* Precursor to women's movement articulated in counterculture - folk art, reinterpretation of religion, etc.

* Capitalism -> liberalism -> importance of the individual -> justification for feminist movement (@home/int'l)

* Legal demands w/in liberal state -(failure)-> theoretical observation of patriarchy and its pervasiveness
	- Source of patriarchy
	- Male bias is academia
	- (Re)discovered women's role in history
	- Gendered division of labour
	- Reproduction of patriarchal system
	- Challenging androcentrism in revolutionary movements
	- General theorising on the condition of woman wherever she is
		- Disparate as multiple political philosophies invigorated by feminism
		- Multiple trends change over time, but still retain character as broad categories

=OVERVIEW OF WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN THE WEST=

* First trend (19th c - 1920): dominated by suffrage and other legalities
	- Suffragette movement (US/UK)
		- Women in abolitionist and proletarian movements radicalised
		- Their eventual isolation from leadership of these movements forced inquiry on the status of women
		- Seneca Falls Conference's Declaration of Staements (1848) - equality in marrage/property/wages/vote
			- Consisted of large section of abolitionist women (E.C. Stanton/S.B. Anthony)
			- These rights propagandised for during 20 years
			- Eventual split between black/women's movement due to latter's opposition to 14th Amend. (1868)
		- Quick gains in education and property rights magnified the question of suffrage in US
			- Rightward trend in objectifying women's suffrage
			- Collaboration w/ state + pickets/sit-ins -> women's suffrage in 1920
		- British movement younger but more radical
			- E. Pankhurst + children (pay attention to Sylvia)
			- Women's Social and Political Union
		- Both movements middle class and white <- Socialists challenged this (vote for working women too)
	- Early working women's  movement (1860s - 1910s) (US/Europe)
		- Of proletarian organisations, only IWW committed to women's participation
		- Socialist women (e.g. E. Goldman, E.R. Bloor, Mother Jones, Sojourner Truth) fought with workers
		- No support from suffragettes
		- Turn of 20th c: rise of proletarian women's movement
			- 1909: Garment workers' strike
			- 2nd Int'l Conference on Women
			- March 8: Int'l Working Women's Day
	- Women's question put to rest by larger political issues (WWII, [anti-]fascism) and general post-war boom

* Second trend (1960s-1980s): sparked by unrest due to end of post-war boom
	- US: anti-war movement and civil rights movement
		- Realisation of discrimination within political economy they fought to enter
		- Effect of The Second Sex felt
		- B. Friedan -> Feminine Mystique (1963) and National Organisation of Women (1966) for ERA
		- Radical feminist movement: inspired by leftist student movement
			- Autonomous movements inspired by
				- purging of white allies from SNCC's Chicago Convention (1968)
				- vote against women's liberation platform in SDS (1968)
			- Formation of WRAP, Women's Caucus of NUC and NYRW: structural transformation > legal demands
		- New York Radical Women (NYRW)
			- Protest of Miss America (1968)
			- Split into Redstockings and WITCH
				- Former defined their radical feminism as:
					We identify the agents of our oppression as men. Male supremacy is the oldest, most basic
					form of domination. All other forms of exploitation and oppression (racism, capitalism,
					imperialism, etc) are extensions of male supremacy: men dominate women, a few men dominate
					the rest
		- General merging of feminist/socialist thought (esp. Trotskyism/Castroismo)
		- Aimed to thoroughly eliminate all hierarchical structures, thus raised important women's questions
	- China: Cultural Revolution
	- Different visions of revolution
		- Marxist/radical feminists priroitised (re)production/class consciousness/labour and women's inquiry
		- Formation of contrasting cultural feminism (1975)
			- Men/women fundamentally different
			- Eschews critique of capitalism and advocates separatism
		- Lesbian feminism (1970s/1980s)
		- Articulation of black and third world feminism
			- Middle class/white/academic/capitalist feminism -> multicultural/multiclass feminism
			- Women's issues discussed alongside issues of imperialism
		- Postmodern feminism (1990s)
	- Reaction (1980s - )
		- Anti-abortion
		- Preservation of bourgeois family
		- Women's institutions subsumed into (patriarchal) state
		- Feminism reduced to theory instead of movement
	- Contradictions of neoliberalism (esp. effect on women) -> new interest in socialism and feminism

=TRENDS AND THEIR CRITIQUES=

* Liberal feminism
	- Applied liberal politics of equality of individuals to women in 18th and 19th centuries
	- M. Wollstonecraft -> Harriet Taylor Mill ->  E.C. Stanton
	- Individualism developed alongside capitalism in 17th Europe opposing formal inequality of feudalism
		- Natural equality of human beings
		- Highly rational, but negligent w.r.t. women and family (Zillah Eisenstein)
	- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - M. Wollstonecraft (1791)
		- Criticised conservative positions, esp. E. Burke
		- Stressed equality in education for men and women
		- Class ignorance: viewed working women as independent, viewed bourgeois women as most oppressed
	- On the Enfranchisement of Women - Harriet Taylor (1851)
		- "The proper sphere for all human beings is the largest and highest which they are able to attain to"
		- If slavery of black people is being abolished, what about that of women?
	- Seneca Falls Declaration (1848) cemented liberal feminist perspective
		- Copy of Declaration of Independence
		- "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal..."
	- Next "wave" (1960s - 1980s)
		- Friedan/Abzzug/Schroeder -> next big liberal feminist theorists
		- NOW (1966) + gov't organisations + NGOs
			- agitation for laws to end discrimination
			- Failing that, demand for state intervention in creating real equality of opportunity
			- Equal Rights Amendment championed for
		- Eisentein - libfem liberating as women see contradiction b/w libdem and capitalist patriarchy
	- Ghandy's critique of liberal feminism
		- Eschewed collective effort for individual(ist) reason and equality [thus, no collective equality]
		- No regard for class differences
		- Initially progressive, but contradictory as women and black people demanded liberal rights
			- *Liberal* rights, meaning feminine and black bourgeois leading movements
			- Narrow-minded suffrage movements became anti-proletarian and imperialist
			- Current (attempt at) contradiction resolution: welfare state
		- Limitations of liberal feminism
			- Individual rights > collective rights
			- Ahistorical understanding of women's role throughout history
			- Formal equality limited to those who can use it (i.e. bourgeoisie)
			- Wrong view of a neutral state (state is capitalist, patriarchal, racist, etc.)
			- Lack of mass action (petitions, lobbying, etc., don't get the goods)

* Radical feminism
	- Radical feminism as a whole not dominant, but strong and influential of other trends
	- For radicals, liberation of women requires revolutionary change
	- Sought to overthrow hierarchies as vectors of patriarchy
	- Product of New Left; initially Marxist, but Marxism cast aside for pure women's inquiry (w/o capitalism)
	- Focus on origin of women's oppression (from Western, advcap'l. perspective)
	- "Personal [discontent] is [due to] political [oppression]" <- K. Millett's Sexual Politics (1970)
		- Sex [primary contradiction] -> class, etc. [legitimated by sex], instead of reverse view (histmat)
		- Patriarchy: "male control over the private and public world"
		- Abolition of gender and patriarchal ideology (biological distinguish) -> abolition of patriarchy
		- Also required is behavioural reform on part of men and women
	- Dialectics of Sex (1970) <- S. Firestone
		- Women's subordination <- reproductive roles of men and women
		- Division of sexes in biological reproduction drives history, not classes in social production
		- Women bearing children -> oppression of women; family prime location of women
		- Abolition of: reproductive differences, gender differences, traditional family
	- First social conflict between men and women: violence-prone hunter -(rape)-> women
	- Revolutionary politics on the basis of reproductive liberation; unsatisfied with liberal reforms
	- Men<->women primary contradiction => focus on sexual relations and family relations
	- Sex-gender system and patriarchy
		- Sex/gender system: "...transforms biological sexuality into products of human activity" (G. Rubin)
		- Physiology of men/women turned into identity/behaviour
			- "normal" behaviour judged based on system
			- empowers men and disempowers women
		- Political androgyny put forward (early 1970s)
			- distort the sex/gender system and thus sex roles
			- women adopting masculine traits and men adopting feminine traits
			- challenged in late 1970s as women buying into toxic masculinity
		- Cultural feminism (late 1970s onward)
			- affirmation of femininity
			- foster feminine virtues (community, horizontalism, pace, etc.)
			- separatist -> political lesbianism, pacifism (as opposed to masc. violence)
			- construction of women's institutions
			- concentration of a women's culture (not necessarily related to political economy)
			- influential of eco-feminism and post-modern feminism
			- Marilyn French/Mary Daly
	- Sexuality: Heterosexuality and lesbianism
		- Man-woman sexual relationships scrutinised as vector of primary contradiction
			- Opposition to Christian moralism (marital sex, anti-abortion)
			- Criticised sexual relations as site of domination (marriage too)
				- Sex is marital heterosexual sex <- bad, according to radfem
				- Sexual minorities pressured to comply to heterosexual norm
				- Compulsory heterosexuality control sexual pleasure (good sex | bad sex)
			- Radfem: sexual openness, culfem: restriction of heterosexuality (as a vector of patriarchy):
				"Heterosexualism has certain similarities to colonialism particularly in its maintenance
					through force when paternalism is rejected an in the portrayal of domination as
					natural and in the de-skilling of women" (Sarah Lucia Hoagland)
				- Women are to prioritise their sexual needs > men's (as different) -> political lesbianism
				- Radfem sex about pleasure and freedom, not rules and restriction of culfem
			- Cultfem: women make their own class, exploring sexuality free from emotion (thus, pot'l. viol.)
			- Radfem: porn, repro-tech, culfem: no porn, no repro-tech (uphold motherhood as a power)
	- Ghandy's critique of radical feminism and cultural feminism
		- On the primacy of reproduction
			- If bio-repro is transspecies, and humans not always gendered, how could it be prime contra.?
			- Counterpoint: reproduction highly valued and celebrated as an important process in life
			- What changed to oppress women? Surplus production
				- Surplus reaped by small class of people
				- Lineage important to keep surplus within family
				- More children -> more like producers -> more surplus
				- People who *can* get pregnant relegated to that role (this is where we get women)
		- Radical feminism generally ahistorical (projecting modern distinctions on past), ignore polit-econ
		- No concrete revolutionary program -> focus on superstructural programmes
			- Focus on a change of culture -> lifestyle feminism (!)
			- Wanting of integration with anticapitalism (and goal of overthrowing capitalism)
			- Supposedly revolutionary programme is actually quite reformist
			- Basic analysis at fault
		- Cultural feminists
			- miscalculate tact of basing politics on biological difference, since reactionaries use them too
			- hastily predict how men and women will be in the future
			- separatism impossible for the majority of women, and a dead end for those who try
			- an even worse lifestyle feminism (those for an elite group only)
		- Free choice of some radical feminists ends up becoming chauvinist
			- neglects sex tourism and exploitation in porn/prostitution (esp. in third world)
			- sex alienated from its emotion is inhuman (stale/ignorant of role in women's oppression it has)
		- "[Cultural feminism] is based on the assumption that women's oppression has nothing to do with
			basic material production relations... found more among Western, particularly American, feminists 				who usually do not talk of capitalism. For many western feminists women's oppression is rooted in 				the culture of patriarchal civilization. For them, therefore, feminism is largely a cultural 				movement, a new ideology, or a new consciousness." (M. Mies)
			- Cultural feminism is not a material struggle (neither is its spawn, post-modern feminism)
			- Opposition to revolutionary violence as the woman is nonviolent
				- Playing into patriarchy's hand: violation of pacifists is easy
				- Erasing women's history in both revolution and tyrrany
		- Summary of weaknesses
			- Philosophical idealism (cultural [Western] [real] REFORM > [global] material [fake] REVOLUTION)
			- Separatism <- men<>women primary contradiction
			- Rejecting socio-economic situtation for reproduction as source of revolution (reactionary)
			- Metaphysical man and woman
			- Negligence of class distinctions between women
			- Disarming women in their revolution by promoting principld non-violence

* Anarcha-feminism
	- Anarcha-feminism a culmination of anarchist thought on power, and (mostly radical) feminist thought
	- Bakunin - > Kropotkin (et. al.) -> Goldman (most influential anarcha-feminist)
	- Anarchism not one single tendency, but common understanding on
		- role of domination in current society
		- goal of a non-authoritarian society and organisation within it, and
		- revolutionary strategy
	- Human (individual and communal) freedom through abolition of hierarchy and authority wherever possible
	- Closest to radical feminist thought
	- Political strategy
		- means = aims
		- prefiguration
		- Propaganda by the deed
		- Development of non-hierarchical spaces to experiment
		- Not to overthrow the state, but to outgrow it (Red Rosia/Black Maria - Anarcho-Feminism, 1971)
	- Social analysis
		- domination through hierarchies enforced by state/coercion
		- hierarchy is central, not class or exploitation
		- State supports hierarchy complex to exert power; its decisions (centrally formed) imposed on all
		- Critical of Marxist formation of the party (party leaders exist foremost of leaders, not partisans)
	- Potential problems
		- Hidden leadership (formal horizontalism does not address informal domination ideology)
		- Imposition of leadership roles from outside
		- (Like radical feminists) overrepresentation of bourgeois women
		- Hostility towards any kind of leadership or initiative
		- Monopoly capitalism hinders ability to make new social spaces (luxury of advanced capitalism)
	- Related both to radical feminism and ecofeminism

* Eco-feminism
	- Large interface between ecofeminism and cultural feiminism
	- Women/nature [very important to them] vs men/culture
		- Blame men for war and violence
		- Supplement socialist feminism's economic analysis with an understanding of the domination of nature
	- Feminism and ecology together (culturally) against patriarchy and natural domination
		- Women and men tasked with rethinking role w/ each other and nature
		- Women at forefront of ecological battles
	- Multiple epistemological tendencies
		- spiritual eco-feminists: nature/culture distinction resolved with oneness of humanity/nature
			- asceticism (?)
			- inclusion of men and movement
		- stream that de-emphasises analogy of nature and women exists
			- dichotomy b/w cultural men and natural women must be abolished (oneness of M AND F w/ nature)
			- Warren: men/women equally natural/cultural vs Mies/Shiva women more subsumed into nature
				- women's work natural and men's work (1) cultural and (2) destructive of nature
				- women have an interest in protecting natural environment
				- resolution: subsistence production
				- women resist non-violently and men adhere to feminine values
	- Problems with Shiva's subsistence (sum-up: reactionary)
		- Claim: Green Revolution patriarchal violence against women and nature
		- Imperialists -(exploitation, GreenRev)-> non-western peasantry
			- Purusha/Prakriti dialectic > scientific agriculture
			- Critical of rationalism/science, uncritical of "traditional" practice
			- In fact, too much so
			- Fetishism of a feudalistic, exploitative practice
				- Mostly Dalit production
				- Subsistence divided unevenly between landlords and famrers
				- Lack of autonomy understood as connection with community (e.g. support structures)
				- Highly patriarchal production upheld over vestigially patriarchal producton
		- Science <> tradition dialectic is not
			- throwing out organic development and agency of accepting science in name of tradition
			- We should be against the exploitative use of tech, not tech itself
		- Idealise natural woman w/o class perspectve
			- Lack understanding of imperialism as a world system
			- Ecofeminists (esp. as bourgeois women) have no plan to change
			- Modern ecology curtailed by environmental destruction reduces woman agriculturalist to toil
			- Do women really have more of a tendency to preserve nature?
			- Ecological issues intersect with other issues in patriarchal capitalism

* Socialist feminism
	- Women in New Left joined feminists, pondering on the role of capitalism in their oppression
	- Unlike radicals, were avowedly anti-capitalist, combining Marxism with some radical theory
	- [Orthodox] Marxist feminists <> those concerned with capitalism/childcare <> psychoanalytic, and others
	- Italian Marxfem -> housework under capitalism (dalla Costa, Federici, et. al.)
		- women's domestic work reproduces the commodity of the worker
		- domestic labour replenishes wage labour
		- some argued further that domestic labour must be waged like labour in the workplace is
		- important in 70s/early 80s, but as more women entered workplace, so to did feminist theorising
	- Analysis of workplace discrimination of women
		- Gender segregation of labour
		- Wage gap
	- The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism (H. Hartmann) <- basis of socialist feminist position
		- Marxism, with its analytic power, dominates feminism in their marriage
		- Marxism ignores that relation b/w men and women determined by patriarchal system
			- histmat must be applied to patriarchy as historical system, and how it shapes capitalism
			- relating women's subordination to men only to capitalism unsatisfactory
			- if capitalism oppresses women as workers, how come their (experience of) work is different?
				- both capitalists and proletarian men benefit from women's domestic labour
				- if unemployed are the reserve army of labour, which reservists are called to service?
		- J. Mitchell -> women's work in marketplace productive, all else ideological (patriarchal)
			- patriarchy oppresses via reproduction, sexuality and child-rearing
			- JM understands capitalism as economic and patriarchy as ideologicsl (HH disagrees, patr. mat'l)
		- Patriarchy <- men's control over women's labour power
			- deprivation of MoP
			- restrictive sexuality
			- at home and at workplace (no distinction between capitalist men and working men)
		- Not pure patriarchy + pure capitalism, but patriarchal capitalism in partnership
			- Marxists may underestimate power of patriarchy and overestimate capital
			- Both exploitations adapt to conditions
			- women's role at work and home restricted by sexual division of labour (as secondary workers)
		- Disagreement with Unhappy Marriage within socialist feminism
			- Some refutations of capitalism and patriarchy acting autonomously in a dual system
			- I. Young
				- HH's patriarchy is ahistorical
				- proposes capitalist patriarchy centred around gendered division of labour
	- M. Mies (ecofeminist) also bases her analysis around ^
			- women's and men's role with nature essential to a socialist feminism
			- men gained supremacy due to use of destructive tools (in contrast to subsistive foraging)
				- first patriarchies in pastoral economies
				- use of tools + male impregnantion -> creation of division of labour
				- women relegated to status of childbearers
				- family, state and religion institutionalised
		- Social change focused on changing M<>F and childbearing responsibilities
			- Like radfems, reproductive freedom central
			- Reproductive freedom (safe sex, birth control, planned parenthood, economic means)
			- Sexual freedom (arrangements of child rearing, choice of sexual partner)
			- Abolition of *compulsory* motherhood
			- Biological determinism abounds
			- Production and reproduction must change - socialised
	- The Creation of Patriarchy (G. Lerner) <- patriarchy graduated as a process, not as an event
		- Formation from 3100 BCE to 600 BCE
		- Proposed important historcal questions about role of women
		- Thesis: control of women's sexuality and reproduction -> private property
			- First states (Mesopotamia and Egypt) legally mandated patriarchy and slavery
			- Domination of other societies <- domination of own women
			- Women's obscurity from religion comes later
	- Gender-blind Marxists euphemised as "mechanical" "economistic" Marxists
	- Socfem strategy
		- HH: Struggle against capital requires feminism, and empowerment of two fronts: workers' and women's
		- Iris Young: women's groups independent of socialist organisation
			- mixed socialist organisations with women's groups acting autonomously
			- revolutionary coalitions to tear capitalism asunder
		- Focus on basic struggles (those close to base of exploited reproductive power)
			- anti-rape
			- anti-sexual harrasment
			- free (in both senses) abortion
		- Alternative institutions for women (not for separatism, but organising space)
		- Changing family structure (collective childcare, etc.) to prepare [not prematurly start] revolution
	- Negligence of experience of other nations and races
		- Black feminists for socfem/radfem ignorance of their situation
			- Critique of theoretical basis on white, bourgeois experience
			- e.g. slaves never treated as men and women, but as slaves
				- main contradiction for black women: race/class distinctions, incl. among women
				- early black family unstable, not a place conducive to male domination
				- black household a source of anti-racist solidarity (allies w/ black men, not white women)
				- reproduction not for black men, but white owners (men and women alike)
			- Black feminist movement (1980s onward) -> against patriarchy/racism/capitalism
		- Similar critiques within global feminism and post-modern feminism
	- Ghandy's critique of social feminism
		- In socialist feminism's synthesis of feminisms, it ends up picking up radfem's primary contradiction
		- Socialist feminism based on experience in advanced capitalist countries, and universalised
		- Indian Maoist perspective: patriarchy causes women's oppression, but moves with class
			- All ruling classes champion patriarchal relations
			- Working men benefit from their relations, but their role in patriarchy is different
		- If women don't control means of production, how can they be economically AND politically liberated?
			- Inquiry on division of labour, relations of production, nature of labour necessary
			- Issue of twofold production and reproduction (twofold exploitation) (Engels's Origins)
				- production and reproduction inseparable; dialectical in fact
				- ignoring the former for the latter is to adopt the reactionary view
		- Mishandling of base/superstructure
			- Firestone, et. al., assert reproduction is basic
			- all its constituents are basic
			- dialectic between production and reproduction meaningless if BOTH are basic
		- Division of labour not always exploitative
			- First division of labour ROUGLY between those that would be called men and women
			- Until surplus value, both divisions equally important
				- importance of warring classes and clan/tribe heads
				- focus on kinship ties
				- at this juncture (class and state), women excluded from social production
				- Patriarchy -> ideological justification for women's
					- exclusion from division of labour
					- relegation to monogamous reproduction
			- Intellectual, manufacturing divisions of labour too
		- Saying gendered division of labour basis of women's oppression w/o reference to class begs question
		- Ideological questions answered well, but lacking in socioeconomic basis
		- Like radfems and anarchafems, strategy not a socialist revolutionary strategy
			- Reformist as engine of women's revolution - women's organs - separated from class struggle orgs.
			- Focus on intentional communities and alternative institutions - not mass action
			- Liberation of women requires confrontation with the capitalist state
			- Inclusion into bourgeois academy -> weak theory, abandonment of historical materialism

* Post-modernism and feminism
	- Post-modern feminism (alongside multiculti) reaction to Western, bourgeois feminism
	- Conception of others: women, dalits, etc.
		- role of feminism to critique dominant culture and give voice to the sulbaltern
		- identity composed of dominant and/or subaltern statuses into status set
		- cultural relativism
			- construction of unique identities based on status sets
			- none more influential than other
			- consequence: solidarity impossible
			- differences (individuals status sets) vs totalities (classes, genders, nations, etc.)
	- philosophical idealism: discourse -(constructs)-> language -(constructs)-> reality
		- political goal: deconstruction of language
		- consequence: no material basis
	- epistemological consequence: no understanding of commmonalities, laws of motion, just identities
		- as said, solidarity impossible
		- apparently, to understand power is to reproduce it (after all, language constructs reality[?!])
	- end result: modern tyrannies persist
		- no solidarity possible
		- individual, disparate, conflicting struggles for naught
		- plays into capitalist ideology of individualism

* Summing up
	- Marxist feminist discourse replaced with radical/post-modern discourse, playing into capitalist hands
	- Questions revolving around reproductive exploitation, division of labour, sexuality mishandled w/ reform
	- Marxism again becoming important amid the inclusion of non-Western voices and effects of neoliberalism
	- Common weaknesses
		- Identifying division in reproduction as the root of all women's oppression, biological and immutable
		- Correctly identifying the heterosexual family as a site of exploitation, but ignoring wider economy
		- Emphasising cultural differences in sex/gender system - thus proposing cultural solutions
		- Separatism to reconcile cultural differences instead of combined effort to overthrow capital
		- Upholding reaction in negligent effort to liberate feminine sexuality
		- Creation of small, alternative spaces rather than combatting patriarchal capitalism en masse
		- Ignoring contributions of socialist revolutions in improving status of women
	- Women's overthrow requires the overthrow of imperialism

==================================================REACTION====================================================
* Useful rudimentary takeaways
	- Historical analysis ALWAYS important
	- Useful to understand elements of society as reflections of laws of motion of class
	- Capitalism <- surplus production, maintained by sexed/gendered division of labour
		- No feminist capitalism (capitalism requires surplus production, which is maintained by sex/gender)
		- No patriarchal socialism (short of subsistence, gendered division of labour + surplus -> patriarchy)

* About anarcha-feminism
	- Platformists/especifistas, unique in their acceptance of histmat, should find PTitFM useful
	- Critique of prefiguration serious (common theme throughout article)
	- Mass action still doesn't require party
		- Consider exploring the role of the party [esp. older def'ns]
		- Nonsubstitutionist mass action
			- dialectic between social insertion and specific anarchist organisation
			- dialectic between mass action and political line

* What to read next
	- THOROUGLY (2x at least) read rudimentary feminist texts for understanding + lineage of movement
		- Generally useful
		- Historical examples of women's resistance
		- Any 101 list should do
	- Proletarian feminist literature for base understanding
		- Feminism from histmat perspective
		- History of women's inclusion in revolutionary socialism
		- Women in Russian/German revoluions -> Indian/Nepali line (Ghandy, et. al.)
	- Supplement with socialist/radical texts for superstructural understanding
		- BE CERTAIN TO FORMULATE HISTMAT UNDERSTANDING OF TRANSGENDER ALONG THE WAY
		- NEVER FALL INTO TERF TRAP; IT'S DISGUSTING
		- TREAD LIGHTLY WHEN READING RADICAL FEMINIST TEXTS DIVORCED FROM MARXISM