Dutch Orange:
+2 Hand Size
Can make one trade per turn at cheaper rates
Can take Loans

English Red:
First settlement by a Water Hex gives you a free Boat
When you roll a 7 you may add an extra Pirate to the board
Can pay 3W3Sh to destroy and replace an enemy ship

French Blue:
Can use a Knight card a second time, return it to the deck after.
Can pay 3W3B to destroy and replace an enemy road
First settlement gives you an extra road

Portuguese White:
Can build Trading Posts for 1S1W Can have max. 2 at once
Can move 'locked' boats
Can move up to 2 boats per turn